JP5255435B2 - ヒンジドメイン操作による抗体エフェクター機能の調節 - Google Patents
ヒンジドメイン操作による抗体エフェクター機能の調節 Download PDFInfo
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Description
本発明は、分子、特に、ポリペプチド、より具体的には、結合タンパク質、例えば、限定されるものではないが、1個以上のFcリガンド(例えば、FcγR)へのFc領域の結合を変化させ、および/またはFcを介するエフェクター機能を調節する改変されたヒンジをさらに含むFc領域を含む免疫グロブリン(例えば、抗体)を提供する。本発明はまた、分子(例えば、抗原)に特異的に結合する結合ドメイン、またはその断片および改変されたヒンジをさらに含むFc領域を含む新規融合ポリペプチドにも関する。集合的に、改変されたヒンジを含むか、または組込むFc領域を組込む分子を、以後、「本発明のFc変異体」または「Fc変異体」と呼ぶ。一実施形態においては、本発明のFc変異体は、1個以上のFcリガンド(例えば、FcγR)への結合親和性を変化させた。別の実施形態においては、本発明のFc変異体はエフェクター機能を変化させた。一実施形態においては、本発明のFc変異体は、FcγRIIIAへの結合を増強し、抗体依存的細胞媒介性細胞傷害性(ADCC)を媒介する能力を増加させた。別の実施形態においては、Fc変異体は、FcγRIIIAへの結合を低下させ、ADCCを媒介する能力(以後「ADCC活性」と呼ぶ)を減少させた。さらに別の実施形態においては、Fc変異体は、C1qへの結合を増強させ、補体依存的細胞傷害性(CDC)を増加させた。さらに別の実施形態においては、Fc変異体はC1qへの結合を減少させ、CDC活性を低下させた。さらに、本発明は、Fc変異体の適用または使用、特に、治療目的のための方法およびプロトコルを提供する。具体的には、この方法およびプロトコルは、予防上もしくは治療上有効量の1種以上のFc変異体を、単独で、または疾患、障害もしくは感染に関連する1つ以上の徴候、例えば、限定されるものではないが、癌、炎症性疾患および自己免疫疾患の治療、予防、および軽減にとって有用な1種以上の他の治療の投与と組合わせて投与することを含む。治療目的に用いられるFc変異体を、部分(例えば、治療剤もしくは薬剤)にコンジュゲートさせるか、または融合させてもさせなくてもよい。本発明はまた、Fc変異体に融合されたポリペプチドを含むFc変異体融合タンパク質を作製する方法も提供する。さらに、本発明は、疾患および障害の予防、管理、治療、または軽減における使用のための医薬組成物およびキットを提供する。
抗体は、特定の抗原に結合する免疫学的タンパク質である。ヒトおよびマウスなどの多くの哺乳動物においては、抗体は対になった重鎖および軽鎖ポリペプチドから構築される。それぞれの鎖は、可変(Fv)領域および定常(Fc)領域と呼ばれる、2つの異なる領域から作られる。軽鎖および重鎖Fv領域は、前記分子の抗原結合決定因子を含み、標的抗原の結合に関与する。Fc領域は、抗体(例えば、IgG)のクラス(またはアイソタイプ)を定義し、重要な生化学的事象を引き出すいくつかの天然のタンパク質の結合に関与する。重鎖の定常領域を、CH1、ヒンジ、CH2およびCH3と呼ばれる4つのより小さいドメインにさらに分割することができる。定常領域の一部であるFc領域は、いくつかの重要な細胞機能に関与する。一般的には、Fc領域は、CH2およびCH3のみを含むものと定義されるが、ヒンジの一部を含んでもよい。ヒンジ領域がこれらの細胞機能において果たす決定的な役割を考慮すれば、本明細書で用いられる「Fc領域」はヒンジ領域またはその一部を含むことが明らかであろう。
限定されるものではないが、標的に対する特異性、免疫エフェクター機構を媒介する能力、および血清における長い半減期などの抗体のいくつかの重要な特徴により、抗体は強力な治療剤になる。多くのモノクローナル抗体が現在開発中であるか、または癌などの様々な症状の治療のために治療的に用いられている。任意の特定の抗体のエフェクター結合および機能を調節する能力は、疾患または障害の治療への抗体の適用において非常に有用であろう。抗体治療剤が特に好適である疾患を以下で説明する。
新生物、または腫瘍は、良性または悪性であり得る、異常な制御されない細胞増殖から生じる新生物塊である。良性腫瘍は一般的には、局在化されたままである。悪性腫瘍は、集合的には癌と呼ばれる。一般的には、用語「悪性」とは、腫瘍が近隣の体の構造に侵入し、これを破壊し、遠くの部位に拡散して死を引き起こし得ることを意味する(総説については、RobbinsおよびAngell, 1976, Basic Pathology、第2版、W.B. Saunders Co., Philadelphia, pp. 68-122を参照されたい)。癌は、体の多くの部位で生じ、その起源に応じて示差的に振る舞い得る。癌細胞は、それらが生じる体の部分を破壊した後、それらが新しく増殖を開始し、さらなる破壊を引き起こす体の他の部分に拡散する。
炎症は、体の白血球および化合物が、細菌およびウイルスなどの外来物質による感染から我々の体を防御するプロセスである。それは通常、影響を受けた領域の疼痛、腫れ、温覚および発赤を特徴とする。サイトカインおよびプロスタグランジンとして知られる化合物がこのプロセスを制御し、順序付けられ、自己制限するカスケードにおいて、血液または影響を受けた組織中に放出される。この化合物の放出は、損傷または感染の領域への血流を増加させ、発赤および温覚をもたらし得る。いくつかの化合物は、組織への液体の漏出を引き起こし、腫れをもたらす。この防御プロセスは、神経を刺激し、疼痛を引き起こし得る。これらの変化は、関連する領域中で限られた期間に起こる場合、体の利益となるように働く。
疾患を引き起こす感染性因子は、5つの群:ウイルス、細菌、菌類、原虫、および蠕虫(虫)に分類される。非常に多様なこれらの病原体は、適応免疫の2つの決定的な特徴の天然の選択の原因となってきた。第一に、様々な病原体を認識することができる利点は、等しいか、またはより大きい多様性のBおよびT細胞上の受容体の開発を推進してきた。第二に、病原体の異なる生息環境および生活環を、様々な異なるエフェクター機構により対抗させる必要がある。各病原体の特徴は、その伝染の様式、その複製の機構、その病原性またはそれが疾患を引き起こす手段、およびそれが引き出す応答である。
本発明は、改変されたヒンジを含むポリペプチドの詳細な特性評価を提供する。改変されたヒンジ領域は、野生型のヒンジと比較して、限定されるものではないが、可撓性、長さ、コンフォメーション、電荷および疎水性などのヒンジの1つ以上の特徴の変化を示してもよい。本明細書に開示される改変されたヒンジ領域を、例えば、野生型ヒンジに改変を導入することなどの当業界でよく知られた方法により作製することができる。改変されたヒンジ領域を作製するのに用いることができる改変としては、限定されるものではないが、アミノ酸の挿入、欠失、置換、および再配置が挙げられる。開示されるヒンジおよび改変されたヒンジ領域の前記改変を、本明細書では「本発明のヒンジ改変」、「本発明の改変されたヒンジ」、または単純に「ヒンジ改変」もしくは「改変されたヒンジ」と呼ぶ。本明細書に開示される改変されたヒンジ領域を、限定されるものではないが、抗体およびそのフラグメントなどの選択した分子中に組込むことができる。本明細書で証明されるように、改変されたヒンジを含む分子は、例えば、野生型ヒンジを含むこと以外は同じアミノ酸配列を有する分子などの、改変されたヒンジ以外は同じアミノ酸配列を有する分子と比較した場合、1個以上のFcリガンド(例えば、FcγR、C1q)への結合の変化および/またはエフェクター機能の変化を示してもよい。
(図面の簡単な説明については別節を参照されたい)
本発明は、特定のアミノ酸残基を含み、および/または特定のアミノ酸残基を欠く改変されたヒンジ領域を提供する。本発明はまた、野生型ヒンジと比較して、限定されるものではないが、可撓性、長さ、コンフォメーション、電荷および疎水性などの1つ以上の特徴の変化を示す改変されたヒンジ領域も提供する。本発明の改変されたヒンジを作製するのに用いることができる改変としては、限定されるものではないが、アミノ酸の挿入、欠失、置換、および再配置が挙げられる。ヒンジの前記改変および改変されたヒンジを、本明細書では一緒に「本発明のヒンジ改変」、「本発明の改変されたヒンジ」、または単に「ヒンジ改変」もしくは「改変されたヒンジ」と呼ぶ。これらの改変されたヒンジを、選択した分子中に組込むことができる。従って、本発明はさらに、分子、特に、ポリペプチド、より具体的には、改変されたヒンジを組込むFc領域(本明細書で用いられる「Fc領域」および類似する用語は、ヒンジ領域の少なくとも一部を含む任意の重鎖定常領域ドメインを包含する)を含む免疫グロブリン(例えば、抗体)および他の結合タンパク質を提供する。改変されたヒンジ(例えば、1個以上のアミノ酸の挿入、欠失、置換、もしくは再配置を含むヒンジ領域)を含むFc領域を含む分子を、本明細書では「本発明のFc変異体」または「Fc変異体」と呼ぶ。特に、本発明は、前記の改変されたヒンジを含まないFc領域を含む同じ分子(例えば、野生型ヒンジを有するFc領域を含む同じ分子)と比較した場合、1個以上のFcリガンド(例えば、FcγR、C1q)へのFc結合および/またはFcを介するエフェクター機能を変化させる改変されたヒンジを提供する。さらに、本発明は、野生型ヒンジを含むFc領域と比較した場合、1個以上のFcリガンド(例えば、FcγR、C1q)への特定の改変されたヒンジ領域を含むFc領域の結合を変化させ、および/またはエフェクター機能を調節する前記ヒンジ領域を提供する。
上側ヒンジ:216〜225(EU番号付け)または226〜238(Kabatの番号付け)、
中央ヒンジ:226〜230(EU番号付け)または239〜243(Kabatの番号付け)、
下側ヒンジ:231〜238(EU番号付け)または244〜251(Kabatの番号付け)。
本発明のFc変異体は、可変領域および本発明の改変されたヒンジを組込むFc領域を含む抗体を含むことが意図される。抗体であるFc変異体を、少なくとも1種の抗原に特異的に結合する可変ドメイン、またはそのフラグメントを、本発明の改変されたヒンジを組込むFc領域と組合わせることにより、「de novo」で製造することができる。あるいは、Fc変異体を、抗原に結合する抗体を含むFc領域のヒンジを改変することにより製造することができる。抗体であるFc変異体を、本明細書ではより一般的に「Fc変異体」またはより具体的には、「本発明の抗体」と呼ぶことができる。
一般的には、Fc変異体が抗体(本明細書では本発明の抗体と呼ぶ)である場合、本発明の抗体は目的の抗原に特異的に結合する。一実施形態においては、本発明の抗体は、ポリペプチド抗原に特異的に結合する。別の実施形態においては、本発明の抗体は、非ポリペプチド抗原に特異的に結合する。さらに別の実施形態においては、疾患または障害に罹患している哺乳動物への本発明の抗体の投与は、その哺乳動物において治療的利益をもたらし得る。
本発明の抗体は、改変された(すなわち、共有結合となるように、抗体に任意の型の分子を共有結合させることによる)誘導体を含む。例えば、限定されるものではないが、抗体誘導体としては、例えば、糖鎖付加、アセチル化、PEG付加(pegylation)、リン酸化、アミド化、公知の保護基/遮断基による誘導体化、タンパク質溶解的切断、細胞リガンドまたは他のタンパク質への連結などにより改変された抗体が挙げられる。多くの化学的改変のいずれかを、限定されるものではないが、特異的化学的切断、アセチル化、ホルミル化、ツニカマイシンの代謝合成などの公知の技術により行うことができる。さらに、この誘導体は1種以上の非古典的アミノ酸を含んでもよい。
本発明の抗体(すなわち、本発明の改変されたヒンジを組込む抗体)を、抗体の合成のための当業界で公知の任意の方法、特に、化学的合成または組換え発現技術により製造することができる。
Fc融合タンパク質は、免疫グロブリンのFc領域またはそのフラグメントと、一般的には、任意のタンパク質、ポリペプチド、ペプチド、または小分子であってよい融合パートナーとを組み合わせたものである。Fc融合タンパク質の非Fc部分、すなわち、融合パートナーの役割は、常にではないが標的結合を媒介することが多く、従って抗体の可変領域と機能的に類似している。従って、本発明は、分子(例えば、細胞表面受容体、ケモカインなど)および本発明のヒンジ改変を組込むFc領域に特異的に結合するポリペプチドを含むFc変異体を包含する。特定の実施形態においては、Fc変異体は、1個以上の上記抗原に特異的に結合し、および/またはそれを組込む(上記の「本発明の抗体」という表題の節を参照)。他の実施形態においては、Fc変異体は1個以上の上記分子に特異的に結合し、および/またはそれを組込む(上記の「本発明の特異的抗原および融合パートナー」という表題の節を参照)。
Fc変異体、その誘導体、類似体または断片(例えば、本発明の抗体もしくは融合タンパク質)の組換え発現には、Fc変異体(例えば、抗体、または融合タンパク質)をコードするポリヌクレオチドを含む発現ベクターの構築が必要である。一度、Fc変異体(例えば、抗体、または融合タンパク質)をコードするポリヌクレオチドが得られたら、該Fc変異体(例えば、抗体、または融合タンパク質)の製造のためのベクターを、当業界でよく知られた技術を用いる組換えDNA技術により作製することができる。かくして、Fc変異体(例えば、抗体、または融合タンパク質)をコードするヌクレオチド配列を含むポリヌクレオチドを発現させることによりタンパク質を調製する方法が本明細書に記載される。当業者にはよく知られる方法を用いて、Fc変異体(例えば、抗体、または融合タンパク質)をコードする配列ならびに好適な転写および翻訳制御シグナルを含む発現ベクターを構築することができる。これらの方法としては、例えば、in vitro組換えDNA技術、合成技術、およびin vivo遺伝子組換えが挙げられる。かくして、本発明は、プロモーターに機能し得る形で連結された、本発明のFc変異体をコードするヌクレオチド配列を含む複製可能なベクターを提供する。そのようなベクターは、抗体分子の定常領域(例えば、国際特許出願公開WO 86/05807; 国際特許出願公開WO 89/01036; および米国特許第5,122,464号)および該抗体の可変ドメインをコードするヌクレオチド配列を含んでもよく、またはFc変異体を作製するためのポリペプチドを、完全長抗体鎖(例えば、重鎖もしくは軽鎖)、もしくは非抗体由来ポリペプチドと、少なくとも1個の本発明のヒンジ改変を組込むFc領域との融合物を含む完全なFc変異体の発現のためにそのようなベクター中にクローニングすることができる。
本発明のFc変異体(例えば、抗体または融合タンパク質)を、様々な方法で特性評価することができる。特に、本発明のFc変異体を、リガンド(例えば、FcγRIIIA、FcγRIIB、C1q)に特異的に結合する能力についてアッセイすることができる。そのようなアッセイを、溶液中で(例えば、Houghten, Bio/Techniques, 13:412-421, 1992)、ビーズ上で(Lam, Nature, 354:82-84, 1991)、チップ上で(Fodor, Nature, 364:555-556, 1993)、細菌上で(米国特許第5,223,409号)、プラスミド上で(Cullら、Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 89:1865-1869, 1992)またはファージ上で(ScottおよびSmith, Science, 249:386-390, 1990; Devlin, Science, 249:404-406, 1990; Cwirlaら、Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, 87:6378-6382, 1990; およびFelici, J. Mol. Biol., 222:301-310, 1991)行うことができる。次いで、リガンド(例えば、FcγRIIIA、FcγRIIB、C1q)または抗原に特異的に結合する分子を同定して、該リガンドに対するそれらの親和性についてアッセイすることができる。
本発明は、疾患、障害、または感染に関連する1つ以上の徴候を予防、治療、または軽減するために、本発明の1つ以上のFc変異体(例えば、抗体)を、動物、特に哺乳動物、具体的には、ヒトに投与することを包含する。本発明のFc変異体は、エフェクター細胞機能(例えば、ADCC、CDC)の効率の変化が望ましい疾患または障害の治療または予防にとって特に有用である。Fc変異体およびその組成物は、原発性または転移性新生物疾患(すなわち、癌)、および感染性疾患の治療または予防にとって特に有用である。本発明の分子を、本明細書に記載のような当業界で公知の製薬上許容し得る組成物中で提供することができる。以下に詳述するように、本発明の分子を、癌(特に、受動的免疫治療において)、自己免疫疾患、炎症性障害または感染性疾患を治療または予防する方法において用いることができる。
本発明は、本発明のFc変異体(例えば、抗体、ポリペプチド)を含む方法および医薬組成物を提供する。本発明はまた、有効量の少なくとも1種の本発明のFc変異体、または少なくとも1種の本発明のFc変異体を含む医薬組成物を被験体に投与することによる、疾患、障害もしくは感染に関連する1つ以上の徴候の治療、予防、および軽減のための方法も提供する。一態様においては、前記Fc変異体は実質的に精製されている(すなわち、その効果を制限するか、または望ましくない副作用をもたらす物質を実質的に含まない)。特定の実施形態においては、前記被験体は、非霊長類(例えば、ウシ、ブタ、ウマ、ネコ、イヌ、ラットなど)および霊長類(例えば、カニクイザルなどのサルおよびヒト)などの哺乳動物などの動物である。特定の実施形態においては、前記被験体はヒトである。さらに別の特定の実施形態においては、本発明の抗体は、被験体と同じ種に由来するものである。
1. Fc領域を含むポリペプチドであって、該Fc領域は改変されたヒンジを含み、該ポリペプチドは、野生型ヒンジを有する以外は同じアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドと比較して、変化した親和性で少なくとも1個のFcリガンドに結合する、前記ポリペプチド。
(a)各残基がAもしくはGで置換されている、E216、P217、K218およびS221;
(b)各残基がAもしくはGで置換されている、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)、K222、T223、H224およびT225;
(c)各残基がAもしくはGで置換されている、P227およびP228;
(d)P230GもしくはP230A;
(e)C229SもしくはC229T;ならびに
(f)C226SもしくはC226T、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換を含む、実施形態3、4または5に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)E216G、P217G、K218GおよびS221G;
(b)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)G、K222G、T223G、H224GおよびT225G;
(c)P227GおよびP228G;
(d)P230G;
(e)C229S;ならびに
(f)C226S、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換を含む、実施形態3、4または5に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)T223C;
(b)H224CおよびT225C;
(c)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)P、K222P、T223P、H224PおよびT225P;ならびに
(d)E216P、K218PおよびS221P、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換を含む、実施形態9に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)P227およびP228;
(b)T223およびH224;ならびに
(c)T223、H224、P227およびP228
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸欠失を含む、実施形態14または15に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)少なくとも1個のA残基;
(b)少なくとも1個のG残基;ならびに
(c)少なくとも1個のA残基および少なくとも1個のG残基、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸挿入を含む、実施形態18に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)P227およびP228;ならびに
(b)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)およびK222、
からなる群より選択されるアミノ酸残基の間に挿入される、実施形態18、19または20に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)P227とP228の間の「GGG」;および
(b)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)とK222の間の「GGG」、
からなる群より選択される、実施形態18、19、20または21に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)P227およびP228;ならびに
(b)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)およびK222、
からなる群より選択されるアミノ酸残基の間に挿入される、実施形態24、25または26に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)P227とP228の間の「PPP」;および
(b)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)とK222の間の「PPP」、
からなる群より選択される、実施形態24、25、26または27に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、P227およびP228;
(b)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K222およびT223;
(c)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)がSもしくはTで置換されている、S221CおよびC(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233);
(d)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)がDもしくはEで置換されている、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)およびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(e)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)がDもしくはEで置換されており、K222およびT222がWもしくはFで置換されている、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222およびT223;
(f)K222WもしくはK222F;
(g)T223WもしくはK222F;
(h)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K222およびT223;
(i)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K222、T223およびH224;
(j)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)およびK222;ならびに
(k)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K218およびS221、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換を含む、実施形態30に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)P227WおよびP228W;
(b)K222WおよびT223W;
(c)S221CおよびC(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)S;
(d)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(e)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222WおよびT223W;
(f)K222W;
(g)T223W;
(h)K222FおよびT223F;
(i)K222W、T223WおよびH224W;
(j)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)WおよびK222W;ならびに
(k)K218WおよびS221W、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換を含む、実施形態30に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)P227とP228の間の少なくとも1個のGもしくはAの挿入;
(b)P227および/もしくはP228の欠失;ならびに
(c)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、P227およびP228の置換、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個の改変を含む、実施形態42、43、44、または45に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)P227とP228の間の少なくとも1個のGの挿入;
(b)P227およびP228の欠失;ならびに
(c)P227WおよびP228Wの置換、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個の改変を含む、実施形態42、43、44、または45に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)CもしくはC(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)EおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(b)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K222およびT223;
(c)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)がDもしくはEで置換されており、K223およびT223がそれぞれWもしくはFで置換されている、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222およびT223;
(d)K222WもしくはK222F;
(e)T223WもしくはT223F;
(f)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K222、T223およびH224;ならびに
(g)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)およびK222、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換を含む、実施形態52に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(b)K222WおよびT223W;
(c)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222WおよびT223W;
(d)K222W;
(e)T223W;
(f)K222W、T223WおよびH224W;ならびに
(g)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)WおよびK222W、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換を含む、実施形態52に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)位置C226、P227、P228、C229、P230での少なくとも1個のアミノ酸残基の置換;
(b)P227とP228の間の少なくとも1個のアミノ酸の挿入;ならびに
(c)位置P227および/またはP228での少なくとも1個のアミノ酸残基の欠失;
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個の改変を含む、実施形態58、59、60または61に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)P227GおよびP228Gの置換;
(b)P230Gの置換;
(c)C229Sの置換;
(d)C226Sの置換;
(e)P227とP228の間の少なくとも1個のGの挿入;
(f)P227およびP228の欠失;ならびに
(g)P227WおよびP228Wの置換、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個の改変を含む、実施形態58、59、60または61に記載のポリペプチド。
(a)216G、217G、218G、221G;
(b)(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)G、222G、223G、224Gおよび225G;
(c)227Gおよび228G;
(d)230G;
(e)(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)と222の間に挿入された「GGG」;
(f)227と228の間に挿入された「GGG」;
(g)(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)と222の間に挿入された「GGG」;
(h)227と228の間に挿入された「PPP」;
(i)229S;
(j)226S;
(k)223T;
(l)224Cおよび225T;
(m)(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)P、222P、223P、224Pおよび225P;
(n)216P、218Pおよび221P;
(o)222Wもしくは223W;
(p)222Wおよび223W;
(q)221Cおよび(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)S;
(r)(EU番号なし、Kabat233)Dもしくは(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(s)(EU番号なし、Kabat233)Dおよび(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(t)(EU番号なし、Kabat233)D、(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、222Wおよび223W;
(u)222W;
(v)223W;
(w)224W;
(x)222Fおよび223F;
(y)222W、223Wおよび224W;
(z)(EU番号なし、Kabat234)Wおよび222W;ならびに
(aa)218Wおよび221W、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸残基を含む、前記ポリペプチド。
(a)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)CもしくはC(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)EおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(b)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K222およびT223;
(c)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)がDもしくはEで置換され、K222およびT223がそれぞれWもしくはFで置換されている、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222およびT223;
(d)K222WもしくはK222F;
(e)T223WもしくはT223F;
(f)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K222、T223およびH224;ならびに
(g)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)およびK222、
を含む群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換である、実施形態94、95または96の方法。
(a)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(b)K222WおよびT223W;
(c)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222WおよびT223W;
(d)K222W;
(e)T223W;
(f)K222W、T223WおよびH224W;ならびに
(g)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)WおよびK222W、
を含む群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換である、実施形態94、95または96に記載の方法。
(a)位置C226、P227、P228、C229、P230での少なくとも1個のアミノ酸残基の置換;
(b)P227とP228の間での少なくとも1個のアミノ酸の挿入;ならびに
(c)位置P227および/もしくはP228での少なくとも1個のアミノ酸残基の欠失;
からなる群より選択される、実施形態99、100または101に記載の方法。
(a)P227GおよびP228Gの置換;
(b)P230Gの置換;
(c)C229Sの置換;
(d)C226Sの置換;
(e)P227とP228の間での少なくとも1〜3個のG残基の挿入;
(f)P227およびP228の欠失;ならびに
(g)P227WおよびP228Wの置換、
からなる群より選択される、実施形態99、100または101に記載の方法。
(a)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)CもしくはC(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)EおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(b)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K222およびT223;
(c)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)がDもしくはEで置換されており、K222およびT223がそれぞれWもしくはFで置換されている、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222およびT223;
(d)K222WもしくはK222F;
(e)T223WもしくはT223F;
(f)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、K222、T223およびH224;ならびに
(g)各残基がWもしくはFで置換されている、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)およびK222、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換である、実施形態109に記載の方法。
(a)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(b)K222WおよびT223W;
(c)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222WおよびT223W;
(d)K222W;
(e)T223W;
(f)K222W、T223WおよびH224W;ならびに
(g)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)WおよびK222W、
からなる群より選択される少なくとも1個のアミノ酸置換である、実施形態109に記載の方法。
(a)位置C226、P227、P228、C229、P230での少なくとも1個のアミノ酸残基の置換;
(b)P227とP228の間での少なくとも1個のアミノ酸の挿入;ならびに
(c)位置P227および/もしくはP228での少なくとも1個のアミノ酸残基の欠失、
からなる群より選択される、実施形態112に記載の方法。
(a)P227GおよびP228Gの置換;
(b)P230Gの置換;
(c)C229Sの置換;
(d)C226Sの置換;
(e)P227とP228の間での少なくとも1〜3個のG残基の挿入;
(f)P227およびP228の欠失;ならびに
(g)P227WおよびP228Wの置換、
からなる群より選択される、実施形態113に記載の方法。
ここで、本発明を以下の実施例を参照して説明する。これらの実施例は、例示のみの目的で提供され、本発明はいかなる意味においてもこれらの実施例に限定されると解釈されるべきではなく、むしろ本明細書に提供される教示の結果として明らかになる任意かつ全ての変更を包含すると解釈されるべきである。
ヒト受容体チロシンキナーゼEphA2(Kinchら、2003, Clin. Exp. Metastasis 20: 59-68)に対するヒトモノクローナル抗体(以後、mAb 12G3H11と呼ぶ、図1を参照)を、モデルとして用いた。mAb 12G3H11の可変軽鎖(VL)および可変重鎖(VH)遺伝子のアミノ酸配列を、図1に示す(それぞれ、配列番号1および2)。12G3H11の可変領域を、ヒトサイトメガロウイルス主要極初期(hCMVie)エンハンサー、プロモーターおよび5'-非翻訳領域をコードする哺乳動物発現ベクター中に個別にクローニングした(Boshartら、1985, Cell 41: 521-530)。この系においては、ヒトγ1鎖は、ヒトκ鎖と共に分泌される(Johnsonら、1997, J. Infect. Dis. 176: 1215-1224)。ヒンジの長さ、可撓性およびコンフォメーションを変化させた改変(表2を参照)を作製し、いくつかのFcリガンドへのそれらの結合について特性評価した。1個以上のFcリガンドへの結合に対する劇的な影響を有したいくつかのヒンジ改変を同定した(考察については以下を参照)。
Fc変異体抗体構築物の作製:種々のヒンジ改変(「1-CD Invert」、「2-SC Invert」、「3-C to S low」、「4-C to S Middle」、「5-GGG Insert Low」、「6-GGG Insert High」、「7-P to G Low」、「8-PP to GG Low」、「9-DKTHT to GGGGG」、「10-EPKS to GGGG」、「11-4 AA Delete」、「12-2 AA Delete Low」、「13-2 AA Delete Mid」、「14-T to C Middle」、「15-PPP Insert Low」、「16-PPP Insert High」、「17-DKTHT to PPPPP」、「18-EPKS to PPPP」、「19-PP to WW Low」、「20-KT to WW Mid」および「21-HT to CC Middle」と命名し、また、それぞれ1〜21の番号で単純に呼ぶ)を、抗EphA2 mAb 12G3H11の重鎖のヒンジ領域に導入した。これを、重複伸長(Hoら、1989, Gene 77:51-59)によるPCRを用いる部位特異的突然変異誘発により行い、オリゴヌクレオチドを表6に列挙した(全て5'から3'の方向で示し、配列、次いでプライマー名の順で示した)。各Fc変異体(1〜21)のヒンジ領域の全長アミノ酸配列を、表2に列挙する。
2つの異なるFcリガンド、FcγRIIIA(F158アロタイプ)およびC1qに結合する各Fc変異体の能力をアッセイした。多くのFc変異体について、ELISAおよびBIAcore分析の両方を実施した。
ELISAによる12G3H11およびそのFc変異体へのヒトC1q結合の分析:ヒトC1qへの表2に列挙された種々のヒトIgG1 Fc変異体の結合を特性評価するために、以下のELISAを行った:簡単に述べると、96穴Maxisorp Immunoplateの個々のウェルを、20〜0.31μg/mlの濃度で2倍連続希釈されたサンプル(精製された12G3H11またはそのヒンジFc変異体、上記参照)50μlで、4℃にて一晩被覆した後、37℃で2時間3%BSA/PBSでブロッキングした。12G3H11「野生型」を、個々のアッセイプレート上で系統的に被覆した。次いで、プレートを100μlの2μg/mlヒトC1q(Quidel, CA)と共に37℃で1時間、およびヒツジ抗ヒトC1q(BioDesign, ME; 1/1000希釈)と共に37℃で1時間、連続的にインキュベートした。次いで、ロバ抗ヒツジIgG西洋ワサビペルオキシダーゼコンジュゲート(Serotec, NC; 1/10000希釈)と共に室温で1時間インキュベートした。西洋ワサビぺルオキシダーゼ活性を、TMB基質(KPL, MD)を用いて検出し、反応を1%H2SO4でクエンチした。プレートを450 nmで読み取った。各ヒトIgG1濃度について、サンプルの平均OD450:同じプレート上の12G3H11「野生型」により示される平均OD450の比を算出した。少なくとも2つの独立した一連の実験の典型的な結果を、図2、3、4、5、6、7、22および23に示す。
上記の結合データに基づいて、いくつかのFc変異体をさらなる分析のために選択した。変異体のADCCおよび/またはCDC活性を、以下に記載のように決定した。
12G3H11および種々のヒンジ変異体のADCC活性:ヒト血液サンプルを、ヘパリン処理したシリンジを用いて、8人の独立した健康なボランティア(そのFcγRIIIAアロタイプについて遺伝子型決定されていない)から回収し、2倍量のリン酸緩衝生理食塩水(PBS)で希釈し、Lymphoprep勾配(ICN, Irvine, CA)上で層状にし、室温で30分間、400 gで遠心分離した。末梢血単核細胞(PBMC)を境界から収穫し、PBSで3回洗浄し、10%ウシ胎仔血清(FBS)を補給したL-グルタミン(Invitrogen, Carlsbad, CA)を含むRoswell Park Memorial Institute(RPMI)1640培地中に再懸濁した。次いで、40 ng/mlの組換えヒトIL-2(R&D Systems, Minneapolis, MN)をPBMCに添加した。次いで、T-175フラスコ(BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA)中、37℃で一晩インキュベートした。算出されたA549(ヒト肺癌)細胞を続く日に収穫し、2 x 105細胞/mlの密度で、5%FBS(アッセイバッファー)を補給したRPMI1640中に再懸濁した。次いで、これらを、アッセイバッファー(上記参照)中、50μl/ウェルの種々の濃度の抗体と共に、50μl/ウェルで、96穴丸底組織培養プレート(BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA)に添加し、37℃で30分間予備インキュベートした。次いで、PBMCをその一晩のインキュベーションから収穫し、アッセイバッファー(上記参照)中に、5 x 106細胞/ml(50:1のエフェクター(E):標的(T)比について)および2.5 x 106細胞/ml(25:1のE:T比について)で再懸濁し、100μl/ウェルでアッセイプレートに添加した。25μl/ウェルの9%Triton X-100(Promega, Madison, WI)を、完全な溶解のための対照として添加した。プレートを300Xgで3分間遠心分離し、37℃でのインキュベーションを4時間継続した。次いで、プレートを300Xgで10分間遠心分離し、各ウェルから50μlの上清をMaxisorp96穴プレート(BD Biosciences, Bedford, MA)に移した。次いで、50μlの再構成された基質ミックス(CytoTox 96 Non-Radioactive Cytotoxity Assayキット、Promega, Madison, WI)を全てのウェルに添加し、暗室中、室温にて30分間インキュベートした。50μlのStop溶液(Promega, Madison, WI)を各ウェルに添加し、乳酸デヒドロゲナーゼ(LDH)の放出を、490 nmでの吸光度を測定することにより定量した。細胞傷害性(%)を、以下の式:細胞傷害性(%)=(実験-自然発生エフェクター-自然発生標的)/(最大標的-自然発生標的)x 100(式中、「実験」は上記の目的の条件の1つにおいて測定されたシグナルに対応し、「自然発生エフェクター」はPBMCのみの存在下で測定されたシグナルに対応し、「自然発生標的」はA549細胞のみの存在下で測定されたシグナルに対応し、および「最大標的」は界面活性剤により溶解されたA549細胞の存在下で測定されたシグナルに対応する)
を用いて算出した。
上記のFc変異体の特性評価に基づいて、いくつかのさらなるFc変異体(「22-Combo 1+20」、「23-F2」、「24-W3」、「25-W2 variant」、「26-WW upper」、「27-W first」および「28-W second」と命名され、また、それぞれ22〜28の番号でも呼ばれる)を、既に作製された改変を組合わせるか、または既に試験されたいくつかの上側ヒンジ位置の代替的な改変を作製することにより作製した(表2、「組合せおよび代替的改変」の表題の節を参照)。エフェクター分子(例えば、C1qおよびFcγRIIIA)に結合するこれらの変異体の能力を試験し、これらの変異体のCDC活性を上記のように決定した。
組合せおよび代替的Fc変異体抗体構築物の作製:種々のヒンジ改変(表2に列挙、「組合せおよび代替的改変」の表題の節)を、本質的には上記のように、重複伸長によるPCRを用いる部位特異的突然変異誘発により、mAb 12H3H11の重鎖のヒンジ領域中に導入した。以下のオリゴヌクレオチド(配列情報および対応する配列番号については、表6を参照)の組合せを、PCR反応に用いた:
-「22-combo 1+20」最終PCR断片を作製するために、それぞれ127/128および129/130(鋳型として上記の12G3H11/重鎖コード哺乳動物発現ベクターを用いる)、次いで131/132(鋳型として127/128および129/130オリゴヌクレオチドの組合せにより作製されたPCR断片を用いる)。この突然変異のアミノ酸配列については表2を参照されたい。
C1q/FcγRIIIA結合における有意な変化を示したヒンジ変異体(上記参照)は、12G3H11と類似する同族抗原(ヒトEphA2)に対する見かけの結合親和性を有していた(データは示さない)。その見かけの解離速度はBIAcoreの感度限界(約5 x 10-6s-1)に近いか、またはそれを超えるものであったので、これらの変異体のうち、それらのエフェクター機能の減少をも示したものを、KinExa装置を用いてより正確に特性評価した。再度、ヒトEphA2に対する対応する親和性は、12G3H11と非常に類似していた(表8)。これは、プロテインAまたはGにより精製しようとするこれらのIgGの能力と共に(材料および方法を参照)、エフェクター機能に対するこれらの効果が主要な構造的変化により引き起こされるものではないことを示唆していた。
Fc変異体27および28について以外は、表2に記載の変異体を、還元的または非還元的条件下でのSDS-PAGEによりさらに特性評価した。還元的条件下では、全ての変異体は、それぞれ重鎖および軽鎖ポリペプチド鎖に対応する約60および30 kDaの2つの主要なバンドとして移動した(図31、上のパネル、データは示さない)。非還元的条件では、変異体4、5、8、11、12および19は、約200および100 kDaの2つの主要なバンドとして移動した(図31、左下パネル)。200 kDaのバンドは、完全長IgGに対応する。12G3H11と比較した場合、有意により高いレベルで存在する100 kDaのバンドは、非共有結合した重鎖の割合を増加を示す、共有結合した重鎖および軽鎖からなるダイマー半構造に対応する。これらの2つの種の相対比率の範囲を観察したところ、ほとんど半分のIgG(変異体5および19)から、同様の量の完全長および半分のIgG(変異体11および12)、ほとんど完全長のIgG(変異体4および8)まで変化した。全ての他のFc変異体は、12G3H11と比較した場合、100 kDa種の有意により大きい比率を示さず、約200 kDaの完全長IgGに対応するバンドを示した。これらのFc変異体のCDC活性上に認められる少なくともいくつかの効果が、両方の重鎖間の示差的相互作用の直接的結果である可能性があるが、変異体4、5、7および8のサイズ排除クロマトグラフィーは、有意な解離を示さなかった(データは示さない)。さらに、非還元的条件下で、Fc変異体1、2、20、22、23、24、25および26について、有意でない量の対を形成しなかった軽鎖が観察されたが、これは上側ヒンジを介する共有結合が依然として全ての場合において形成していたことを示唆している。
Claims (28)
- Fc領域を含むポリペプチドであって、該Fc領域は以下の(a)〜(h)のいずれかのアミノ酸置換を含む改変されたヒトIgG1ヒンジ領域を有し、該ポリペプチドは、野生型ヒトIgG1ヒンジ領域を有する以外は同じアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドと比較して、増加した親和性で少なくともC1qに結合する前記ポリペプチド;
(a)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D;
(b)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(c)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)W;
(d)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(e)K222WおよびT223W;
(f)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222WおよびT223W;
(g)K222W、T223WおよびH224W;ならびに
(h)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)WおよびK222W、
ただし、アミノ酸置換の表記は指示される場合以外Kabatに記載のEU指標番号付けを用いる。 - 親和性が10%〜70%または1.1倍〜1.7倍増加する、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記ポリペプチドが、野生型ヒンジ領域を有する以外は同じアミノ酸配列を有するポリペプチドと比較して、少なくとも10%増加したCDC活性を有する、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載のポリペプチドを含む医薬組成物。
- 請求項1に記載のポリペプチドをコードするポリヌクレオチド。
- 請求項5に記載の核酸配列を含むように操作された宿主細胞。
- Fc領域を含むポリペプチドのC1q結合親和性を増加させる方法であって、該Fc領域はヒトIgG1ヒンジ領域を含み、該方法は該ヒンジ領域中にアミノ酸置換を導入することを含み、該アミノ酸置換が、指示される場合以外はKabatに記載のEU指標番号付け系を用いて、
(a)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D;
(b)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(c)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)W;
(d)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(e)K222WおよびT223W;
(f)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222WおよびT223W;
(g)K222W;
(h)T223W;
(i)K222W、T223WおよびH224W;ならびに
(j)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)WおよびK222W、
からなる群より選択される、前記方法。 - 前記親和性が、未改変のポリペプチドと比較して、10%〜70%または1.1倍〜1.7倍増加する、請求項7に記載の方法。
- Fc領域を含むポリペプチドのCDC活性を増加させる方法であって、該Fc領域はヒトIgG1ヒンジ領域を含み、該方法は該ヒンジ領域中にアミノ酸置換を導入することを含み、該アミノ酸置換が、指示される場合以外はKabatに記載のEU指標番号付け系を用いて、
(a)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D;
(b)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(c)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)W;
(d)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C;
(e)K222WおよびT223W;
(f)C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222WおよびT223W;
(g)K222W;
(h)T223W;
(i)K222W、T223WおよびH224W;ならびに
(j)D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)WおよびK222W、
からなる群より選択される、前記方法。 - 前記活性が、未改変のポリペプチドと比較して、2倍〜3倍増加する、請求項9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)Dである、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)Cである、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)Wである、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)Cである、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、K222WおよびT223Wである、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222WおよびT223Wである、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、K222W、T223WおよびH224Wである、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)WおよびK222Wである、請求項1に記載のポリペプチド。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、K222Wである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、T223Wである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)Dである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)Cである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)Wである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)DおよびD(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)Cである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、K222WおよびT223Wである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、C(EU番号なし、Kabat番号233)D、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)C、K222WおよびT223Wである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、K222W、T223WおよびH224Wである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
- 前記アミノ酸置換が、D(EU番号なし、Kabat番号234)WおよびK222Wである、請求項7または9に記載の方法。
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EP1874816A2 (en) | 2008-01-09 |
CA2606102A1 (en) | 2006-11-02 |
CA2606102C (en) | 2014-09-30 |
JP2013078327A (ja) | 2013-05-02 |
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