JP2016540726A - 遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする癌の予防又は治療におけるtorキナーゼ阻害剤 - Google Patents
遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする癌の予防又は治療におけるtorキナーゼ阻害剤 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
患者における癌を治療及び/又は予防する方法であって、有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を、生物学的野生型試料の遺伝子に対する特定の遺伝子突然変異(複数可)又は多様体(複数可)を特徴とする癌、とりわけ乳癌、びまん性大細胞型B細胞リンパ腫、多形膠芽細胞腫、肝細胞癌、多発性骨髄腫、神経内分泌腫瘍、又は非小細胞肺癌を有する患者に投与することを含む方法が本明細書に提供される。
異常なタンパク質リン酸化と疾患の原因又は結果との関係は、20年以上にわたって知られている。したがって、プロテインキナーゼは、非常に重要な薬物標的群となっている。Cohenの文献、Nat. Rev. Drug Disc., 1:309-315(2002)、Grimmigerらの文献、Nat. Rev. Drug Disc. 9(12):956-970 (2010)を参照されたい。様々なプロテインキナーゼ阻害剤が、癌並びに糖尿病及び脳卒中を含む慢性炎症性疾患などの多種多様な疾患の治療において臨床的に使用されている。Cohenの文献、Eur. J. Biochem., 268:5001-5010(2001)、「疾患治療用のプロテインキナーゼ阻害剤:有望性及び問題点(Protein Kinase Inhibitors for the Treatment of Disease: The Promise and the Problems)」、「実験薬理学の手引き(Handbook of Experimental Pharmacology)」、Springer Berlin Heidelberg, 167(2005)を参照されたい。
遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする癌、例えば、乳癌を治療又は予防する方法であって、有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を、野生型に対する特定の遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする癌を有する患者に投与することを含む方法が本明細書に提供される。理論により限定されないが、特定の遺伝子突然変異が、本明細書に記載される通り、TORキナーゼ阻害剤に対する感受性と相関すると考えられる。
(5.1 定義)
「アルキル」基は、1〜10個の炭素原子、典型的には、1〜8個の炭素、又はいくつかの実施態様においては、1〜6個、1〜4個、若しくは2〜6個の炭素原子を有する、飽和した、部分的に飽和した、又は不飽和の直鎖又は分岐状非環式炭化水素である。代表的なアルキル基としては、-メチル、-エチル、-n-プロピル、-n-ブチル、-n-ペンチル、及び-n-ヘキシルが挙げられ;一方、飽和分岐アルキルとしては、-イソプロピル、-sec-ブチル、-イソブチル、-tert-ブチル、-イソペンチル、2-メチルペンチル、3-メチルペンチル、4-メチルペンチル、2,3-ジメチルブチルなどが挙げられる。不飽和アルキル基の例としては、特に、ビニル、アリル、-CH=CH(CH3)、-CH=C(CH3)2、-C(CH3)=CH2、-C(CH3)=CH(CH3)、-C(CH2CH3)=CH2、-C≡CH、-C≡C(CH3)、-C≡C(CH2CH3)、-CH2C≡CH、-CH2C≡C(CH3)、及び-CH2C≡C(CH2CH3)が挙げられるが、これらに限定されない。アルキル基は、置換されていても、置換されていなくてもよい。特記されない限り、本明細書に記載のアルキル基が「置換されている」と言われるとき、それらは、本明細書に開示される例示的な化合物及び実施態様に見られるもの、並びにハロゲン(クロロ、ヨード、ブロモ、若しくはフルオロ);アルキル;ヒドロキシル;アルコキシ;アルコキシアルキル;アミノ;アルキルアミノ;カルボキシ;ニトロ;シアノ;チオール;チオエーテル;イミン;イミド;アミジン;グアニジン;エナミン;アミノカルボニル;アシルアミノ;ホスホネート;ホスフィン;チオカルボニル;スルフィニル;スルホン;スルホンアミド;ケトン;アルデヒド;エステル;ウレア;ウレタン;オキシム;ヒドロキシルアミン;アルコキシアミン;アリールオキシアミン;アラルコキシアミン;N-オキシド;ヒドラジン;ヒドラジド;ヒドラゾン;アジド;イソシアネート;イソチオシアネート;シアネート;チオシアネート;酸素(=O);B(OH)2、又はO(アルキル)アミノカルボニルのような、任意の置換基(単数)又は置換基(複数)で置換されていてもよい。
本明細書に提供される化合物は、一般的に、「TORキナーゼ阻害剤(複数可)」と称される。具体的な実施態様において、TORキナーゼ阻害剤は、ラパマイシンも、ラパマイシンアナログ(ラパログ)も含まない。
R1は、置換若しくは非置換のC1-8アルキル、置換若しくは非置換のアリール、置換若しくは非置換のシクロアルキル、置換若しくは非置換のヘテロシクリル、又は置換若しくは非置換のヘテロシクリルアルキルであり;
R2は、H、置換若しくは非置換のC1-8アルキル、置換若しくは非置換のシクロアルキル、置換若しくは非置換のヘテロシクリル、置換若しくは非置換のヘテロシクリルアルキル、置換若しくは非置換のアラルキル、又は置換若しくは非置換のシクロアルキルアルキルであり;
R3は、H、又は置換若しくは非置換のC1-8アルキルであり,
式中、特定の実施態様において、TORキナーゼ阻害剤は、以下に描かれる7-(4-ヒドロキシフェニル)-1-(3-メトキシベンジル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オンを含まない:
(式中、Rは、各出現で独立に、H、又は置換若しくは非置換のC1-4アルキル(例えば、メチル)であり;R’は、各出現で独立に、置換若しくは非置換のC1-4アルキル(例えば、メチル)、ハロゲン(例えば、フルオロ)、シアノ、-OR、又は-NR2であり;mは、0〜3であり;且つnは、0〜3である)。置換基R’のいずれも、縮合環系中のいずれの環のいずれの好適な原子に結合していてもよいことが、当業者により理解されるだろう。
(式中、Rは、各出現で独立に、H、又は置換若しくは非置換のC1-4アルキルであり;R’は、各出現で独立に、置換若しくは非置換のC1-4アルキル、ハロゲン、シアノ、-OR、又は-NR2であり;mは、0〜3であり;且つ、nは0〜3である)。
(式中、Rは、各出現で独立に、H、又は置換若しくは非置換のC1-4アルキル(例えば、メチル)であり;R’は、各出現で独立に、H、-OR、シアノ、又は置換若しくは非置換のC1-4アルキル(例えば、メチル)であり;且つ、pは、0〜3である)。
(式中、Rは、各出現で独立に、H、又は置換若しくは非置換のC1-2アルキルであり;R’は、各出現で独立に、H、-OR、シアノ、又は置換若しくは非置換のC1-2アルキルであり;且つ、pは、0〜1である)。
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-((トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(シス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-ピロロ[2,3-b]ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-((シス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-エチル-7-(1H-ピロロ[3,2-b]ピリジン-5-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((シス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-ベンゾ[d]イミダゾール-4-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-ピロロ[2,3-b]ピリジン-4-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((トランス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(シス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(シス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-メトキシエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-エチル-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-((シス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-インドール-4-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-((トランス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((シス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(トランス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-イソプロピル-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(トランス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-メトキシエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-イソプロピル-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-エチル-7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-ヒドロキシピリジン-4-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-イソプロピル-7-(4-メチル-6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
5-(8-イソプロピル-7-オキソ-5,6,7,8-テトラヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2-イル)-4-メチルピコリンアミド;
7-(1H-インダゾール-4-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-アミノピリミジン-5-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-アミノピリジン-4-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(メチルアミノ)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-ヒドロキシピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(4-(1H-ピラゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-メトキシエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-インダゾール-4-イル)-1-(2-メトキシエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-インダゾール-6-イル)-1-(2-メトキシエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(ピリミジン-5-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-メトキシピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(2-メトキシエチル)-7-(1H-ピロロ[2,3-b]ピリジン-5-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-エチル-7-(1H-ピロロ[2,3-b]ピリジン-5-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-エチル-7-(1H-インダゾール-4-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(ピリジン-4-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-アミノピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-メチル-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
2-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)-5-(8-(トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)-7-オキソ-5,6,7,8-テトラヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2-イル)ピリジン1-オキシド;
4-メチル-5-(7-オキソ-8-((テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)メチル)-5,6,7,8-テトラヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2-イル)ピコリンアミド;
5-(8-((シス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-7-オキソ-5,6,7,8-テトラヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2-イル)-4-メチルピコリンアミド;
7-(1H-ピラゾール-4-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)-7-(4-メチル-6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
3-((7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-2-オキソ-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-1(2H)-イル)メチル)ベンゾニトリル;
1-((トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-7-(4-メチル-6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
3-(7-オキソ-8-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-5,6,7,8-テトラヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2-イル)ベンズアミド;
5-(8-((トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-7-オキソ-5,6,7,8-テトラヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2-イル)-4-メチルピコリンアミド;
3-((7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-2-オキソ-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-1(2H)-イル)メチル)ベンゾニトリル;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((1R,3R)-3-メトキシシクロペンチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((1S,3R)-3-メトキシシクロペンチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((1S,3S)-3-メトキシシクロペンチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((1R,3S)-3-メトキシシクロペンチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-インダゾール-6-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-モルホリノエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(トランス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(シス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-モルホリノエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-イソプロピル-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-イミダゾ[4,5-b]ピリジン-6-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-((シス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(トランス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)-7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(シス-4-ヒドロキシシクロヘキシル)-7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
4-(7-オキソ-8-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-5,6,7,8-テトラヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2-イル)ベンズアミド;
7-(1H-インダゾール-5-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-ピロロ[2,3-b]ピリジン-5-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-((1S,3R)-3-メトキシシクロペンチル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-((1R,3R)-3-メトキシシクロペンチル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-((1R,3S)-3-メトキシシクロペンチル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-((1S,3S)-3-メトキシシクロペンチル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-インドール-5-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-エチル-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(1H-インドール-6-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(4-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)フェニル)-1-(トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-((トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((シス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(2-メトキシエチル)-7-(4-メチル-2-(メチルアミノ)-1H-ベンゾ[d]イミダゾール-6-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(7-メチル-2-オキソ-2,3-ジヒドロ-1H-ベンゾ[d]イミダゾール-5-イル)-1-((テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-メチル-4-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(2-メトキシエチル)-7-(4-メチル-6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-ベンジル-7-(2-メチル-4-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(3-フルオロ-4-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-メトキシエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(3-フルオロ-4-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(3-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-メトキシエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(5-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(3-フルオロ-2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(2-メトキシエチル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((トランス-4-メトキシシクロヘキシル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(シクロペンチルメチル)-7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(4-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-メトキシエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
(S)-7-(6-(1-ヒドロキシエチル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
(R)-7-(6-(1-ヒドロキシエチル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(4-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(4-(トリフルオロメチル)ベンジル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(3-(トリフルオロメチル)ベンジル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(3-メトキシプロピル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(4-メチル-6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-メトキシエチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-((テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(4-メチル-2-(メチルアミノ)-1H-ベンゾ[d]イミダゾール-6-イル)-1-((テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-アミノ-4-メチル-1H-ベンゾ[d]イミダゾール-6-イル)-1-((テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)メチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-メチル-6-(4H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
(R)-7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3-メチル-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
(S)-7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3-メチル-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,3-ジメチル-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-アミノ-4-メチル-1H-ベンゾ[d]イミダゾール-6-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(6-(2-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(2-メチル-4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
7-(4-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-5-イル)フェニル)-1-(2-(テトラヒドロ-2H-ピラン-4-イル)エチル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;
1-(1-ヒドロキシプロパン-2-イル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン;及び
1-(2-ヒドロキシエチル)-7-(2-メチル-6-(1H-1,2,4-トリアゾール-3-イル)ピリジン-3-イル)-3,4-ジヒドロピラジノ[2,3-b]ピラジン-2(1H)-オン、
並びにその医薬として許容し得る塩、クラスレート、溶媒和物、立体異性体、互変異性体、代謝物、アイソトポログ、及びプロドラッグ。
TORキナーゼ阻害剤は、標準的な周知の合成法によって得ることができる。例えば、March. Jの文献、「先端有機化学;反応機構、及び構造(J. Advanced Organic Chemistry;Reactions Mechanisms, and Structure)」、第4版、1992を参照されたい。したがって、式(III)の化合物及び中間体を製造するのに有用な出発材料は市販されているか、又は公知の合成法及び試薬を用いて市販の材料から製造することができる。
遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする癌、例えば、乳癌を治療又は予防する方法であって、有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を、野生型に対する特定の遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする癌を有する患者に投与することを含む方法が本明細書に提供される。理論により拘束されないが、特定の遺伝子突然変異が、本明細書に記載される通り、TORキナーゼ阻害剤に対する感受性と相関すると考えられる。本明細書に記載されるいくつかの実施態様において、遺伝子突然変異は、表1の1つ以上の遺伝子、すなわちPIK3CA、RICTOR、TP53、IGF1R、又はPTEN中で起こる。一実施態様において、突然変異は、RICTOR、TP53、又はIGF1Rの1つ以上における突然変異である。いくつかのそのような実施態様において、さらなる突然変異はPIK3CAにおける突然変異である。一実施態様において、突然変異は、AKT1の遺伝子配列における突然変異である。一実施態様において、突然変異は、AKT2の遺伝子配列における遺伝子増幅突然変異である。一実施態様において、突然変異は、RICTORにおける突然変異である。別の実施態様において、突然変異は、TP53における突然変異である。さらに別の実施態様において、突然変異は、IGF1Rにおける突然変異である。いくつかのそのような実施態様において、さらなる突然変異は、PTEN喪失をもたらす。いくつかのそのような実施態様において、乳癌はER+である。いくつかのそのような実施態様において、乳癌はPR+である。他の実施態様において、乳癌はER+/PR+である。本明細書に記載される方法に使用するための、本発明のTORキナーゼ阻害剤も本明細書に提供される。
有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を含む組成物、並びに有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤及び医薬として許容し得る担体又はビヒクルを含む組成物が本明細書に提供される。いくつかの実施態様において、本明細書に記載される医薬組成物は、経口投与、非経口投与、粘膜投与、経皮投与、又は局所投与に好適である。
特定の実施態様において、TORキナーゼ阻害剤を含むキットが本明細書に提供される。特定の実施態様において、密封された容器中にTORキナーゼ阻害剤を含む単位剤形を含むキットであって、該単位剤形が約1mg〜約100mgのTORキナーゼ阻害剤を含むキットが本明細書に提供される。特定の実施態様において、密封された容器中にTORキナーゼ阻害剤を含む単位剤形を含むキットであって、該単位剤形が、約5mg、約20mg、又は約50mgのTORキナーゼ阻害剤を含むキットが本明細書に提供される。
(6.1 生化学アッセイ)
(mTOR HTR-FRETアッセイ)
以下は、試験化合物のTORキナーゼ阻害活性を決定するために使用することができるアッセイの一例である。TORキナーゼ阻害剤を、DMSOに溶解させ、10mMストックとして調製し、実験に合わせて適宜希釈した。試薬は、次のように調製した:
DNA-PKアッセイは、Promega DNA-PKアッセイキット(カタログ番号V7870)に供給されている手順を用いて実施する。DNA-PK酵素は、Promega(Promega カタログ番号V5811)から購入することができる。
(進行性固形腫瘍、非ホジキンリンパ腫、又は多発性骨髄腫を有する対象に経口投与された化合物1の安全性、忍容性、薬物動態、及び予備的有効性を評価するための第1/2相、多施設、非盲検、用量設定試験)
治験施設から受け取った血液試料を96-ディープウェルプレートに等分し、37℃で1時間静置した。該試料を、抗IgD及びLPSにより、15分間37℃で刺激した。赤血球を溶解させ、白血球を、15:1の緩衝液と血液の比率でBD Lyse/Fix緩衝液により、10分間37℃で固定化した。該プレートを遠心分離し、吸引し、1mLの氷冷メタノールを、固定化された白血球を含むウェルに加え、細胞内染色のために細胞を透過処理した。該プレートを一晩-80℃で保存した。該プレートを解凍し、遠心分離し、吸引し、PBS+0.5% BSAで2回洗浄した。細胞を表面マーカーCD3、CD14、及びCD19に特異的な抗体、並びにpS6(S235/236)、p4E-BP1(T37/46)、及びpAKT(S473)を含むmTOR経路マーカーに特異的な抗体で染色した。該細胞をPBSで2回洗浄し、1.6%PFAで固定化した。
(DNA抽出)
選択された凍結又は固定化された組織及び腫瘍の含量を、選択されたフローズンブロック(frozenblock)中で推定値50%に富化し、20μmの切片をクライオスタット中で切り出し、β-メルカプトエタノール(Sigma Aldrich, Saint-Quentin Fallavier, France)により化学的に破壊しホモジナイズした(RLTプラスバッファ(Qiagen, Courtaboeuf, France)に加える)。破壊は、氷中で、ローターステーターホモジナイザー(Kimble Chase Scientific, Vineland, New Jersey)により機械的に仕上げた。抽出は、同じ組織試料からのゲノムDNA及び総RNAの同時精製のためAllPrep DNA/RNA Mini Kit (Qiagen)により実施した。DNAは、NanoDrop 1000 (Thermo Scientific, Waltham, MA)を使用して分光光度計により定量化した。DNAは、アガロースゲル電気泳動バイオアナライザー(Agilent, Santa Clara, CA)により定性化した。固定化された組織を、ガラススライド上で、4〜5ミクロンの厚さの切片中で25%腫瘍以上に富化し、脱パラフィンし、Maxwell磁気ビーズプラットフォーム(Promega, WI)を利用して抽出した。
分子バーコードにより索引付けられた、ライゲーションベースのシークエンシングライブラリーを、200ngのせん断されたDNA又は200ngが利用可能でない場合試料から回収した総DNA(≧50ngの場合)を使用して構築した。ライブラリーは、182の癌関連遺伝子中の3,230のエクソン及び癌の中でしばしば再構成される14遺伝子からの37のイントロンを表す(全部で189の遺伝子、7つの遺伝子は、エクソンとイントロンの両方でスクリーニングされた)カスタムビオチン化RNAオリゴプール(カスタムSureSelectキット, Agilent)によりハイブリダイゼーションキャプチャーした。
ペアエンドシークエンシング(49×49サイクル)を、臨床検査施設改善法(Clinical Laboratory Improvement Amendments)(CLIA)施設(Foundation Medicine)で、HiSeq2000 (Illumina, San Diego, CA)を利用して実施した。ゲノムDNAからの配列データを、参照ヒトゲノム(hg19)に対して、Burrows-Wheeler Aligner (BWA)を使用してマッピングし(Li H, Durbin Rの文献、「バロウズ・ホイラー変換による速く正確なショートリードアラインメント(Fast and accurate short read alignment with Burrows-Wheeler transform)」Bioinformatics 25:1754-1760, 2009参照)、一般に利用可能なSAMツール(Li H, Handsaker B, Wysoker Aらの文献:「配列アラインメント/マップフォーマット、及びSAMツール(The Sequence Alignment/Map format and SAMtools)」Bioinformatics 25:2078-2079, 2009参照)、Picard (http://picard.sourceforge.net)、及びGenome Analysis Toolkit (McKenna A, Hanna M, Banks Eらの文献:「ゲノム分析ツールキット:次世代DNAシークエンシングデータを分析するためのマップリデュースフレームワーク(The Genome Analysis Toolkit: A MapReduce framework for analyzing next-generation DNA sequencing data)」, Genome Res 20:1297-1303, 2010参照)を利用して処理した。ゲノム塩基置換及びインデルを、シーケンスクオリティスコア及び局所配列アセンブリの統計モデリングに基づいて、不均質な腫瘍試料中の突然変異の性向(calling)に対して最適化されたカスタムツールを使用して検出した。多様性は、dbSNP_135 (http:// www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/projects/SNP/)及びカスタムアーティファクトデータベース(Foundation Medicine, 2011から2013のアーティファクトデータベース)を使用してフィルターにかけ、次いで、COSMIC (Forbes SA, Bindal N, Bamford Sらの文献:「COSMIC:癌における体細胞変異カタログで完全な癌ゲノムを調べる(Mining complete cancer genomes in the Catalogue of Somatic Mutations in Cancer)」Nucleic Acids Res 39:D945-D950, 2011)を使用して、公知及び可能性のある体細胞突然変異に関してアノテーションした。コピー数変化は、標的とするゲノムDNA配列包括度を、プロセスにマッチした(process-matched)正常な対照試料と比較することにより、検出した。ゲノム再構成は、キメラリードのマッピングを、標的とするイントロンにクラスター化することにより検出した。突然変異検出感度を最大にするため、試験を、1%未満の偽発見率で、塩基置換を10%以上の突然変異対立遺伝子頻度で99%以上の感度で検出し、インデルを、20%以上の突然変異対立遺伝子頻度で95%以上の感度で検出するように認証した。再発性の体細胞変化は、COSMICにおいて5%以上変異し、又は文献において5%以上増幅若しくは欠失した遺伝子におけるゲノム変化と定義した(Ding L, Getz G, Wheeler DAらの文献:「体細胞突然変異は肺腺癌における主要な経路に影響を与える(Somatic mutations affect key pathways in lung adenocarcinoma)」Nature 455:1069-1075, 2008;Pao W, Girard Nの文献:「非小細胞肺癌における新たなドライバー突然変異(New driver mutations in non-small-cell lung cancer)」Lancet Oncol 12:175- 180, 2011;Pao W, Iafrate AJ, Su Zの文献:「遺伝子的に通知された肺癌医薬(Genetically informed lung cancer medicine)」J Pathol 223:230-240, 2011;Kohler LH, Mireskandari M, Knosel Tらの文献:「ヒト肺癌におけるFGFR1発現及び遺伝子コピー数(FGFR1 expression and gene copy numbers in human lung cancer)」Virchows Arch 461:49-57, 2012;Cancer Genome Atlas Research Network:「扁平上皮細胞肺癌の包括的なゲノムキャラクタリゼーション(Comprehensive genomic characterization of squamous cell lung cancers)」Nature 489:519-525, 2012;Reungwetwattana T, Weroha SJ, Molina JRの文献:「非小細胞肺癌(NSCLC)における癌の原因となる経路、分子標的治療、及び強調された臨床試験(Oncogenic pathways, molecularly targeted therapies, and highlighted clinical trials in non-small-cell lung cancer (NSCLC))」Clin Lung Cancer 13:252-266, 2012参照)。再発性と分類されなかった変化は全て、パッセンジャー体細胞性変化と分類した。
線形回帰分析を使用し、2つのペアの腫瘍試料の少なくとも一方に見出された突然変異のみを考慮して、マッチされた原発性腫瘍と転移性腫瘍における突然変異頻度の間の相関を試験した。フィッシャーの正確検定を利用して、マッチされた腫瘍試料における再発性に対してパッセンジャー突然変異において共有される変化の比率を比較した。
PIK3CA(エクソン10/21)及びAKT1(エクソン4)に対するアレイCGHとサンガーシークエンシングの両方を実施するように計画した。DNAを、DNeasy(Qiagen)を使用して抽出し;Qubit(登録商標)2.0 Fluorometer(Invitrogen)を使用して濃度を決定した。PIK3CA遺伝子(NM_006218.2)のエクソン10及び21並びにAKT1遺伝子(NM_005163.2)のエクソン4を、PCR増幅の後、各プラットフォームにより先に確認された通り直接サンガーシークエンシング手法を利用して配列決定を行い、突然変異多発点(mutational hotspot)突然変異を効率よく網羅した(PI3KCAでは、p.Glu542Lys、p.Glu545Lys p.His1047Arg、p.His1047leu及びAKT1ではp.Glu17Lys)。簡単に言うと、標的としたエクソンのポリメラーゼ連鎖反応(PCR)増幅及びBigDye(登録商標)Terminator Cycle Sequencing Kit(PMID: 22840369参照)の後でシークエンシングを実施した。シークエンシング反応を、48-キャピラリー3730 DNA Analyzer(登録商標)で分析した。配列読み取り及びアラインメントは、SeqScape(登録商標)ソフトウェア(Applied Biosystems, Forster City, CA)により実施した。遺伝子コピー数変化は、Agilent 4*180K又はAffymetrix SNP 6.0で定量化した。各試料で、500ngのDNAを、二重酵素消化(AluI+RsaI)により断片化し、2100 Bioanalyzer System(Agilent Technologies)を使用して制御した。Agilentプラットフォームでのゲノム分析には、腫瘍DNA及び対照DNA(ヒトゲノムDNA女性G152A及び男性G147A)を、それぞれCY5-dCTP及びCY3-dCTPによるランダムプライミングにより標識付けした。次いで、それらを、65℃で17時間ハイブリダイズした。チップを、Agilent G2565BA DNA Microarray Scannerでスキャンし、画像分析を、Feature Extraction V9.1.3ソフトウェア(Agilent Technologies)を利用して実施した。Affymetrix SNP6.0アレイで実施されたゲノム分析は、500ngのDNAをインプットとして使用してAffymetrixプロトコルに従って実施した。少量のゲノムDNAが利用可能である場合、10〜30ngのゲノムDNAを使用して、phi29改変プロトコルを利用して(Qiagen, REPLI-g Mini Kit,パーツ番号150023, Courtaboeuf, France)増幅前工程を実施した。データのロバストネスを仮定するために、正常なゲノムDNAを、ゲノム分析のどのバッチにも使用して、腫瘍試料のゲノムプロファイルの使用を確認した。ゲノムデータは、Sage Bionetwork(Synapse ID:syn2286494)で一般に利用可能である。
標的化が可能なゲノム変化を、PIK3CA/AKT1突然変異か、又は薬物により標的とされる経路に位置するタンパク質をコードする遺伝子の増幅(Affymetrix-SNP6で(Log2(比率)≧0.584、及びAgilent-4x180KでLog2(比率)≧0.887))のいずれかと定義した。カットオフは、以前の予備的な研究(Arnedosらの文献, 2012,「患者を特異的標的薬剤に導くアレイCGH及びPIK3CA/AKT1突然変異:転移性乳癌を有する108名の患者の臨床経験(Array CGH and PIK3CA/AKT1 mutations to drive patients to specific targeted agents: a clinical experience in 108 patients with metastatic breast cancer)」Eur J Cancer 48: 2293-9)に基づいて選択した。CGHアレイプロファイルについてウェブ会議の間に議論して、標的化可能なゲノム変化を特定した。突然変異及び増幅に加えて、いくつかの場合、CGHアレイピークが変化を示すならば、遺伝子獲得又は欠失が標的化可能であると特定され得る。SNP6データでは、Log2比率をAffymetrix Genotyping Console(商標)ソフトウェアを利用してhapmap270に対して計算した。Agilentデータでは、Log2比率を、シアニンシグナルバイアスを調整した後で、Log2(試料/基準)強度として計算した。各プラットフォームで、セグメンテーション工程でいくつかのパラメーターに関してプラットフォームに特異的なわずかな調整をしながら、共通のワークフローを適用した。最初に、Log2比率を、期待値最大化アルゴリズム(EM)を利用して推定したそのメジャーレフト(major-left)密度ピークに集中させた(Chenらの文献、2008,「アレイCGHデータのプローブ-密度に基づく分析方法:シミュレーション、規格化、及び集中化(A probe-density-based analysis method for array CGH data: simulation, normalization and centralization)」Bioinformatics 16: 1749-56)。密度ピークは、その最大密度がメジャーピークの少なくとも75%であり、その平均がメジャーピークの平均よりも低い場合に、メジャーレフトであると定義した。最後に、セグメント化されたプロファイルが、CBSアルゴリズムを利用して得られた(Venkatraman及びOlshenの文献、2007,「アレイCGHデータの分析のための高速サーキュラーバイナリセグメンテーションアルゴリズム(A faster circular binary segmentation algorithm for the analysis of array CGH data)」, Bioinformatics 6: 657-63)。分析は全て、Rソフトウェアで実施した(R Core Team, 20130,「R:統計計算のための言語及び環境(R: A language and environment for statistical computing)」, R Foundation for Statistical Computing, Vienna, Austria, www.R-project.org)。
(進行性固形腫瘍、非ホジキンリンパ腫、又は多発性骨髄腫を有する対象に経口投与されたmTORキナーゼ阻害剤化合物1の安全性、忍容性、薬物動態、及び予備的有効性を評価する第1/2相、多施設、非盲検、用量設定試験)
(進行性非小細胞肺癌における、エルロチニブ又は経口アザシチジンと組み合わせたTORキナーゼ阻害剤化合物1の第1b相、多施設、非盲検試験)
この試験は、進行性非小細胞肺癌における、エルロチニブ又は経口アザシチジンと組み合わせたTORキナーゼ阻害剤化合物1の第1b相、多施設、非盲検試験である。
・アームA、B、及びCにおいて:
−サイクル1の1週間前(-7日目)、単一用量の化合物1を投与し、それに続いてPK及びPDサンプリングを行う。
・アームAにおいて:
−サイクル1の間に、単一経口用量のエルロチニブを1日目に投与する。化合物1と組み合わせた投与を2日目に開始し、28日目まで継続する。
−サイクル2及びその後では、両薬物を1日目に開始し、28日目まで継続する。
・アームBにおいて:
−サイクル1の間、単一用量の経口アザシチジンを1日目に投与する。化合物1と組み合わせた投与を2日目に開始する。経口アザシチジンを21日目まで継続し、化合物1を28日目まで継続する。
−サイクル2及びその後では、両薬物を1日目に開始する。経口アザシチジンを21日目まで継続し、化合物1を28日目まで継続する。
・アームCにおいて:
−全サイクルの間、経口アザシチジンを1日目から7日目に投与し、化合物1を8日目から28日目に投与する。
薬理ゲノミクス腫瘍試料を、パートBに登録した対象で回収した。DNAを、治療前腫瘍試料から抽出し、上述の次世代シークエンシングに提出した。遺伝子を、以下のいずれかを示す場合、変異体(多様体)とみなした:突然変異(複数可)、例えば、可能性のある又は公知の体細胞多様体;意義不明の多様体;又は構造の多様化(欠失、増幅、又は再構成)。遺伝子を、シークエンシング変化が全くこの遺伝子に検出されない場合、野生型であるとみなした。遺伝子クラスターを、該クラスター中の任意の遺伝子が先に定義された通り変異している場合、変異したとみなす。そうでない場合、遺伝子クラスターを野生型であるとみなした。配列分析は、図2に列記した遺伝子に実施した。
RECIST又はIWCを利用して治験責任医師により評価された応答(PR及びCR)を、対象とする遺伝子の突然変異状態及び腫瘍タイプごとに作表した。類似の表を、異なる悪性腫瘍分類に対しても与えた。ある腫瘍タイプに少なくとも3名の応答者が観察された場合、フィッシャーの正確検定を実施して、これらの2つの変数の間の独立を調査した。そのような正確検定の生のp-値及びその偽発見率調整(試験した全遺伝子にわたって調整)を与えた。多様性に関して調整しないと、0.05未満のp値(生の値)は、応答状態がこの特定の遺伝子の突然変異状態と相関していることを意味すると考えられる。
固形腫瘍コホートにおいて、疾患制御状態(対象が、PR、CR、及びSDなどの最良総合効果を達成するか否か)を、対象とする遺伝子の突然変異状態ごとに作表した。ある腫瘍タイプにおいて少なくとも3名の疾患制御対象が観察される場合、フィッシャーの正確検定を実施して、これら2つの変数の間の独立を調査した。そのような正確検定の生のp-値及びその偽発見率調整(試験した全遺伝子にわたって調整)を与えた。多様性に関して調整しないと、0.05未満のp値(生の値)は、応答状態がこの特定の遺伝子の突然変異状態と相関していることを意味すると考えられる。
無増悪生存期間(PFS)を、最初の投与日から、疾患進行又は死のいずれか早い方までの時間として計算した。疾患進行は、固形腫瘍対象にはRECISTバージョン1.1基準、及びDLBCLにはIWC基準により決定する。腫瘍タイプ内及び選択された遺伝子には、その両側95%CIと共にPFS中央値のカプラン・マイヤー推定を、その所与の遺伝子の各突然変異群(変異に対して野生型)に対して与える。コホートごとの無増悪生存期間のカプラン・マイヤープロットを示した。変異型と野生型の間のPFSの生存分布を比較するログランク検定の生のP-値を与えた。
進行も、死亡もしなかった対象は、彼又は彼女の最後の適切な腫瘍評価の日に打ち切る。適正なベースライン又はベースライン後腫瘍評価のない対象は、最初の投与日に打ち切る。標的病変と非標的病変の両方でプロトコルに従った(per protocol)あらゆる適正な腫瘍測定値を適切とみなす。
HCCコホートでは、全生存期間(OS)を、最初の投与から死亡までの時間と定義する。死亡の原因にかかわらず、全ての死亡を含める。死亡が報告されなかった対象は、対象が生存していると知られている最後の接触日又は臨床的カットオフ日のいずれか早い方で打ち切る。
腫瘍縮小と突然変異状態との間の関係を評価した。固形腫瘍コホート(GBM以外)及びDLBCLコホート内の腫瘍縮小を、腫瘍サイズのベースラインからの最良変化パーセントにより測定した。
SUVの全体の最良変化パーセントと突然変異状態との間の関係を評価した。ウィルコクソン・マン・ホイットニ検定を実施して、選択された遺伝子の野生型と変異体対象の間のSUVの全体の最良変化パーセントを比較した。ウィルコクソン検定の生のp-値を与えた。0.05未満の対応するp-値を有する遺伝子を記載した。
(細胞株及び培養条件
試験に使用した40の血液系癌細胞株(表5)を、商業的に購入した。肺癌細胞株A549を、対照細胞株として使用した。A549を、アメリカ国立癌研究所(NCI)から購入し、RPMI+10%ウシ胎児血清(FBS)中で培養した。
細胞ペレットを、37細胞株について、化合物処理をせずに作成し、逆相プロテインアレイ(RPPA)を、Tibes Rらの文献、Mol Cancer Ther 2006;5:2512-2521に記載の通り実施した。37の血液学的細胞株のRPPA分析を、262の抗体により実施した。各試料中の各タンパク質の相対レベルを決定し、タンパク質ローディングに関して規格化した。次いで、タンパク質レベルをlog2値に変換し、個別のバッチごとにメジアン中心化(median centered)した。
細胞を、RNeasyキット組織溶解(RLT)緩衝液(Qiagen;Valencia, CA)中で溶解させ、RNeasyを使用して総RNAを単離した。二本鎖のcDNA及びビオチン標識cRNAを、100ngの総RNAを使用し、AmbionのMessageAmp Premier RNA Amplification Kitを利用して合成した。15μgのビオチン標識相補的RNA(cRNA)を断片化し、各GeneChip Human Genome U133 Plus 2.0 Arrayにハイブリダイズさせた。次いで、アレイを、Affymetrix fluidics stationを使用して洗浄し、GeneChip Scanner 3000によりスキャンした。
全ての細胞株を、表5に示された培地中で維持して、試験した。各細胞株の播種密度を最適化して、384-ウェルプレートにおけるアッセイの直線性を確実にした。増加する濃度の化合物1(0.5nMから10μM)を、10点段階希釈方式(3倍希釈)で、プレート内に二連で、アコースティックディスペンサー(acoustic dispenser)(EDCATS-100)により、空の384-ウェルプレートにスポッティングした。ジメチルスルホキシド(DMSO)濃度を、0.1% DMSOの最終アッセイ濃度に一定に保った。プレートを、異なる細胞株及び試験期間に対する使用のために複製した。化合物プレート複製の後で、全プレートをシールし(Agilent ThermoLoc)、-20℃で最長1か月保存した。対照細胞株(A549)に対する化合物1の反復試験は、プレート複製順序又は-20℃での保存時間にかかわらず、結果に著しい変動が全くなかったことを示し、化合物1が、示された保存条件下で1か月間プレスポットされたプレート中で安定であることを示す。試験の準備ができると、プレートを冷凍庫から取り出し、解凍し、試験細胞の添加直前に開封した。
図4に見られるように、IRF4遺伝子発現レベル(プローブセット216986_s_at)は、40の血液系癌細胞株における化合物1による成長阻害に対する感受性と負の相関を示したが、血液学的細胞株パネルに含められた23のDLBL細胞株のサブセットにおいてはそうでなかった。さらに、図5は、IRF4タンパク質レベルが、37の血液系癌細胞株において化合物1による成長阻害に対する感受性と負の相関を有したことを示す。最後に、図6は、バイオマーカーRPPA(pmTOR S2448、p-p70S6K T389、pGSK3b S9及びS21、pAKT S473及びT308、pTSC2 T1462、pS6 S240/S244及びS235/S236)により測定して、化合物1に対する感受性が、DLBCL系のサブセットにおけるmTORC1及びmTORC2の活性化と相関したことを示す。
これらのデータは、血液系癌中の低いIRF4遺伝子及びタンパク質のレベルが、化合物1による治療に対する感受性と相関することを示す。さらに、高いTORC1及びTORC2バイオマーカーは、DLBCLにおける化合物1による治療に対する感受性と相関する。
Claims (35)
- 遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を治療又は予防する方法であって、有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を、野生型に対する遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を有する患者に投与することを含み、該遺伝子突然変異が、RICTOR、TP53、又はIGF1Rの1つ以上における突然変異である、前記方法。
- 前記突然変異がRICTORにおける突然変異である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記突然変異がTP53における突然変異である、請求項1記載の方法。
- 前記突然変異がIGF1Rにおける突然変異である、請求項1記載の方法。
- さらなる突然変異がPIK3CAにおける突然変異である、請求項1〜4のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記乳癌がER+である、請求項1〜5のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記乳癌がPR+である、請求項1〜6のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を治療又は予防する方法であって、野生型に対する遺伝子突然変異の存在に関して、患者の乳癌をスクリーニングすること及び遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする癌を有する該患者に有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を投与することを含み、該遺伝子突然変異が、RICTOR、TP53、又はIGF1Rの1つ以上における突然変異である、前記方法。
- さらなる遺伝子突然変異がPIK3CAにおける突然変異である、請求項8記載の方法。
- 遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を有する患者における、TORキナーゼ阻害剤による治療に対する応答を予測する方法であって、a)該患者の癌から生物学的試験試料を得ること;b)該生物学的試験試料中のRICTOR、TP53、又はIGF1Rから選択される1つ以上の遺伝子の遺伝子配列を得ること;c)該遺伝子配列(複数可)を、生物学的野生型試料の遺伝子配列(複数可)と比較すること;を含み、突然変異の存在が、該患者の癌のTORキナーゼ阻害剤治療に対する応答の増大した見込みを示す、前記方法。
- さらなる突然変異がPIK3CAにおける突然変異である、請求項10記載の方法。
- 遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を有する患者の、TORキナーゼ阻害剤によるTORキナーゼ阻害剤治療の治療有効性を予測する方法であって、a)該患者の癌から生物学的試験試料を得ること;b)該生物学的試験試料中のRICTOR、TP53、又はIGF1Rから選択される1つ以上の遺伝子の遺伝子配列(複数可)を得ること;c)該遺伝子配列(複数可)を、生物学的野生型試料の遺伝子配列(複数可)と比較すること;を含み、突然変異の存在が、該患者のための該TORキナーゼ阻害剤治療の治療有効性の増大した見込みを示す、前記方法。
- さらなる突然変異がPIK3CAにおける突然変異である、請求項12記載の方法。
- 遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を治療又は予防する方法であって、野生型に対する遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を有する患者に有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を投与することを含み、該遺伝子突然変異が、AKT1の遺伝子配列中の突然変異又はAKT2の遺伝子配列中の遺伝子増幅突然変異である、前記方法。
- 遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を治療又は予防する方法であって、野生型に対する遺伝子突然変異の存在に関して、患者の乳癌をスクリーニングすること及び遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする癌を有する該患者に有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を投与することを含み、該遺伝子突然変異が、AKT1の遺伝子配列中の突然変異又はAKT2の遺伝子配列中の遺伝子増幅突然変異である、前記方法。
- 遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を有する患者におけるTORキナーゼ阻害剤による治療に対する応答を予測する方法であって、a)該患者の癌から生物学的試験試料を得ること;b)該生物学的試験試料における、AKT1及びAKT2から選択される遺伝子の遺伝子配列を得ること;c)該遺伝子配列を、生物学的野生型試料の遺伝子配列と比較すること;を含み、AKT1の遺伝子配列中の突然変異の存在又はAKT2の遺伝子配列中の遺伝子増幅突然変異の存在が、該患者の癌のTORキナーゼ阻害剤治療に対する応答の増大した見込みを示す、前記方法。
- 遺伝子突然変異を特徴とする乳癌を有する患者の、TORキナーゼ阻害剤によるTORキナーゼ阻害剤治療の治療有効性を予測する方法であって、a)該患者の癌から生物学的試験試料を得ること;b)該生物学的試験試料における、AKT1及びAKT2から選択される遺伝子の遺伝子配列を得ること;c)該遺伝子配列を、生物学的野生型試料の遺伝子配列と比較すること;を含み、AKT1の遺伝子配列中の突然変異の存在又はAKT2の遺伝子配列中の遺伝子増幅突然変異の存在が、該患者のための該TORキナーゼ阻害剤治療の治療有効性の増大した見込みを示す、前記方法。
- 前記突然変異がAKT1の遺伝子配列中の突然変異である、請求項14〜17のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 前記突然変異がAKT2の遺伝子配列中の遺伝子増幅突然変異である、請求項14〜17のいずれか一項記載の方法。
- 1つ以上の遺伝子多様体を特徴とする癌を治療又は予防する方法であって、有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を、野生型に対する1つ以上の遺伝子多様体を特徴とする癌を有する患者に投与することを含み、該遺伝子多様体が、図2、表2、又は表3の遺伝子の1つ以上における多様体である、前記方法。
- 前記癌が、乳癌、DLBCL、GBM、HCC、MM、NET、又はNSCLCである、請求項20記載の方法。
- 前記多様体が、1つ以上の公知の体細胞多様体、可能性のある体細胞多様体、再構成、意義不明の多様体、又はコピー数多様体、例えば、増幅若しくは欠失、又はこれらの組み合わせである、請求項20記載の方法。
- 前記多様体が1つ以上の公知の体細胞多様体である、請求項20記載の方法。
- 前記多様体が1つ以上の可能性のある体細胞多様体である、請求項20記載の方法。
- 前記多様体が1つ以上の再構成である、請求項20記載の方法。
- 前記多様体が1つ以上の意義不明の多様体である、請求項20記載の方法。
- 前記多様体が1つ以上の増幅である、請求項20記載の方法。
- 前記多様体が1つ以上の欠失である、請求項20記載の方法。
- 1つ以上の遺伝子多様体を特徴とする癌を治療又は予防する方法であって、野生型に対する遺伝子多様体の存在に関して患者の癌をスクリーニングすること及び1つ以上の遺伝子多様体を特徴とする癌を有する該患者に有効量のTORキナーゼ阻害剤を投与することを含み、該遺伝子多様体が、表2又は表3の1つ以上の遺伝子中の多様体である、前記方法。
- 前記癌が、乳癌、DLBCL、GBM、HCC、MM、NET、又はNSCLCである、請求項29記載の方法。
- 前記多様体が、1つ以上の公知の体細胞多様体、可能性のある体細胞多様体、再構成、意義不明の多様体、又はコピー数多様体、例えば、増幅若しくは欠失、又はこれらの組み合わせである、請求項29記載の方法。
- 1つ以上の遺伝子多様体を特徴とする癌を有する患者におけるTORキナーゼ阻害剤による治療に対する応答を予測する方法であって、a)該患者の癌から生物学的試験試料を得ること;b)該生物学的試験試料における、図2に列記される遺伝子の遺伝子配列を得ること;c)該遺伝子配列(複数可)を、生物学的野生型試料の遺伝子配列(複数可)と比較すること;を含み、図2又は表2又は表3の1つ以上の遺伝子における1つ以上の多様体の存在が、該患者の癌のTORキナーゼ阻害剤治療に対する応答の増大した見込みを示す、前記方法。
- 前記癌が、乳癌、DLBCL、GBM、HCC、MM、NET、又はNSCLCである、請求項32記載の方法。
- 1つ以上の遺伝子多様体を特徴とする癌を有する患者の、TORキナーゼ阻害剤によるTORキナーゼ阻害剤治療の治療有効性を予測する方法であって、a)該患者の癌から生物学的試験試料を得ること;b)該生物学的試験試料における、図2に列記された遺伝子の遺伝子配列(複数可)を得ること;c)該遺伝子配列(複数可)を、生物学的野生型試料の遺伝子配列(複数可)と比較すること;を含み、図2、表2、又は表3の1つ以上の遺伝子における1つ以上の多様体の存在が、該患者のための該TORキナーゼ阻害剤治療の治療有効性の増大した見込みを示す、前記方法。
- 前記癌が、乳癌、DLBCL、GBM、HCC、MM、NET、又はNSCLCである、請求項34記載の方法。
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