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JP2013544697A - 自律走行車両の診断と修理 - Google Patents

自律走行車両の診断と修理 Download PDF

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Publication number
JP2013544697A
JP2013544697A JP2013532909A JP2013532909A JP2013544697A JP 2013544697 A JP2013544697 A JP 2013544697A JP 2013532909 A JP2013532909 A JP 2013532909A JP 2013532909 A JP2013532909 A JP 2013532909A JP 2013544697 A JP2013544697 A JP 2013544697A
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vehicle
component
processor
wear
sensor
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JP6013340B2 (ja
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ドルゴヴ、ディミトリ・エー
アームスン、クリストファー・ポール
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グーグル・インク
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Abstract

車両(101)を制御するシステム及び方法を提供する。1つの特徴によれば、このシステム及び方法は、車両(101)の構成部品(180)の摩耗量を判断し、この摩耗量と車両(101)を取り巻く環境から導き出した情報(209)(車両の経路中の他の車両又は特定の場所(510)での停止要求)に基づき、構成部品(180)のさらなる摩耗を緩和するように車両(101)を制御する。
【選択図】図8

Description

(関連出願の相互参照)
この出願は、2011年9月29日に出願された「自律走行車両の診断と修理(DIAGNOSIS AND REPAIR FOR AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES)」と題された米国特許出願番号13/248,674、2010年10月5日に出願された「自律走行車両(AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES)」と題された米国仮特許出願番号61/390,094、及び2010年10月8日に出願された「自律走行車両(AUTONOMOUS VEHICLES)」と題された米国仮特許出願番号61/391,271に基づく優先権を主張するものであり、これらの出願のすべてを参照することにより本出願に組み込むものとする。
自律走行車両は、手動モード(オペレーターが車両の動きに対する高い精度のコントロールを実行する)、又は、自律走行モード(本質的に車両は自ら動く)で運転するように構成することができる。このような車両は、乗客をある場所から他の場所に運ぶために、種々の演算システムを用いる。自律走行車両によっては、パイロット、ドライバー、又は乗客のようなオペレーターからの初期入力又は連続入力を必要とすることもある。他のシステム、例えば自動操縦システムでは、システムが稼働中にのみ、オペレーターが手動モードから自律走行モードモードやそれらの中間的なモードに切り替えて使うことができる。
自律走行運転能力を持つ車両は、車両の運転、周囲の物体、及び道路状況を安全上の問題を見つけるために監視するセンサーからの信号入力を受け取り、種々の運転状況に対処するための手段を生み出すように構成することができる。このような自律走行車両は、ユーザー識別番号、目的地、ナビゲーションを要求するルート、及び車両の動作選択のようなユーザー入力からだけではなく、携帯電話ネットワーク、人工衛星のような種々の情報源からのデータを収集し記録することができる。
自律走行運転能力を持つ車両は、さらに、種々の潜在的に危険な状態を検出し、ユーザーに警報を出すことができるようになっている。潜在的に危険な状態として、例えば、車両が鋭いカーブに近づいていること、歩行者が近くにいること、凍結した道路、等が含まれる。このような車両は、これらの危険を避けるために、例えば、車両を減速する、ブレーキをかける、等の積極的な動作を行う機構を持つような構成とすることができる。
1つの特徴によれば、車両を操縦する方法が提供される。この方法には、車両を取り巻く周囲の特性を検出するステップと、車両の構成部品へのダメージの量を検出するステップとを具備し、この構成部品に作用を及ぼし、ダメージを変化させるために別の操縦法を期待することができる。プロセッサーは、検出した周囲特性と検出したダメージ量に基づいて、第1の操縦法と第2の操縦法との間での選択を行う。そして、車両は、選択した操縦法に従い動く。
他の特徴によれば、システムには、プロセッサーとセンサーとが含まれる。センサーの1つは、プロセッサーと通信し、車両の構成部品への物理的なダメージが存在することを検出するように構成されている。他のセンサーは、プロセッサーと通信し、例えば、物体を避けて操縦したりその物体の近くで止めたりするような、車両の動きを変える必要を生じさせる、車両の外部の物体の存在を検出するように構成されている。メモリーは、プロセッサーがアクセス可能な命令を含んでいる。命令には、2つのセンサーから受け取った出力に基づき、外部物体に対する相対的な車両の動きを変えるステップが含まれる。
さらに、他の特徴によれば、車両をコントロールする方法には、車両の構成部品の摩耗を測定するステップと、車両の地理的状況を判断するステップと、車両の通行経路中での必要とされる通行条件を判断するステップと、測定した摩耗と測定した距離に基づいて、プロセッサーにより、第1の操縦法と第2の操縦法との間での選択を行うステップとが含まれる。第1の操縦法と第2の操縦法との間での少なくとも1つの違いは、加速の速さ、減速の速さ、及び道案内からなるグループから選択される。車両は選択した操縦法に従い動かされる。
さらなる特徴によれば、車両の動きをコントロールするコントロール用構成部品を有する車両が提供される。この構成部品は乗客及びプロセッサーの命令に応答する。周囲センサーは車両の外部の状況を検出し、構成部品のセンサーは、車両の内部構成部品の物理的な特性を検出する。ここで、このような物理的な特性は、車両の運転状況により変化する。プロセッサーは、コントロール用構成部品、周囲センサー、及び構成部品センサーと通信し、周囲センサーからの出力を受け取るステップと、構成部品センサーからの出力を受け取るステップと、この周囲センサー及び構成部品センサーからの出力に基づいて、コントロール用構成部品へ提供すべき第1の命令又は第2の命令を選択するステップと、選択した命令をコントロール用構成部品へ提供するステップとを含む命令を実行する。
別の特徴によれば、車両の動きをコントロールするシステムには、プロセッサー、このプロセッサーによりアクセス可能なメモリー、及び、メモリー内にあってプロセッサーにより実行可能な命令が含まれる。この命令には、位置に応じた車両の動きについての制限に応じた車両の地理的位置を判断するステップと、車両の第1の構成部品が損傷しているかどうかを判断するステップと、第1の構成部品が損傷していないと判断されたとき、位置に応じた車両の動きについての制限を満たすように車両を動かすよう車両の第2の構成部品に第1の命令を与えるステップと、第1の構成部品が損傷していると判断されたとき、位置に応じた車両の動きについての制限を満たすように車両を動かすよう車両の第2の構成部品に第2の命令を与えるステップとが含まれる。第2の命令により命じられた動作は、第1の命令により命じられた動作とは異なる。
システムの機能図である。
車両のセンサーの機能図である。
車両の構成部品とセンサーの機能図である。
車両内部を図解するものである。
車両位置に特有の動き制限の検出に応答した車両の動きを図解するものである。
車両位置に特有の動き制限の検出に応答した車両の動きを図解するものである。
車両位置に特有の動き制限の検出に応答した車両の動きを図解するものである。
フローチャートである。
(概要)
1つの特徴として、自律的に走行する車両のシステムと方法が提供され、それによれば、センサーが構成部品のダメージの有無を検出し、さらなる構成部品のダメージを軽減させるために、生じたダメージに基づき今までとは異なる方法で、プロセッサーが車両を操縦する。
(車両の紹介)
図1は、車両101の自律走行運転システムの考えられる特徴を図示するものである。特定のタイプの車両に本発明の特徴を用いることが特に有効ではあるが、車両101はどのような形式の車両でもよい。可能な車両として、単なる例としてではあるが、乗用車、トラック、オートバイ、バス、ボート、飛行機、ヘリコプター、芝刈り機、RV車、遊園地の乗り物、市街電車、ゴルフカート、列車 、及び、路面電車が挙げられる。
車両101には、センサー140と通信を行う自律走行車両コンピュータシステム130、車両の動きをコントロールする構成部品150、ユーザー入力160、及び、ユーザー表示装置170が含まれる。
(コンピュータシステム)
コンピュータシステム130は、汎用コンピュータに一般的に使われるプロセッサー131、メモリー132、及び他の構成部品を具備する。
(汎用コンピュータ)
メモリー132は、プロセッサー131からアクセス可能な、プロセッサー131により実行されあるいは他の用途に用いられる命令133及びデータ134を含む情報を格納する。メモリー132は、プロセッサーからアクセス可能などのようなタイプのものでもよく、ハードディスク・ドライブ、メモリーカード、ROM、RAM、DVD、又は他の光学ディスクのような電子装置により読み取ることができるデータを格納するコンピュータ読み取り可能媒体又は他の媒体、及び、他の書き込み可能なメモリー及び読み取り専用メモリーを含む。システム及び方法は、命令とデータの異なる部分が異なるタイプの媒体に格納されるような、前述のものとは異なる組み合わせを含むことができる。
命令133は、(機械語のような)プロセッサーにより直接実行可能な命令のセットとすることもでき、(スクリプトのような)プロセッサーにより間接的に実行可能な命令のセットとすることもできる。例えば、命令は、コンピュータ読み取り可能媒体コンピュータコードとして格納することができる。このような点において、用語「命令」及び「プログラム」はお互いに入れ替えることができる。命令は、プロセッサーにより直接処理させるためにオブジェクトコードのフォーマット、又は、要求に応じて変換される独立のソースコードモジュールのスクリプト又はコレクションを含む他のコンピュータ言語で、格納することができる。この命令の機能、方法、及びルーチンについては以下に詳細に説明する。
データ134は、命令133に従い、プロセッサー131により取り出され、格納され、或いは、修正される。例えば、システム及び方法は特定のデータ構造に制限されてはいないが、データは、コンピュータレジスタ中に、複数のフィールド及びレコードを有するテーブル、XMLドキュメント、又は、フラットファイルとしてのリレーショナルデータベースとして、格納することができる。データはまた、コンピュータ読み取り可能などのようなフォーマットへもフォーマットすることができる。さらに、単なる例として、画像データは、圧縮又は非圧縮のフォーマット、可逆(例えば、BMP)又は非可逆(例えば、JPEG)フォーマット、及びビットマップ又はベクトルベース(例えば、SVG)フォーマットにより格納される格子状の画素からなるビットマップとして格納することができると共に、グラフィックを画描するコンピュータ命令としても格納することができる。データとして、番号、説明文、メーカー独自のコード、同じメモリー中の他の領域に格納されるデータ又は別のメモリー中に格納されるデータ(他のネットワーク位置を含む)への言及のような関連情報を特定するのに十分な情報、又は、関連データを計算する機能により用いる情報を含むことができる。
プロセッサー131は、インテル(Intel Corporation)やアドバンスド・マイクロ・デバイセズ(Advanced Micro Devices)のプロセッサーのような、普通のプロセッサーでよい。あるいは、プロセッサーは、ASICのような専用装置でもよい。図1は、中央コントロール130におけるプロセッサー、メモリー、及び他の構成部品を、同じブロック内に機能的に示したものであるが、プロセッサー及びメモリーは、実際には同じ物理的なハウジングに格納されることも格納されないこともあるプロセッサー及びメモリーからなることは、当業者にとって当然のことである。例えば、同じコンピュータに収納せずに、プロセッサー131、及びメモリー132は、別の装置に格納してもよい。プロセッサー131及びメモリー132を車両101に搭載することに利点はあるが、多くの処理を車両の外部で行うことができ、種々のデータを車両の外部に格納することができる。例えば、車両101で用いられ或いは車両101が必要とするプロセッサー又はメモリーが外部の装置にある場合、車両101は必要とする情報を無線で取得することができる。従って、ここでプロセッサー又はメモリーを参照する場合において、プロセッサー又はメモリーが車両101に取り付けられているとみなしているが、このような参照する場合において、当然のことながら、車両101と並行して動作することも並行して動作しないこともあり、又、車両101に取り付けられていることも取り付けられていないこともあるプロセッサー又はメモリーの集合への参照も含まれる。
(地図データ)
データ134には、地図に関するデータ135を含むことができる。道路及び交差点の地理的位置を格納することに加え、地図データには、一時停止標識の地理的位置や制限速度のような交通規則及びその土地独自の規則に関する情報も含むことができる。さらに、地図データには、標高に関する情報を含むことができ、例えばその情報から坂の程度を判断することができる。
(ナビゲーション・コントロール)
図1に示すように、車両101には、車両のナビゲーションをコントロールすることに関連する種々の構成部品150を含むことができる。例えば、車両には、ステアリング151、(例えば、加速装置により動作する)スロットル152、ブレーキ153、及び、変速機154を含むことができる。
(監視用構成部品)
図2に示すように、車両にはまた、自律走行車両コンピュータシステム130にデータを提供する種々の内部及び外部センサー140を含むことができる。
環境センサー209が車両を取り巻く環境に関するデータを提供し、乗客センサー250が車両内の乗客195に関するデータを提供するのに対して、車両構成部品センサー230は、車両構成部品の物理的な特性に関する情報を提供する。一例として、図3に示すように、燃料レベルセンサー231はガソリンタンク181に収納されたガソリンの量を監視することができ、油圧センサー232はエンジン182内の油圧を監視することができ、ブレーキ摩耗センサー233はブレーキ153の摩耗量を監視することができ、エアプレッシャーセンサー235はタイヤ184の圧力を監視することができ、トレッド摩耗センサー234はタイヤのトレッドを監視することができる。車両には、バッテリーレベルセンサー、エンジン温度センサー、荷重分布センサー、アラインメントセンサーのような他のセンサーを含むことができる。場合によっては、このシステム及び方法では、センサーからの出力の時間的変化を表す情報、すなわち、異なる時間における燃料レベルの記録又は所定の期間での平均燃料レベル、を格納することができ、この情報に基づくことができる。
種々のセンサーで、車両を連続的に普通に運転している状態で損傷する可能性が極めて高い構成部品を監視することができる。例えば、ブレーキパッドは、摩耗し、ゆくゆくは交換を必要とすることが予想される。データ134には、そのような構成部品や他の構成部品についての過去の車両メンテナンス及び修理(例えばブレーキ及びタイヤを交換した時)の詳細な情報を含むことができる。1つの特徴において、センサー230は、乗用車内の(例えば、ボンネットの下)の構成部品の物理的な特性の変化、及び、車両を運転している間に起こりうる変化を検出する。
(環境センサー)
環境センサー140により、車両は、周囲の人々や所有物と共に乗客を誘導し、乗客の安全を最大にするために車両の環境を理解し、応答することができる。センサーは、歩行者や他の車両のような物体の動きを特定し、追跡し、予測するためにも用いることができる。さらに、センサーは、助言を行うために用いることもできる。車両には、図2に示されていない他のセンサーを含むことができる。
(地理的位置検出要素)
地理的位置検出要素210は、車両101の地理的位置及び方向を判断するために用いられる。例えば、構成部品210には、車両の緯度、経度、及び高度を決定するためにGPS受信機211を含むことができる。車両の位置を参照する場合において、ここでは、しばしば緯度/経度/高度座標で位置を参照するが、車両の位置を表すデータは、物体からの車両までの距離のような、他の照合システムに関するものでもよい。照合システムによっては、他のシステムより低いノイズの影響を受けることがある。
(慣性誘導)
地理的位置検出要素はまた、加速度計213及びジャイロスコープ214を有することのある慣性誘導システム212を含むこともできる。慣性誘導システム212は、装置の現在の方向を判断し、どの方向へでも速度を変更する。例えば、慣性誘導システム212はいつ車両が回転しているかを検出することができる。速度と方向の変化に基づいて、スタート位置からの乗用車の相対的な現在位置を推定することができる。
(複数の情報源)
他の装置も車両101の位置を定めるために用いることができる。例えば、外部物体検出器220が物体と車両と物体との相対位置を認識し、プロセッサー131がその物体の地理的位置を特定する既存のデータにアクセスすることができる場合、プロセッサー131はその車両の地理的位置を特定することができる。システムはまた、携帯電話タワーからの通信又は小さな無線ネットワークの存在に基づき、その位置を三角測量することもできる。プロセッサーは、種々の構成部品及び検出器からの情報を組み合わせ、又は最も正確な情報源を選択し、そして、車両の地理的位置を判断することができる。
(外部物体検出器)
車両には、他の車両、道路上の障害物、交通信号、標識、樹木、等の車両の外にある物体を検出する外部物体検出システム220を含むことができる。検出システム220として、レーザー221、レーダー222、カメラ223、ソナー224、又は他の検出装置が含まれる。
(レーザー)
車両101には、屋根又は他の適切な位置に装着したレーザー22を含むことができる。一形態において、レーザーは、その軸上で回転し回転間隔をかえることにより、車両と、車両と向きあう物体の表面との距離を計測することができる。レーザーは表面の質感又は反射率の変化を識別するために用いることもできる。従って、レーザーは、ペンキで描いたレーンラインからの反射光の量とペンキが塗られていない暗い車道からのとを比較することにより、レーンラインを検出するよう構成することができる。
(レーダー)
センサー140は、適応クルーズコントロールシステムのような、種々のレーダー検出装置222を含むことができる。レーダー検出装置は、フロントバンパのどちらかだけでなく乗用車の前方と後方とにも配置することができる。外部の物体の相対的な位置を検出するためにレーダーを用いることに加えて、他のタイプのレーダーを従来の速度検出器のような他の目的に用いることもできる。短波長レーダーを道路上の雪の深さを測定し、道路面の位置及び状態を判断するために用いることもできる。
(カメラ)
センサーの1つとして1つ以上のカメラ223を含めることもできる。複数のカメラが用いられ、それらの相互の間隔がわかっているなら、異なる画像からの視差を、カメラで捉えた種々の物体までの距離を計算するために用いることができる。カメラで捉えた画像からその内容を抽出することもできる。例えば、車両の現在の速度が50mph(80.467km/h)であり、車両のカメラと光学式文字認識を用いて、速度制限が35mph(56.327km/h)であることを表示する交通標識を間もなく通り過ぎることを検出した場合、車両は自動的に減速することができる。さらにまた、物体のタイプを検出するために、パターンマッチング及び他の特徴検出アルゴリズムを用いることができる。一時停止標識があるのをカメラ223により判断し、この表示の位置を判断し、そして車両をレーザー221によりどこで停止する必要があるかを判断するような、車両の操縦に関する位置特有の情報を判断するために他の情報と結合することができる。
(周囲状況センサー)
周囲センサー240は、周囲の大気温度、湿度、又は、微粒子を検出するための空気の性質センサーのような、具体的な外部物体検出とは関連しない周囲の状況を検出する。
(ユーザーの状態センサー)
センサー140には、乗用車中のドライバー及び他の乗客のような、ユーザーの状態を判断するためのセンサーも含むことができる。例えば、乗客センサー250には、ドライバーが眠っているかどうかを判断するために使われるビデオカメラ含むことができる。他のセンサーで、車内温度、湿度、シートとミラーの位置、重力計測、乗員(ドライバー及び乗客)のような、乗用車の内部の状態を判断することができる。
図2には示されていないが、このシステム及び方法には、これらに限定するものではないが、アクティブ赤外線センサー及びパッシブ赤外線センサー及びラジオ周波数センサーを含む、他のタイプのセンサーを含むことができる。
(自律走行)
センサーは、計測結果をコンピュータシステム130に出力することができる。このシステム及び方法は、コンピュータシステムとセンサーとの間で種々のデータ構成を可能とする。センサーは、比較的低いレベルの生の形でデータを送ることも、検出した情報を単独で処理して比較的高いレベルのデータとして送ることもできる。これらのセンサーの多くは、リアルタイムでコンピュータにより処理されたデータを出力する。つまり、センサー連続的に出力を更新するか又は更新した出力を要求に応じてコンピュータシステム130に送ることができる。従って、センサーによっては、内蔵型速度レーダー検出器のように、中央コントロールのプロセッサーにより直接処理することのできる情報を即座に送ることができる。他のセンサーは、このセンサーから受け取ったデータを時間をかけて処理するためのプロセッサーを必要とすることがあり、例えば、レーザー221出力に基づいて位置の変化を比べることにより物体の速度を測定する場合がある。
車両の動きをコントロールする構成部品は、コンピュータシステム130からの命令に応答することができる。例えば、ギアを入れると、コンピュータシステム130は、自動的に乗用車の進路を決め、加速、減速を行うように、構成部品150の一部又はすべてをコントロールすることができる。センサーからのデータは、中央コントロール130に車両の当時の方向又は速度を検出した周囲状況に応じて修正すべきかどうかを判断させる。例として、車両が完全な自律走行モードで運転している場合、コンピュータシステム130は、車両に(例えば、燃料又は他のエネルギーのエンジンへの供給を増加させることによる)加速、(例えば、燃料のエンジンへの供給を減少させること又は、ブレーキをかけることによる)減速、及び(例えば、前方の2つの車輪の向きを変えることによる)方向の変化、を命じることができる。目的地を与えたとき、コンピュータは、さらに、人の補助なしで、ルートの選択及び操縦を行うことができる。
その点において、コンピュータシステム130は、外部の物体との衝突を避けるために外部物体検出器220を用い、物体を避けるために地理的位置検出要素210から提供されるデータを用いるなどして、センサーからの情報に応答して乗用車を操縦することができる。例えば、物体が車両の通過経路を邪魔しているとコンピュータが判断した場合、コンピュータは車両を減速させ障害物を避けるよう操縦することができる。
車両は、1つ以上の自律走行運転モードを作動させるため、又は作動させないため、種々のユーザー入力装置を有することもできる。態様によっては、ドライバーはステアリングホイールを回転させ、アクセル又はブレーキを踏み、又は、プロセッサーのコントロールのもとで機能をコントロールする構成部品を動作させて、コンピュータシステムから車両のコントロールを切り離すことができる。
(ユーザー入力)
図4は、自律走行車両の内部の典型的なデザインを示す。自律走行車両には、非自律走行車両のすべての特徴、例えば、ステアリングホイール310のようなステアリング装置、ナビゲーション表示315のようなナビゲーション表示装置、及び変速装置320のようなギア比選択装置、が含まれる。
図1および図3に示すように、車両には、ユーザーが情報をコンピュータシステム130に与えることを可能にする1つ以上のユーザー入力装置160が含まれる。乗客390のようなユーザーは、タッチスクリーン317又はボタン入力319を用いてナビゲーションシステムに目的地(例えば、123 Oak Street)を入力することができる。他の例では、コンピュータシステムは、ユーザーの音声命令から目的地を抽出することができる。ユーザー入力装置160には、キーボード、マイクロフォン、ポインティングデバイス(例えば、トラックボール又はマウス)を含む、一般的にコンピュータシステムで用いられる他の装置を含むこともできる。
(ユーザー出力)
車両には、ユーザーと情報通信を行うための種々の装置170を含むことができる。例えば、車両101の内部に、電子表示325(例えば、スクリーンを有するモニタ、小型LCDタッチスクリーン、又は、情報を表示するよう操作可能な他の電子装置)を含めることができる。さらに、車両101の内部には、車両101の現在の状態を表示する、ステータスバー330のような状態表示装置を含めることもできる。前記4の例では、車両は現在ドライブモードであり毎時2マイル(毎時3.22キロメートル)で走っていることを示す、「D」と「2mph」が表示されている。この点において、車両101の一部を照らすことにより、又は、他の種々の表示を行うことにより、文字の電子表示を行うことができる。加えて、コンピュータは、現在車両のコントロールは人によるものか或いは自動システムによるものかを示す、人が読むことができるか、又は他のコンピュータにより読むことができるか、又はどちらからでも読むことができる外部表示を持つことができる。
とりわけ、ディスプレイ325は、車両、特別なセンサー、又はコンピュータシステム130の全体的な状態に関する他の情報を表示することができる。ディスプレイ325には、コンピュータが生成した、例えば、コンピュータの状態、車両そのもの、道路、交差点、および他の物体及び他の情報を含む車両の周囲状況の画像を含めることができる。コンピュータシステム330は、コンピュータシステムが種々のセンサーから有効なデータを取得しているかどうか、コンピュータが部分的に又は完全に乗用車の方向又は速度又は両方を制御しているかどうか、又は異常がないかどうか、等を表示する、視覚的又は音声による合図をさらに用いることができる。
(方法、序論)
図8に示した動作に加えて、システム及び方法による操作をここで説明する。種々の操作を、異なる順序で又は同時に行うことができ、各操作は他の操作を含むことができる。
(操縦)
車両は、車両を目的地まで衝突の可能性を減らして、自律的に操縦するために、交通標識、人、他の車両、他の物体、のような物体を識別するように、センサーデータを連続的に用いることができる。車両101は、どのように車両を動かすか(例えば、方向転換又は他の車両により検出された項中渋滞により減速すること、又は、シカなどの物体を避けるための回避行動をとること)を決めるためにそのデータを用いることができる。車両は、交通標識又は他の物体がどこにあるか、そして例えば、信号による方向転換又はレーンの変更のような対応をどこで取るかを判断するために、地図データ又は他の情報を用いることができる。(摩耗の緩和)
車両は、車両構成部品センサー230を用いて、摩耗その他のタイプのダメージを検出し、環境センサー209を用いて、そのようなダメージを緩和するよう、車両101を操縦することができる。図5の例において、車両101は、外部物体検出器220を用いることにより、一時停止標識510の存在とそこまでの距離を検出した。さらに、コンピュータシステム131は、ブレーキ摩耗検出器233をチェックし、ブレーキ183は良好な状態であると判断した。前述の内容に基づきコンピュータシステム131は、十分なブレーキ距離は距離530であると判断することができる。図6は、同じシナリオに対処するものであるが、コンピュータシステム131は、ブレーキが極端に摩耗している兆候を示していると判断した。その結果、ブレーキが通常うけるような摩耗の量を減らすために、コンピュータシステム131は、減速の程度を通常より減らすことを決定することができる。例えば、長い距離630になるようブレーキを働かせることを決定し、ブレーキに少なめの圧力をかけることを決定することができる。このようにして、車両は、摩耗が検出されたとき、通常の状態の場合よりも遅い減速率で速度を落とす。
この点において、車両は、車両の構成部品にダメージが検出されたずっと後でも、そのダメージを埋め合わせることができる。例えば、コンピュータシステム131は、車両にブレーキが必要となる前にブレーキが摩耗していると判断しており、車両が再びブレーキを必要とするまで、運転行動を変えないでおくことができる。
さらに、このシステム及び方法は、損傷している構成部品と同じタイプではない車両構成部品に命令を出すことができる。例えば、コンピュータシステム130は、地図データに基づき、長い坂道を下ろうとしており、坂の下には一時停止標識があると判断することがある。ブレーキ153が極度な摩耗を受けている場合、コンピュータシステムは、車両101が到達する速度を最小限にするために、エンジンに送るガソリンを通常より少なくするような指令をスロットル152に与えることができ、坂の下で安全に停止させるための車両のブレーキ量を最小限にすることができる。この点において、このシステム及び方法は、場所特有の交通規則情報にアクセスすることにより、1つのタイプの構成部品のダメージを埋め合わせ、ダメージを受けた構成部品を動作させる前に他のタイプの構成部品に命令を与えることにより車両の動きを変えることができる。
1つの特徴として、このシステム及び方法は、構成部品に対する既存のダメージを緩和する操縦法を決定する処理において、地図関連データを基にすることができる。例として図7に示すように、車両はGPS衛星710から自分の緯度/経度位置を判断することができ、地図データ135に格納されている一時停止標識の緯度/経度による位置に基づき、一時停止標識510までの距離520を計算し、ブレーキが摩耗していない場合よりも長いブレーキ距離630になるよう低いブレーキ圧力を加えることができた。プロセッサーはこのようにして、車両の地理的位置、地理的位置に応じて車両に適用される必要条件、及び該当する構成部品へのダメージを緩和するような情報に基づく車両の操縦法を決定することができる。
車両のブレーキ方法を変えることに加えて、車両は、加速を変えることや方向転換のような、車両の操縦法を他の方法に変えることもできる。例えば、測定した油圧が極度に高い場合、車両はもっとゆっくり加速することができる。車両は、摩耗を和らげるために多少厳格に曲がることもできる。
車両はさらに、車両の運転動作の変化及びその構成部品についての問題に関してユーザーに警報又は修理の提案を出すことができる。例えば、提案を図3に示すディスプレイ325に表示することができる。
(直接的ダメージの検出)
車両は、車両の構成部品の状態を判断するために、他のシステム及び方法を用いることもできる。例えば、車両は、乗用車が止まるまでの距離を、期待されるブレーキ距離と比べて監視することができる。この距離が、以前より長くなっているように、期待される量より長い場合、コンピュータシステムは、ブレーキが摩耗しているので、ブレーキ開始を早めるとの判断を下すことができる。このシステム及び方法は、修理点検記録に基づき構成部品の状態を推定することもできる。この点において、プロセッサーはデータ134又は外部データベース(例えば、車両と無線で交信しているサーバー)に修理記録を要求して、最後の修理からどれぐらいの時間が経過しているかに基づいて構成部品の摩耗を推定することができる。
(操縦に影響する他の要因)
このシステム及び方法は、他の情報を基にして車両を操縦する方法を変更することができる。例えば、重量の分布を検知して、車両の積荷及び/又は重量の分布の変化に応答して操縦方法を調整することができる。車両は、車両に1人だけユーザーいる場合は、4人の乗客が乗っている場合とは異なる動きをすることができ、負荷が軽い場合は、後に付随車を牽引している場合とは異なる動きをすることができる。車両は、天候や道路状態のような、観測した周囲環境の変化に運転を適合させることもできる。
車両の性能及び状態の変化のパターンのモデル化、および、運転環境の変化のパターンのモデル化は、自律走行運転コンピュータシステム310により実行することができる。あるいは、自律走行運転システムに所定のモデルを格納することができる。コンピュータシステム131は、実際のデータを処理し、モデルに適応させ、それに従って、修正信号を出すことができる。
(自己修復)
さらに、自律走行車両は、構成部品を修理するための必要な処置をとることができる。一例として、車両101がだれにも使われていないとき、車両101は自律的に、直接的に人の支援を受けないで、修理施設まで走行し、その施設に修理を必要とする構成部品を告知し、修理が完了した時もとの場所に戻すよう告知することができる。
(実施例に限定されない)
当然のことながら、図中に示し記載したデータのサンプル値、タイプ、及び構成は、説明のためだけのものである。その点において、本発明の特徴に係るシステム及び方法は、種々のタイプのセンサー、通信装置、ユーザーインターフェース、車両コントロールシステム、データ値、データタイプ及びデータ構成を含むことができる。このシステム及び方法は、異なる時点で(例えば、異なるサーバー又はデータベースを経由して)、異なる事業体から(例えば、値によっては、予め提案されていたり、別の情報源から与えられていいたりすることがある)提供され、受け取られることができる。
上述の特徴のこれらの及び他の変形及び組み合わせは、特許請求の範囲で定義したシステム及び方法から離れることなく利用することができるので、これまで説明した典型的な実施の形態は、特許請求の範囲で定義した発明を限定するものではなく、概説するためにものであると理解すべきである。当然のことながら、提示した本発明の実施例(及び、「のような」、「例えば」、「含む」、のような語句)は、本発明を特定の実施例に限定するものと解釈すべきでなく、実施例は多くの形態の一部を概説するためのものである。明確な正反対の記述がない限り、任意の実施の形態、代替的形態又は実施例のすべての特徴は、他の実施の形態、代替的形態又は実施例に用いることができる。
本発明は、これらに限定されるものではないが、車両、車両 センサー、及び車両の動きを自律的に制御するシステムを含む、広い産業分野で適用可能である。

Claims (20)

  1. 車両を操縦する方法であって、
    前記車両を取り巻く周囲の特性を検出するステップと、
    前記車両の構成部品の摩耗の量を検出するステップであって、摩耗の増加は操縦法が異なることにより影響を受けることを特徴とするステップと、
    プロセッサーにより、検出した前記周囲の特性と検出した前記摩耗の量に基づいて、第1の操縦法と第2の操縦法とのいずれかを選択するステップと、
    選択した操縦法に従い前記車両を動かすステップと、
    を具備することを特徴とする、車両を操縦する方法。
  2. 前記第1の操縦法は、前記車両の構成部品に摩耗がないときに選択され、前記第2の操縦法は、摩耗が検出されたときに選択されることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の車両を操縦する方法。
  3. 前記周囲の特性を検出するステップは、前記車両の外部の物体を検出し、前記物体に応じて操縦するステップを具備することを特徴とする、請求項1に記載の車両を操縦する方法。
  4. 前記物体は、一時停止標識であることを特徴とする請求項3に記載の車両を操縦する方法。
  5. 前記周囲の特性を検出するステップは、必要とされる通行条件を判断するステップを具備することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の車両を操縦する方法。
  6. 前記プロセッサーの命令に応じて、前記選択した操縦法に従い自律的に前記車両が動かされることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の車両を操縦する方法。
  7. 前記構成部品にはブレーキが含まれ、前記摩耗にはブレーキの摩耗が含まれることを特徴とする請求項1に記載の車両を操縦する方法。
  8. 前記操縦する方法を実行したのち前記車両を修理施設まで自律走行させるステップをさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項1に記載の車両を操縦する方法。
  9. プロセッサーと、
    前記プロセッサーと通信し、車両の構成部品の摩耗を検出するよう構成された第1のセンサーと、
    前記プロセッサーと通信し、前記車両の外部にある物体の存在を検出するよう構成された第2のセンサーであって、前記物体の存在により、前記車両の動きを変える必要が生じることを特徴とする、センサーと、
    前記プロセッサーがアクセス可能な命令を有するメモリーであって、前記命令は、前記第1のセンサーと前記第2のセンサーとからの受信した出力に基づき前記外部にある物体に対する前記車両の相対的な動きを変化させるステップを具備することを特徴とする、メモリーと、
    を具備するシステム。
  10. 前記構成部品は、ブレーキであることを特徴とする請求項9に記載のシステム。
  11. 前記構成部品は、タイヤであることを特徴とする請求項9に記載のシステム。
  12. 前記命令は、前記構成部品に摩耗が検出されるか否かに応じて、第1の動作と第2の動作とのいずれかを選択するステップをさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項9に記載のシステム。
  13. 前記第1の動作と前記第2の動作との差異は速度変化の程度であることを特徴とする請求項12に記載のシステム。
  14. 車両コントロールする方法であって、
    車両の構成部品の摩耗を測定するステップと、
    車両の地理的状況を判断するステップと、
    車両の通行経路中での必要とされる通行条件を判断するステップと、
    プロセッサーにより、測定した前記摩耗と判断した前記地理的状況とに基づいて、第1の操縦法と第2の操縦法とのいずれかを選択するステップであって、前記第1の操縦法と前記第2の操縦法との少なくとも1つの違いは、加速の速さ、減速の速さ、及び道案内からなるグループから選択されることを特徴とするステップと、
    前記選択された操縦法に基づいて前記車両を動かすステップと、
    を具備することを特徴とする方法。
  15. 前記車両の前記地理的状況は、地理的位置で必要とされる通行条件及び前記車両の位置の検出を行うことに基づき判断することを特徴とする請求項14に記載の方法。
  16. 前記車両の構成部品の前記摩耗にはブレーキの摩耗が含まれることを特徴とする請求項14に記載の方法。
  17. 前記摩耗を測定するステップには、前記構成部品を最後に修理してからの時間の長さに基づき推定するステップが含まれることを特徴とする請求項14に記載の方法。
  18. 前記選択した操縦法に従い前記車両を動かした後、前記車両に乗客が居るかどうかを判断し、前記車両内に乗客が居ないとき前記プロセッサーのコントロールにより、修理施設まで前記車両を移動させるステップをさらに具備することを特徴とする請求項14に記載の方法。
  19. 前記車両の動きを制御するコントロール用構成部品と、
    前記車両の外部の状況を検出する周囲センサーと、
    前記車両の構成部品の摩耗を検出する構成部品センサーであって、このような摩耗は前記車両の運転に基づき変化することを特徴とするセンサーと、
    前記コントロール用構成部品と、前記周囲センサーと、前記構成部品センサーと通信するプロセッサーと、
    前記プロセッサーによりアクセス可能な命令であって、前記命令は、前記プロセッサーに、前記周囲センサーからの出力を受け取らせ、前記構成部品センサーからの出力を受け取らせ、前記周囲センサーからの出力と前記構成部品センサーからの出力とに基づき、前記コントロール用構成部品に第1の命令及び第2の命令のうちの1つを選択させ、そして、前記コントロール用構成部品に前記選択した命令を出力させることを特徴とする命令と、
    を具備する車両。
  20. 車両の動きをコントロールするシステムであって、
    プロセッサーと、
    前記プロセッサーによりアクセス可能なメモリーと、
    メモリー中にあり、前記プロセッサーにより実行可能な命令と、
    を具備し、
    前記命令は、
    位置に応じた車両の動きについての制限に応じた車両の地理的位置を判断するステップと、
    前記車両の第1の構成部品が損傷しているかどうかを判断するステップと、
    前記第1の構成部品が損傷していないと判断されたとき、前記位置に応じた車両の動きについての制限を満たすように前記車両を動かすよう車両の第2の構成部品に第1の命令を与えるステップと、
    前記第1の構成部品が損傷していると判断されたとき、前記位置に応じた車両の動きについての制限を満たすように車両を動かすよう前記車両の第2の構成部品に第2の命令を与えるステップであって、前記第2の命令により命じられた動作は、前記第1の命令により命じられた動作とは異なることを特徴とするステップと、
    を具備することを特徴とするシステム。
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CN103370249A (zh) 2013-10-23
JP2013544696A (ja) 2013-12-19
JP2013544695A (ja) 2013-12-19
KR101637634B1 (ko) 2016-07-07
US10572717B1 (en) 2020-02-25
KR20130129931A (ko) 2013-11-29
EP2625081A4 (en) 2017-05-10
JP6051162B2 (ja) 2016-12-27
CN103339009B (zh) 2016-05-25
US8825264B2 (en) 2014-09-02
EP2625083A2 (en) 2013-08-14
KR20130132790A (ko) 2013-12-05
US8688306B1 (en) 2014-04-01
US9911030B1 (en) 2018-03-06
EP2625083A4 (en) 2017-04-12
US20120083960A1 (en) 2012-04-05
EP3176666B1 (en) 2020-04-15
US11010998B1 (en) 2021-05-18
KR101817822B1 (ko) 2018-01-11
EP2625081B1 (en) 2019-01-23
WO2012047977A3 (en) 2012-06-21
WO2012047743A3 (en) 2012-07-19
US8874305B2 (en) 2014-10-28
WO2012047980A3 (en) 2012-06-21
US10372129B1 (en) 2019-08-06
US20120083959A1 (en) 2012-04-05
US9658620B1 (en) 2017-05-23
WO2012047980A4 (en) 2012-08-16
EP3176666A1 (en) 2017-06-07
EP3473510A2 (en) 2019-04-24
WO2012047977A2 (en) 2012-04-12
US10198619B1 (en) 2019-02-05
CN103370249B (zh) 2016-08-24
US11287817B1 (en) 2022-03-29
EP2625083B1 (en) 2018-07-25
US8509982B2 (en) 2013-08-13
CN103339010B (zh) 2016-08-10
US9120484B1 (en) 2015-09-01
WO2012047980A2 (en) 2012-04-12
JP6013340B2 (ja) 2016-10-26
CN103339009A (zh) 2013-10-02
US8948955B2 (en) 2015-02-03
CN103339010A (zh) 2013-10-02
EP3473510A3 (en) 2019-07-24
US11747809B1 (en) 2023-09-05
EP2625079A2 (en) 2013-08-14
US20140136045A1 (en) 2014-05-15
US8965621B1 (en) 2015-02-24
EP3473510B1 (en) 2021-08-11
US20130297140A1 (en) 2013-11-07
US9679191B1 (en) 2017-06-13
EP2625079A4 (en) 2016-01-06
US9122948B1 (en) 2015-09-01
EP2625081A2 (en) 2013-08-14
EP2625079B1 (en) 2017-03-15
US8660734B2 (en) 2014-02-25

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