JP2020502738A - 微細構造化イオン伝導性複合体及びその使用 - Google Patents
微細構造化イオン伝導性複合体及びその使用 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N lithium;bis(1,1,2,2,2-pentafluoroethylsulfonyl)azanide Chemical compound [Li+].FC(F)(F)C(F)(F)S(=O)(=O)[N-]S(=O)(=O)C(F)(F)C(F)(F)F ACFSQHQYDZIPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 238000011068 loading method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 150000002678 macrocyclic compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- OTCKOJUMXQWKQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium bromide Chemical compound [Mg+2].[Br-].[Br-] OTCKOJUMXQWKQG-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001623 magnesium bromide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001629 magnesium chloride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910001635 magnesium fluoride Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- BLQJIBCZHWBKSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L magnesium iodide Chemical compound [Mg+2].[I-].[I-] BLQJIBCZHWBKSL-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910001641 magnesium iodide Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000007246 mechanism Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910052753 mercury Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004184 methoxymethyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])OC([H])([H])* 0.000 description 1
- MOVBJUGHBJJKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl 2-amino-5-methoxybenzoate Chemical compound COC(=O)C1=CC(OC)=CC=C1N MOVBJUGHBJJKOW-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- WDCKRYQAVLUEDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N methyl(oxo)silicon Chemical compound C[Si]=O WDCKRYQAVLUEDJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 125000000325 methylidene group Chemical group [H]C([H])=* 0.000 description 1
- PQIOSYKVBBWRRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N methylphosphonyl difluoride Chemical group CP(F)(F)=O PQIOSYKVBBWRRI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000012982 microporous membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000004941 mixed matrix membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
- 239000002808 molecular sieve Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002429 nitrogen sorption measurement Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000001400 nonyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 125000002347 octyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052762 osmium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229920005596 polymer binder Polymers 0.000 description 1
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- 235000011164 potassium chloride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 239000011698 potassium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
- 235000003270 potassium fluoride Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000001436 propyl group Chemical group [H]C([*])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 229910052761 rare earth metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000002910 rare earth metals Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000009467 reduction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229920005989 resin Polymers 0.000 description 1
- 239000011347 resin Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052702 rhenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- 229910052701 rubidium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229940102127 rubidium chloride Drugs 0.000 description 1
- 229910052707 ruthenium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000002914 sec-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C([H])([H])C([H])(*)C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- 238000007873 sieving Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052709 silver Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N sodium aluminosilicate Chemical compound [Na+].[Al+3].[O-][Si]([O-])=O.[O-][Si]([O-])=O URGAHOPLAPQHLN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 239000011775 sodium fluoride Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 235000009518 sodium iodide Nutrition 0.000 description 1
- 229910001415 sodium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 159000000000 sodium salts Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 239000002195 soluble material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000001228 spectrum Methods 0.000 description 1
- 210000000352 storage cell Anatomy 0.000 description 1
- 229910052712 strontium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000000758 substrate Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052717 sulfur Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000003115 supporting electrolyte Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000003786 synthesis reaction Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052713 technetium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000000999 tert-butyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])C(*)(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
- JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC JRMUNVKIHCOMHV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DPKBAXPHAYBPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrabutylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCCC[N+](CCCC)(CCCC)CCCC DPKBAXPHAYBPRL-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- VNVBAPKOJGLIDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N tetracyclo[6.6.2.02,7.09,14]hexadeca-1,3,5,7,9,11,13-heptaene Chemical compound C12=CC=CC=C2C2=C(C=CC=C3)C3=C1CC2 VNVBAPKOJGLIDO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- HWCKGOZZJDHMNC-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC HWCKGOZZJDHMNC-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC YMBCJWGVCUEGHA-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- UQFSVBXCNGCBBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylammonium iodide Chemical compound [I-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC UQFSVBXCNGCBBW-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- QSUJAUYJBJRLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetraethylazanium;fluoride Chemical compound [F-].CC[N+](CC)(CC)CC QSUJAUYJBJRLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- DDFYFBUWEBINLX-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].C[N+](C)(C)C DDFYFBUWEBINLX-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- RXMRGBVLCSYIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetramethylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].C[N+](C)(C)C RXMRGBVLCSYIBO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- BGQMOFGZRJUORO-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylammonium bromide Chemical compound [Br-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC BGQMOFGZRJUORO-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- FBEVECUEMUUFKM-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylazanium;chloride Chemical compound [Cl-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC FBEVECUEMUUFKM-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- POSYVRHKTFDJTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylazanium;fluoride Chemical compound [F-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC POSYVRHKTFDJTR-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M tetrapropylazanium;iodide Chemical compound [I-].CCC[N+](CCC)(CCC)CCC GKXDJYKZFZVASJ-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 description 1
- 229910052716 thallium Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 150000007970 thio esters Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J titanic acid Chemical compound O[Ti](O)(O)O LLZRNZOLAXHGLL-UHFFFAOYSA-J 0.000 description 1
- OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N titanium oxide Inorganic materials [Ti]=O OGIDPMRJRNCKJF-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 230000009466 transformation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 125000006168 tricyclic group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 125000000026 trimethylsilyl group Chemical group [H]C([H])([H])[Si]([*])(C([H])([H])[H])C([H])([H])[H] 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
Description
本出願は、その全内容があらゆる点で参照により本明細書に援用される2016年12月7日出願の米国特許仮出願第62/431300号明細書の優先権を主張するものである。
本発明は、米国エネルギー省により授与された助成金番号DE−AC02−05CH11231及び米国国防総省により授与された助成金番号FA9550−11−C−0028の下、政府の支援を受けて行われたものである。米国政府は、本発明に対して一定の権利を有する。
「電極」とは、電解質などの回路の非金属部分と接触している回路中の電気伝導性材料を意味する。電極は、還元が発生する電極である正極又はカソードであり得る。電極は、酸化が発生する電極である負極又はアノードであり得る。
A.電極
正極110は、正極電気化学的活物質を含んでよく、そのいくつかの例としては、限定されないが、M’及びM’’が異なる金属であるLi(M’XM’’Y)O2(例:Li(NiXMnY)O2、Li(Ni1/2Mn1/2)O2、Li(CrXMn1−X)O2、Li(AlXMn1−X)O2)、Mが金属であるLi(CoXM1−X)O2(例:Li(CoXNi1−X)O2及びLi(CoXFe1−X)O2)、Li1−W(MnXNiYCoZ)O2(例:Li(CoXMnyNi(1−x−Y))O2、Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3)O2、Li(Mn1/3Ni1/3Co1/3−XMgX)O2、Li(Mn0.4Ni0.4Co0.2)O2、Li(Mn0.1Ni0.8Co0.1)O2)、Li1−W(MnXNiXCo1−2X)O2、Li1−W(MnXNiYCoAlW)O2、Li1−W(NiXCoYAlZ)O2(例:Li(Ni0.8Co0.15Al0.05)O2)、Mが金属であるLi1−W(NiXCoYMZ)O2、Mが金属であるLi1−W(NiXMnYMZ)O2、Li(NiX−YMnYCr2−X)O4、M’及びM’’が異なる金属であるLiM’M’’2O4(例:LiMn2−Y−ZNiYO4、LiMn2−Y−ZNiYLiZO4、LiMn1.5Ni0.5O4、Mが金属であるxLi2MnO3・(1−x)LiMO2、Mが金属であるxLi2MnO3・(1−x)LiM2O4、LiNiCuO4、LiMn1−XAlXO4、LiNi0.5Ti0.5O4、Li1.05Al0.1Mn1.85O4−zFz、Li2MnO3)、LiXVYOZ、例えばLiV3O8、LiV2O5、及びLiV6O13、Mが金属であるLiMPO4(例:LiFePO4、Mが金属であるLiFeXM1−XPO4)、LiVOPO4、Li3V2(PO4)3、並びにLiMPO4が挙げられる。一般的に、正極活物質の選択は、セル容量、安全性要件、意図するサイクル寿命などのいくつかの考慮事項に依存する。酸化リチウムコバルト(LiCoO2)は、携帯用電子機器及び医療用装置など、より高い重量あたり及び/又は体積あたりの容量が求められるより小型のセルに用いられ得る。コバルトは、Sn、Mg、Fe、Ti、Al、Zr、Cr、V、Ga、Zn、又はCuで部分的に置換されていてもよい。酸化リチウムニッケル(LiNiO2)などのある特定の物質は、熱暴走を起こし難い可能性がある。酸化リチウムマンガン(LiMnO2又はLiMn2O4スピネル)などの他の物質は、実質的なコスト上の利点を提供する。さらに、酸化リチウムマンガンは、その三次元結晶構造がより広い表面積をもたらすことによって電極間でのより高いイオンフラックスを可能とすることから、比較的高い出力密度を有する。酸化マンガン複合体電極などの高エネルギー密度でリチウムが豊富な層状酸化物も用いられてよく、この場合、層状Li2MnO3成分が、Mが金属である層状LiMO2又はMが金属であるスピネルLiM2O4と一体化される。
セパレータ140は、図1Aに示される第一の膜層144などの少なくとも1つの膜層を含んでいてよい。第一の膜層144は、セパレータの透過特性を決定し得る。例えば、第一の膜層144及びセパレータ140は、第一の種132に対しては透過性、及び電解質溶媒134に対しては実質的に不透過性又は完全に不透過性であってよい。
ある実施形態では、膜支持体142の細孔サイズは、約0.01マイクロメートル〜5マイクロメートル、又はより具体的には、約0.02マイクロメートル〜0.5マイクロメートルである。膜支持体142の多孔度は、約20%〜85%、又はより具体的には、約30%〜60%であってよい。当業者であれば、細孔サイズが、セパレータの細孔中に提供される電解質130の組成によって引き起こされ得ることは理解される。例えば、セパレータ140(例:膜支持体142又は第一の膜層144)のある成分は、電解質130のある材料と接触すると膨潤する場合があり、それによって細孔サイズの変化が引き起こされる。特に断りのない限り、細孔サイズ及び他の同様のパラメータは、電解質130と接触する前のセパレータ140の成分について述べている。
セパレータに用いられる1又は複数の膜層の選択的ブロック特性は、これらの層の組成又は特定の細孔構造に由来する。本開示の目的のために、「ブロック」の用語は、ふるい分け、選別、又は排除と見なされる。ある実施形態では、膜層の細孔構造は、以下でさらに述べるように、小細孔サイズ、狭い細孔サイズ分布、高表面積、及び高多孔度を有する相互接続された細孔のネットワークとして発現する。他の実施形態では、膜層の細孔構造は、以下でさらに述べるように、小細孔サイズ、狭い細孔サイズ分布、高表面積、及び高多孔度を有するチャネルのアレイとして発現する。これらのブロック特性に加えて、膜層は、化学的及び電気化学的安定性、湿潤性、厚さ、熱安定性、並びに同種のものなど、膜層自体を電気化学セル用途に対して好適とする様々な他の特性を有する。
セパレータ140は、第一の種132(図1〜7においてAとして識別される)の正極110と負極120との間の輸送が可能となるように構成される。同時に、セパレータ140は、電解質溶媒134をブロックするようにも構成される。電気化学セル100の各構成成分について、ここでより詳細に記載する。第一の種132のいくつかの例としては、限定されないが、以下の例の原子、イオン、イオン対、及び分子が挙げられ、H+、Li+、Na+、K+、Rb+、Cs+、Mg2+、Ca2+、F−、Cl−、Br−、I−、BF4 −、PF6 −、AsF6 −、ClO4 −、メタンスルホネート、トリフルオロメタンスルホネート、トリス(ペンタフルオロエチル)トリフルオロホスフェート、ビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミド、シクロ−ジフルオロメタン−1,1−ビス(スルホニル)イミド、シクロ−ヘキサフルオロプロパン−1,1−ビス(スルホニル)イミド、ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニルイミド)、ビス(ペルフルオロエタンスルホニル)イミド、ビス(オキサレート)ボレート、ジフルオロ(オキサレート)ボレート、ビス(フルオロマロネート)ボレート、テトラシアノボレート、ジシアノトリアゾレート、ジシアノ−トリフルオロメチル−イミダゾレート、ジシアノ−ペンタフオロエチル−イミダゾレート、及びこれらのイオン対が挙げられる。第一の種132のいくつかの具体例としては、H+、Li+、Na+、Mg2+、Ca2+、PF6 −、メタンスルホネート、及びトリフルオロメタンスルホネートが挙げられる(多くの種類の電気化学貯蔵装置及び電極触媒セルに用いられる)。ある実施形態では、第一の種は、+1の電荷を有するイオンを含む。ある実施形態では、第一の種は、H+、Li+、Na+、及びK+から成る群より選択される。ある実施形態では、第一の種は、F−、Cl−、Br−、I−、BF4 −、PF6 −、AsF6 −、ClO4 −、メタンスルホネート、トリフルオロメタンスルホネート、トリス(ペンタフルオロエチル)トリフルオロホスフェート、ビス(フルオロスルホニル)イミド、シクロ−ジフルオロメタン−1,1−ビス(スルホニル)イミド、シクロ−ヘキサフルオロプロパン−1,1−ビス(スルホニル)イミド、ビス(トリフルオロメタンスルホニルイミド)、ビス(ペルフルオロエタンスルホニル)イミド、ビス(オキサレート)ボレート、ジフルオロ(オキサレート)ボレート、ビス(フルオロマロネート)ボレート、テトラシアノボレート、ジシアノトリアゾレート、ジシアノ−トリフルオロメチル−イミダゾレート、及びジシアノ−ペンタフオロエチル−イミダゾレートから成る群より選択される。
例1:第一の膜層の作製
PIM−1などの固有微多孔性ポリマーを、10〜500gL−1の濃度でTHFなどの適切な溶媒又は溶媒の混合物中に、1〜500gL−1の濃度のヨウ化リチウム、ヨウ化ナトリウム、ヨウ化カリウム、ヨウ化ルビジウム、ヨウ化セシウム、ヨウ化マグネシウム、ヨウ化テトラメチルアンモニウム、ヨウ化テトラエチルアンモニウム、ヨウ化テトラプロピルアンモニウム、ヨウ化テトラブチルアンモニウム、臭化リチウム、臭化ナトリウム、臭化カリウム、臭化ルビジウム、臭化セシウム、臭化マグネシウム、臭化テトラメチルアンモニウム、臭化テトラエチルアンモニウム、臭化テトラプロピルアンモニウム、臭化テトラブチルアンモニウム、塩化リチウム、塩化ナトリウム、塩化カリウム、塩化ルビジウム、塩化セシウム、塩化マグネシウム、塩化テトラメチルアンモニウム、塩化テトラエチルアンモニウム、塩化テトラプロピルアンモニウム、塩化テトラブチルアンモニウム、フッ化リチウム、フッ化ナトリウム、フッ化カリウム、フッ化ルビジウム、フッ化セシウム、フッ化マグネシウム、フッ化テトラメチルアンモニウム、フッ化テトラエチルアンモニウム、フッ化テトラプロピルアンモニウム、及び/又はフッ化テトラブチルアンモニウムなどのハロゲン化物含有塩と共に溶解する。
電気化学セルは、理想的には、アルゴン充填したグローブボックス、乾燥室、又はリチウム金属電池アセンブリの取り扱いに適する他の不活性環境中のいずれかで組み立てる。
Claims (17)
- 少なくとも5%(体積/体積)〜50%(体積/体積)の多孔度である複数の空隙を有する微多孔性材料;及び
前記空隙を占有する無機成分、
を含む組成物であって、
前記無機成分は、少なくとも5%(重量/重量)で存在し、
前記組成物は、イオン伝導性である、
組成物。 - 前記無機成分が、公称上2〜50ナノメートルの長さスケールであるドメインで構造化されている、請求項1に記載の組成物。
- 前記無機成分が、公称上0.5〜2ナノメートルの長さスケールであるドメインで構造化されている、請求項1又は請求項2に記載の組成物。
- 微多孔性材料が、高い自由体積分率を有する直鎖状ポリマー、分岐鎖状ポリマー、又はネットワークポリマーを含む、請求項1〜3のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 微多孔性材料が、固有微多孔性ポリマーを含む、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記微多孔性材料の前記多孔度が、少なくとも10%(体積/体積)〜50%(体積/体積)である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記微多孔性材料の前記多孔度が、約20%(体積/体積)である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 無機成分が、ハロゲン化アルカリ金属、オキシ窒化リチウム、Li2S、Li3PS4、Li7P3S11、Li10GeP2S12、Li10SiP2S12、Li10SnP2S12、xが2y+3z−5であるLixPOyNz、Li14ZnGe4O16、Li1.3Al0.3Ti1.7(PO4)3、Li7La3Zr2O12、0<x<3であるNa1+xZr2SixP3−xO12、Li2OHCl、若しくはアルカリ金属イオン伝導体、又はこれらの混合物を含む、請求項1〜7のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 無機成分が、アルカリ金属イオンを含む、請求項1〜8のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記無機成分が、少なくとも10%(重量/重量)で存在する、請求項1〜9のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記無機成分が、少なくとも20%(重量/重量)で存在する、請求項1〜10のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- 前記ポリマーとの溶液キャスト、無機前駆体のポリマー細孔中での変換、蒸着、又は前記ポリマーとの化学的変換によって調製される、請求項1〜11のいずれか一項に記載の組成物。
- Li、Na、K、Mg、Ca、Zn、Al、Si、Ge、Sn、又はこれらの合金を含む金属アノード;及び
前記金属アノード上にコーティングされた請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の組成物、
を備えた電極。 - 多孔性支持体;及び
前記多孔性支持体上にコーティングされた請求項1〜12のいずれか一項に記載の組成物、
を備えたセパレータ。 - Li、Na、K、Mg、Ca、Zn、Al、Si、Ge、Sn、又はこれらの合金から構成される金属アノード;及び
前記金属アノード上にコーティングされた請求項14に記載のセパレータ、
を備えた電極−セパレータ積層体。 - 請求項13又は15に記載のアノード;
電解質;及び
カソード、
を備えた電気化学セル。 - 請求項14に記載のセパレータをさらに備えた、請求項16に記載の電気化学セル。
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KR102601074B1 (ko) | 2023-11-09 |
EP3551688A4 (en) | 2020-07-29 |
US11545724B2 (en) | 2023-01-03 |
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CN110099950A (zh) | 2019-08-06 |
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