JP2010518123A - 癌をキュプレドキシンで予防するための組成物および方法 - Google Patents
癌をキュプレドキシンで予防するための組成物および方法 Download PDFInfo
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Abstract
Description
これらの出願の内容の全体は、参照によって本出願の明細書等に完全に援用される。本出願の主題は、米国メリーランド州ベセスダの国立衛生研究所(NIH)からの研究助成金(助成金番号AI 16790-21, ES 04050-16, AI 45441, CA09432 およびN01-CM97567)によって助成された。米国政府は、本発明に特定の権利を有している。
本発明は、哺乳類の細胞、組織、または動物における前悪性傷害(premalignant lesions)の発生を阻害する、キュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体および構造上の均等物を含んでいる組成物に関する。また、本発明は、前悪性傷害、および最終的に癌の発生を阻害するための哺乳類における化学予防因子(chemopreventive agents)としてのキュプレドキシン、およびキュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体および構造上の均等物の使用に関する。
癌の化学的予防は、浸潤癌への発癌性の進行(carcinogenic progression)を好転(reverse)させる、抑制する、または予防(prevent)する天然の, 合成の又は生物学的な化学的な因子の使用である。ハイリスク集団の癌の予防における最近の臨床試験は、化学予防治療がハイリスク患者のための現実的な治療であることを示唆する。化学予防治療は、多巣性場(multifocal field)の発癌および多段階(multistep)の発癌の概念に基づいている。場での発癌(field carcinogenesis)において、組織の場をとおした全身性の発癌物質曝露によって、組織における拡散性の上皮傷害および変異した細胞のクローン増殖が生じる。場をとおしたこれらの遺伝的な変異は、一または二以上の前悪性または悪性の傷害が場において発生するだろう尤度(likelihood)を増加させる。これらの遺伝的および表現型の変更の段階的な蓄積における多段階の発癌。多段階の発癌において一または二以上の段階をアレストすることによって、癌の発生(進行)を妨害または予防しえる。一般にTsao等〔CA Cancer J Clin 54:150-180 (2004)〕を参照されたい。
本発明は、哺乳類の細胞、組織、または動物における前悪性傷害(premalignant lesions)の発生を阻害する、キュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体および構造上の均等物であってもよいペプチドを含んでいる組成物に関する。具体的には、これらの組成物は、緑膿菌からのアズリン, アズリン (p28) 配列番号 2の50-77 残基領域, およびアズリン (p18) 配列番号 25の50-67 残基領域を具備してもよい。さらに、本発明は、キュプレドキシン、および/または哺乳類の細胞、組織、または動物の前悪性傷害の発生を阻害する能力を保持しているキュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物を含みえる組成物に関する。これらの組成物は、とりわけ単離されたペプチドまたは薬学的組成物であってもよい。本発明の組成物は、哺乳類の患者における癌の発生を予防する方法に使用しえる。
配列番号 1; 緑膿菌からのアズリンのアミノ酸配列(Ala Glu Cys Ser Val Asp Ile Gln Gly Asn Asp Gln Met Gln Phe Asn Thr Asn Ala Ile Thr Val Asp Lys Ser Cys Lys Gln Phe Thr Val Asn Leu Ser His Pro Gly Asn Leu Pro Lys Asn Val Met Gly His Asn Trp Val Leu Ser Thr Ala Ala Asp Met Gln Gly Val Val Thr Asp Gly Met Ala Ser Gly Leu Asp Lys Asp Tyr Leu Lys Pro Asp Asp Ser Arg Val Ile Ala His Thr Lys Leu Ile Gly Ser Gly Glu Lys Asp Ser Val Thr Phe Asp Val Ser Lys Leu Lys Glu Gly Glu Gln Tyr Met Phe Phe Cys Thr Phe Pro Gly His Ser Ala Leu Met Lys Gly Thr Leu Thr Leu Lys)。
定 義
本出願の明細書等で使用される「細胞」の用語には、特に「単一細胞(single cell)」として記載されないかぎり、該用語の単数形または複数形のいずれかが含まれる。
%アミノ酸配列同一性=X/Y*100
式中で
Xは、配列アラインメントプログラムの又はアルゴリズムのAおよびBのアライメントによって、同一性マッチ(identical matches)であると評価されたアミノ酸残基の数であり、
Yは、B中のアミノ酸残基の総数である。
本発明は、キュプレドキシン、およびキュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体、および構造上の均等物を含んでいる組成物、並びに哺乳類における癌の発生を予防する方法を提供する。また、本発明は、哺乳類における癌の発生または癌の再発を予防する能力を保持するキュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体、および構造上の均等物を提供する。最も具体的には、本発明は、緑膿菌アズリン、およびアズリンのバリアント、誘導体、および構造上の均等物を含んでいる組成物、および患者(特に、一般的な集団よりも癌を発生するリスクが高い患者)を治療するためのその使用を提供する。最終的に、本発明は、前悪性傷害を誘導する及び前悪性および/または悪性の細胞の発生を観察する前または後に、細胞をキュプレドキシン、またはそのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物と接触させることによって、哺乳類の細胞、組織、および動物の癌の発生を研究するための方法を提供する。
本発明は、哺乳類の細胞, 組織および動物における前悪性傷害の発生を阻害するキュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物であるペプチドを提供する。さらに、本発明は、哺乳類の細胞, 組織および動物における癌の発生を阻害するキュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物であるペプチドを提供する。ある態様において、前記ペプチドは単離される。ある態様において、前記ペプチドは、実質的に純粋または医薬品グレードである。他の態様において、前記ペプチドは、前記ペプチドを含む又は前記ペプチドから本質的になる(consists essentially of)組成物に存在する。別の特定の態様において、前記ペプチドは、非抗原性(non-antigenic)であり、哺乳類(より具体的には、ヒト)の免疫応答を上昇させない。幾つかの態様において、前記ペプチドは、完全長キュプレドキシン未満であり、幾つかのキュプレドキシンの薬理的な活性を保持する。特に、幾つかの態様において、前記ペプチドは、マウス乳腺器官培養における前悪性傷害の発生を阻害する能力を保持しえる。
これらの小さい青色銅タンパク質(キュプレドキシン)は、電子伝達タンパク質(10-20kDa)であり、細菌の電子伝達鎖に関与する又は未知の機能のものである。銅イオンは、タンパク質マトリックスに単独で結合する。銅の周囲の二つのヒスチジンおよび一つのシステインのリガンドに対する特殊な歪んだ三方晶系の平面配置(special distorted trigonal planar arrangement)によって、金属部位の非常に特有な電気的特性を生じ、そして強度の青色を生じる。いくつかのキュプレドキシンは、中等度から高度の分解能で結晶学的に特徴づけられている。
アズリンは、128アミノ酸残基の銅含有タンパク質であり、特定の細菌における電子伝達に関与するキュプレドキシンファミリーに属する。アズリンには、緑膿菌(PA)(配列番号1)(「wt-アズリン」), A. xylosoxidans, およびA. denitrificansからのものが含まれる。Murphy等〔J. Mol. Biol. 315:859-871 (2002)〕。アズリン間のアミノ酸配列同一性は60-90%の間で変動し、これらのタンパク質は強い構造上の相同性を示した。全てのアズリンは、ギリシャキーモチーフ(Greek key motif)を有する特徴的なβ-サンドイッチを有し、単一の銅原子がタンパク質の同じ領域に常に配置される。加えて、アズリンは、銅部位を取り囲む基本的に中性で疎水性のパッチを所有する(Id)。
プラストシアニンは分子あたり一分子の銅を含有するシアノバクテリア、藻類および植物の可溶性タンパク質であり、彼等の酸化型において青色である。彼等は、彼等が電子伝達体として機能する葉緑体中で生じる。ポプラのプラストシアニンの構造が1978に決定されてから、藻類(セネデスムス, アオノリ, コナミドリムシ)および植物(フランスマメ)のプラストシアニンの構造が結晶学又はNMR法によって決定されている(ポプラの構造は1.33Åの解像度で示されている)。配列番号3は、Phormidium laminosum(好熱性のシアノバクテリア)のプラストシアニンのアミノ酸配列を表す。別の所望のプラストシアニンは、Ulva pertussisからのものである。
ラスティシアニンは、硫黄菌属(現在ではAcidithiobacillusと称される)から得られた青色銅含有単一鎖ポリペプチドである。Thiobacillus ferrooxidansの極度に安定で高度に酸化されているキュプレドキシンラスティシアニン(配列番号4)の酸化型のX線結晶構造は、多波長異常分散法(multiwavelength anomalous diffraction)で1.9Åの解像度で決定された。ラスティシアニンは、六および七鎖のbシートから構成されるコアベータ-サンドイッチフォールド(a core beta-sandwich fold)から構成される。他のキュプレドキシンのように、銅イオンは、特殊な歪んだ四面体に配置された四つの保存された残基(His 85, Cys138, His143, Met148)のクラスターによって配位される。Walter, R.L.等〔J. Mol. Biol. 263:730-51 (1996)〕。
シュードアズリンは、青色銅含有単一鎖ポリペプチドのファミリーである。Achromobacter cycloclastesから得られたシュードアズリンのアミノ酸配列は、配列番号5に示される。シュードアズリンのX線構造分析によって、これらのタンパク質間の配列相同性が低いにもかかわらず、シュードアズリンはアズリンと類似する構造を有することが示される。二つの主要な差異が、シュードアズリンおよびアズリンの全体構造の間に存在する。アズリンと比較して、シュードアズリン中には二つのα-ヘリックスからなるカルボキシル末端の伸展が存在する。中間のペプチド領域(mid-peptide region)中に、アズリンは、短いα-ヘリックスを含んでいるフラップを形成する伸展したループを含有する(シュードアズリンでは短くなっている)。銅原子部位での唯一の大きな差異は、MET側鎖のコンホメーションおよびMet-S銅結合長(シュードアズリンではアズリンよりも有意に短い)である。
フィトシアニンとして同定可能なタンパク質には、キュウリ塩基性タンパク質, ステラシアニン(stellacyanin), マビシアニン(mavicyanin), ウメシアニン(umecyanin), キュウリピーリングキュプレドキシン(cucumber peeling cupredoxin), エンドウ豆の鞘の推定上の青色銅タンパク質, およびシロイヌナズナの青色銅タンパク質が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。キュウリ塩基性タンパク質およびエンドウマメ鞘タンパク質以外の全てにおいて、青色銅部位に通常見つけられる軸性メチオニンリガンド(axial methionine ligand)はグルタミンで置換される。
アウラシアニンA, アウラシアニンB-1、およびアウラシアニンB-2と称される3つの小さい青色銅タンパク質は、好熱性の緑色グライディング光合成細菌(Chloroflexus aurantiacus)から分離された。二つのB型は、糖タンパク質であり、互いにほとんど同一の特性を有しているが、A型とは別である。ドデシル硫酸ナトリウム-ポリアクリルアミドゲル電気泳動によって、14(A), 18(B-2), および22(B-1)kDaの見かけ上の単量体分子量が示される。
ステラシアニンは、フィトシアニンのサブクラスである(植物のキュプレドキシンのユビキタスファミリー)。ステラシアニンの例示的な配列は、本出願に配列番号14として含まれる。ウメシアニン、西洋わさびの根(Koch et al., J. Am. Chem. Soc. 127:158-166 (2005))からのステラシアニンおよびキュウリステラシアニン(Hart el al., Protein Science 5:2175-2183 (1996))の結晶構造も、知られている。前記タンパク質は、他のフィトシアニンと全体的なフォールド類似性を有する。エフリンB2タンパク質外部ドメイン三次構造は、ステラシアニンと有意な類似性を有する。Toth等〔Developmental Cell 1:83-92 (2001)〕。ステラシアニンの例示的なアミノ酸配列は、全米バイオテクノロジー情報センター(National Center for Biotechnology Information)のタンパク質データバンクでアクセッション番号 1JER(配列番号14)として見つけられる。
キュウリ塩基性タンパク質の例示的なアミノ酸配列は、本出願に配列番号17として含まれる。キュウリ塩基性タンパク質(CBP)の結晶構造(1型の青色銅タンパク質)は、1.8Åの解像度で決定された。前記分子はグリークキーβバレル構造を有している他の青色銅タンパク質と類似している、但し前記バレルは1つの側で開き、「ベータ-サンドイッチ」または「ベータ-タコ(beta-taco)」として記載されることが適切である。Guss等〔J. Mol. Biol. 262:686-705 (1996)〕。エフリンB2タンパク質のエクトドメイン(ectodomian)の三次構造は、キュウリ塩基性タンパク質に対して高い類似度(50のα炭素に対しrms偏差1.5Å)を有する。Toth等〔Developmental Cell 1:83-92 (2001)〕。
本発明は、他は健常な患者における新規の悪性化(de novo malignancies)を予防するための方法を提供し、該方法は前記患者に上記のキュプレドキシン、またはそのバリアント、誘導体、又は構造上の均等物である少なくとも一つのペプチドを投与することを含む。化学予防治療は、癌発生(cancergenesis)に関与するプロセスの中断が癌の発生を予防するとの仮説に基づいている。現在、キュプレドキシン 緑膿菌 アズリンおよび短縮型アズリンペプチドp28は、前悪性傷害の初期形成を阻害すること, または存在する前悪性傷害の成長を絶やすこと(killing)又は阻害することのいずれかによって、前悪性傷害の発生を阻害することが知られている。上記のとおり、前悪性傷害の発生を阻害する能力を有するキュプレドキシン, またはそのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物が他は健常な患者における化学予防治療に使用しえることが企図される。幾つかの態様において、係る他は健常な患者(otherwise healthy patients)は、一般的な集団におけるよりも癌を発生するリスクが高い患者である。本発明の組成物で治療によって予防しえる癌には、限定されることなく、メラノーマ, 乳房癌, 膵臓癌, グリア芽細胞腫, 星細胞腫, 肺癌, 結腸直腸癌, 頚部および頭部癌(neck and head), 膀胱癌, 前立腺癌, 皮膚癌, および子宮頚癌が含まれる。幾つかの態様において、前記患者はヒトであってもよい。他の態様において、前記患者はヒトではない。
本発明は、カーゴ化合物を細胞に送達するための方法および材料に関する。本発明によるカーゴ化合物の送達は、適切な輸送ポリペプチドの使用によって達成される。本発明の一態様において、前記カーゴ化合物は、前記輸送ポリペプチドに連結される。適切な輸送ペプチドは、キュプレドキシン、または「キュプレドキシン進入ドメイン」を含んでいるキュプレドキシンの断片を含む。「キュプレドキシン進入ドメイン(cupredoxin entry domain)」の用語は、キュプレドキシンが哺乳類癌細胞へと進入するために必要とされるアミノ配列を含むキュプレドキシンの断片を意味する。本発明によって送達されるカーゴ化合物には、タンパク質, リポタンパク質, ポリペプチド, ペプチド, ポリサッカライド, 核酸(RNA, DNAおよびアンチセンス核酸を含む), 色素, 蛍光および放射性のタグ, 微小粒子またはナノ粒子, 毒素, 無機および有機の分子, 小分子, および薬物(例えば、化学予防薬)が含まれるが、これらに限定されない。幾つかの態様において、前記薬物および毒素は、腫瘍細胞を殺傷する。
本発明は、連結されたカーゴを哺乳類癌細胞(非癌性細胞ではなく)へと輸送することを許容するタンパク質伝達ドメイン(protein transduction domain)を提供する。キュプレドキシンタンパク質が、連結されたカーゴを哺乳類癌細胞へと進入させることを促進するタンパク質伝達ドメイン(キュプレドキシン進入ドメイン)を具備することが発見された。幾つかの態様において、全体のキュプレドキシンタンパク質を使用することによって、連結したカーゴを癌細胞へと選択的に輸送することを促進できる。他の態様において、キュプレドキシンの部分を使用して、連結したカーゴを癌細胞へと輸送できる。幾つかの態様において、キュプレドキシン進入ドメインは、完全長の野生型タンパク質未満のキュプレドキシンの領域からなる。幾つかの態様において、キュプレドキシン進入ドメインは、キュプレドキシンの約10残基、約15残基、または約20残基以上からなる。幾つかの態様において、キュプレドキシン進入ドメインは、キュプレドキシンの約50残基、約40残基、または約30残基以下からなる。幾つかの態様において、キュプレドキシン進入ドメインは、キュプレドキシンに対し、少なくとも約90%アミノ酸配列同一性、少なくとも約95%アミノ酸配列同一性、または少なくとも約99%アミノ酸配列同一性を有する。
本発明の別の態様において、キュプレドキシン進入ドメインは、化学的に修飾されて又は遺伝的に変更されて、カーゴ化合物を細胞へと輸送する能力を保持しているバリアントを産生する。例えば、例14は、ポジション54、61および70に導入されたプロリン残基を有している緑膿菌アズリンが、UISO-Mel-2細胞に進入する能力を保持していることを示している。
別の側面において、本発明は、カーゴ化合物に連結させたキュプレドキシン進入ドメインを含んでいる融合タンパク質をコード化している核酸分子を提供する(ここで、前記カーゴ化合物は、タンパク質またはペプチドである)。本発明による核酸分子は、当該技術分野において既知の技術の組合せによって調製することができる。一例をあげると、キュプレドキシン進入ドメインに関する核酸配列およびカーゴ化合物は、化学的な合成またはクローニングによって個々に調製することができる。核酸配列を、次にリガーゼで連結して、所望の核酸分子が得られる。
多くのアルギニンリッチペプチドは、哺乳類細胞膜を通じてトランスロケート(translocate)することが知られており、タンパク質カーゴ化合物を係る細胞の内側に運搬する。Suzuki, T等〔 J. Biol. Chem. 277:2437-43 (2002)〕。例えば、HIV Tatタンパク質の短いアルギニンリッチな11アミノ酸(アミノ酸47〜57)セグメントによって、カーゴタンパク質を哺乳類細胞へと輸送することが許容される。Schwarze, SR.等〔Trends Cell Biol. 10:290-95 (2000)〕。アルファーヘリックス含量を増加し、アルギニン残基の配置を至適化する合成の進入ドメインは、タンパク質伝達ドメインとして高い可能性を有していることが示されている。Ho, A.等〔Cancer Res. 61:474-77 (2001)〕。比較すると、P. aeruginosaのアズリンは、単一のアルギニン残基を有する。従って、その進入のモードがTatタンパク質のものと異なっていることが信じられている(しかし、本発明に関しては頼りにしない)。
カーゴ化合物と連結されたキュプレドキシン進入ドメインの複合体を含有している薬学的組成物は、従来の混合、溶解、顆粒化、ドラジェー作出(dragee-making)、乳化、封入(encapsulating)、エントラッピング(entrapping)、または凍結乾燥処理などの任意の従来の様式にしたがって製造することができる。前記複合体は、当該技術分野において周知の薬学的に認容される担体と容易に組み合わせることができる。係る担体によって、錠剤, ピル, ドラジェー, カプセル剤, 液体, ゲル, シロップ, スラリー, 懸濁液などとして製剤化する調製が可能となる。適切な賦形剤には、充填剤およびセルロース調製物なども含まれてもよい。他の賦形剤には、香味剤(flavoring agents)、発色剤、粘着防止剤(detackifiers)、増粘剤(thickeners)、および他の認容される添加物、アジュバント、または結合剤などが含まれてもよい。
キュプレドキシン進入ドメインを含有している組成物は、口、頬、吸入、舌下、直腸、膣、尿道、鼻、局所、経皮(percutaneous)、即ち、経皮(transdermal)または非経口〔静脈内、筋肉内、皮下および冠内(intracoronary)への投与を含む〕などの任意の適切な経路によって投与することができる。前記組成物及びその薬学的製剤は、その意図する目的を達成するために効果的な任意の量で投与することができる。細胞死への耐性に関連するコンディションを治療するために投与される場合、前記組成物は治療上効果的な量で投与される。「治療上効果的な量(therapeutically effective amount)」は、治療される対象に存在している症状(symptoms)の発症を予防する又は軽減(alleviate)するために効果的な量である。治療上効果的な量の決定は、当業者の能力の範囲内である。
別の側面において、本発明は、パッケージまたは容器に一または二以上の次のものを含んでいるキットを提供する:
(1) カーゴ化合物と連結させたキュプレドキシン進入ドメインの複合体を含んでいる試薬;
(2) 薬学的に許容されるアジュバントまたは賦形剤を含んでいる試薬;
(3) 投与のためのビヒクル(例えば、シリンジ);
(4) 投与のための説明書。
構成要素(1)〜(4)の2以上が同じ容器中にある態様も、企図される。
キュプレドキシン、またはそのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物を含んでいる薬学的組成物は、従来の混合、溶解、顆粒化、ドラジェー作出(dragee-making)、乳化、封入(encapsulating)、エントラッピング(entrapping)、または凍結乾燥処理などの任意の従来の様式にしたがって製造することができる。実質的に純粋または医薬品グレードのキュプレドキシン、またはそのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物は、当該技術分野において周知の薬学的に認容される担体と容易に組み合わせることができる。係る担体によって、錠剤, ピル, ドラジェー, カプセル剤, 液体, ゲル, シロップ, スラリー, 懸濁液などとして製剤化する調製が可能となる。適切な担体または賦形剤には、充填剤およびセルロース調製物なども含まれてもよい。他の賦形剤には、香味剤(flavoring agents)、発色剤、粘着防止剤(detackifiers)、増粘剤(thickeners)、および他の認容される添加物、アジュバント、または結合剤などが含まれてもよい。ある態様において、薬学的調製物(pharmaceutical preparation)は、実質的に保存剤なしである。他の態様において、前記薬学的調製物は、少なくとも1つの保存剤を含有してもよい。薬学的剤形(pharmaceutical dosage forms)の一般的な方法論は、Ansel等(Ansel et al., Pharmaceutical Dosage Forms and Drug Delivery Systems, Lippencott Williams & Wilkins, Baltimore MD (1999))に見つけられる。
キュプレドキシン、またはそのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物を、薬学的組成物として製剤化し、口、頬、吸入、舌下、直腸、膣、尿道、鼻、局所、経皮(percutaneous)、即ち、経皮(transdermal)または非経口〔静脈内、筋肉内、皮下および冠内(intracoronary)を含む〕または硝子体投与などの任意の適切な経路によって投与することができる。その薬学的製剤(pharmaceutical formulation)は、その意図する目的を達成するために効果的な任意の量で投与することができる。より具体的には、前記組成物は、治療上効果的な量で投与される。特定の態様において、治療上効果的な量は、一般的に約0.01〜20mg/日/kg体重である。
一側面において、本発明は、パッケージまたは容器に一または二以上の次のものを含んでいる措置(regimens)またはキットを提供する:
(1) 少なくとも一つのキュプレドキシン、またはそのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物を含んでいる薬理学的に活性な組成物;
(2) 付加的な化学予防薬、
(3) 生物学的に活性な組成物を患者に投与する装置(例えば、シリンジ, ネブライザーなど)。
キュプレドキシンまたはそのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物は、化学的に修飾されて又は遺伝子的に改変されて、上記のバリアントおよび誘導体を産生してもよい。係るバリアントおよび誘導体は、標準の技術によって合成されえる。キュプレドキシン進入ドメインは、同様に修飾されてもよい。
例 1: MMOCモデルでのDMBA誘導性の乳房の傷害におけるペプチド P-28の効果
マウス乳腺の器官培養(MMOC)モデルによって、DMBAへの応答における乳房小窩傷害(MAL)または乳房管傷害(MDL)の発生に対する潜在的な化学予防因子の有効性を評価することが許容される。適切なインキュベーション条件下でDMBAによって、培地中のホルモン環境に基づいてMALまたはMDLのいずれかが形成される。Hawthorne等〔Pharmaceutical Biology 40: 70-74 (2002)〕; Mehta等〔J. Natl. Cancer Inst. 93: 1103-1106 (2001)〕。培養においてエストロゲンおよびプロゲステロン処理した腺によって管傷害が発生する、他方でアルドステロンおよびヒドロコルチゾン処理した腺によってエストロゲンおよびプロゲステロン非依存性の小窩傷害が形成される。発癌物質または化学予防因子に暴露されない乳腺は成長促進ホルモンの非存在下で構造的な退行(structural regression)を経験する、他方で3日および4日の間の24-hrのDMBAでの処理によってホルモンの欠乏に起因する構造の退行が予防される。この事項は腺が正常なホルモン応答性を失い、この時点で発生のコースが変更されたことが原因であることが想定された。形質転換した細胞を同系マウスに移植して乳房腺癌(mammary adenocarcinoma)を発生させることによって、これらの未抑制領域(unrepressed areas)の前悪性の新生物発生前の性質が証明された。
アズリン(キュプレドキシンファミリーのタンパク質のメンバー)が、緑膿菌から単離され、インビトロおよびインビボで、癌細胞に進入し、p53-媒介性のアポトーシスを誘導することを我々は実証した。遺伝子送達のための潜在的なベクターとしての陽イオン性および陰イオン性のキュプレドキシンおよび誘導体ペプチドの貫通の選択性を評価した。次のキュプレドキシンを試験した: アズリン(14kDa, pI 5.7), ラスティシアニン(17kDa, pI 8.0), および プラストシアニン(11kDa, pI 5.4)。アズリンが最も選択的な貫通を有していたことを結果は指摘した。
融合体グルタチオンS-トランスフェラーゼ(GST)-短縮型wt-アズリン(azu)誘導体を発現しているプラスミッドを、プルーフリーディングDNAポリメラーゼを用いるポリメラーゼ連鎖反応によって構築した。図5は、様々な短縮型のwt-アズリン構築物の模式図を示す。pGST-azu 36-128(配列番号34)に関して、増幅されたPCR断片を、市販のGST発現ベクターpGEXSX(Amersham Biosciences, Piscataway, NJ 08855)のBamHlおよびEcoRl部位に導入した。前記断片を、鋳型としてpUC19-azuおよびプライマー, 5'-CGGGATCC CCG GCA ACC TGC CGA AGA ACG TCA TGG GC-3'(配列番号35)および5'-CGGAATTC GCA TCA CTT CAG GGT CAG GG-3'(配列番号36)で増幅した(配列中の付加的に導入したBamHlおよびEcoRl部位を、それぞれ下線で示した)。azu遺伝子のカルボキシル末端短縮を、QuickChange部位特異的変異誘発キット(Stratagene, La Jolla, CA 92037)を用いて停止コドンを導入することによって累積的に行なった。
Wt-アズリンおよびM44KM64E突然変異体アズリンを、文献〔Yamada, T. et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA, vol. 101, pp. 4770-75 (2004), および同時係属の米国特許出願第10/720,603(この出願の内容は、参照によって援用される)〕に記載のとおり、調製し、精製した。要約すると、wt-アズリン遺伝子を、文献〔Kukimoto et al., FEBS Lett, vol. 394, pp 87-90 (1996)〕に記載の方法にしたがってPCRで増幅した。PCRを、緑膿菌株PAO1からのゲノムDNAを鋳型DNAとして用いて行なった。
J774およびUISO-Mel-2細胞(Frederick Cancer Research and Development Center, Frederick, Maryland U.S.A.から利用可能)を、文献〔Yamada, T. et al. Infect. Immun. vol. 70, pp. 7054-62 (2002); Goto, M., et al. Mol. Microbiol. vol. 47, pp. 549-59 (2003);およびYamada, T., et al. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA vol. 99, pp. 14098-103 (2002)、これらの文献の内容は、参照によって援用される〕に記載のとおり培養した。ヒトの正常な線維芽細胞〔University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicagoの外科部の保存培養コレクション〕を、2mM L-グルタミン, 0.1mM MEM必須アミノ酸を含有しているEagleの塩と10%の熱不活化ウシ胎児血清、100ユニット/mlペニシリンおよび100μg/mlストレプトマイシンとを添加されたMEM中で培養した。MCF-7およびMOF-10F細胞を、文献〔Punj et al. Oncogene 23:2367-78 (2004)〕に記載のとおり培養した。
J774, UISO-Mel-2, および線維芽細胞を、個々のカバーガラス上で培養した。一晩インキュベーションした後、前記細胞を新鮮な培地で洗浄した。全ての3つの細胞株を、200μg/mlのwt-アズリン結合型ALEXA FLUOR(登録商標)568を含有している培養皿に配置した。前記細胞を、0.5または3.5h、37゜Cで5%C02の存在下でインキュベートした。
Wt-アズリン、その変異体バリアント、M44KM64E、プラストシアニン、シュードアズリン、およびラスティシアニンを、J774細胞と例6でのとおりインキュベートし、細胞を共焦点顕微鏡で検査した。これらの実験において、キュプレドキシンを、赤色の蛍光を発するALEXA FLUOR(登録商標)568と結合し、J774細胞と200μg/mlの濃度で1hr、37゜Cでインキュベートした。そして、別の実験において、野生型のアズリンおよびラスティシアニンを、J774細胞と約6〜7μMの濃度で1hr、37゜Cでインキュベートした。核を、DAPIで青色に染色した。タンパク質なしのコントロールを、維持した。全例において、キュプレドキシンが、J774細胞のサイトゾルに進入することが認められた。類似する実験において、アウラシアニンAおよびBは、MCF7癌細胞に優先的に進入し、非癌性のコントロール細胞には進入しない。
Wt-アズリンは、MCF-7細胞と対比して、MCF-10F細胞に対し減弱した細胞毒性活性を呈する。Punj等〔 Oncogene 23:2367-2378 (2004)〕。J774, 腹腔マクロファージ, 肥満細胞, ヒト乳癌MCF-7およびヒト正常上皮のMCF-10F細胞〔University of Illinois at Chicago (UIC), Chicagoの外科部門〕を、例5のとおり処理し、検査し、そして、試験して、wt-アズリンが係る細胞に進入するかどうかを決定した。
様々な細胞中でのwt-アズリンの進入の特異性を更に評価するために、我々は、Alexa fluor-結合型wt-アズリンの、J774、UISO-Mel-2および正常な線維芽細胞への37゜Cで30minおよび3.5hrでのインキュベーションの間での進入を決定した。Wt-アズリンが、J774およびUISO-Mel-2に30mmで急速に進入することが認められた;非常に少量のwt-アズリンが、この期間に線維芽細胞のサイトゾルで認められた。3.5hrのインキュベーション後に、僅かに少量のwt-アズリンが線維芽細胞において認められた。
Wt-アズリンを、文献〔Punj, V., et al., Oncogene 23:2367-78 (2004)〕に記載の方法を用いて、線維芽細胞およびMCF-10F細胞へとマイクロインジェクションした。細胞を、核DNAの凝縮および断片化へと誘導するアポトーシス誘導に関して検査した。有意な核DNA(DAPIで青色に標識された)の凝縮および断片化が、wt-アズリンでマイクロインジェクションした単一細胞で5hrインキュベーション後に観察されたが、アズリンで30min間インキュベーションされたものでは認められなかった。
NおよびC末端の双方で切断されたwt-アズリンの一連のGST融合体を、例1に記載のとおり調製し、精製した〔図2(a)および2(b)〕。ALEXA FLUOR(登録商標)568結合型wt-アズリン、GSTおよびGST-azu融合誘導体を用いて、J774細胞における37゜Cで1hrのインキュベーションでのインターナリゼーションを例5に記載の方法で検査した。核を、DAPIで青色に染色した。
wt-アズリンおよびGST-azu融合誘導体のインターナリゼーションが、4゜CでインキュベーションされたJ774細胞で検査された。4゜Cで、J774細胞の内側での1hrのインキュベーションの間のインターナリゼーションは、重度に損傷された。類似する損傷は、GST-azu 36-128およびGST-azu 36-89においても認められた。短いGST-azu 36-77, GST-azu 50-77, GST-azu 50-66およびGST-azu 67-77は、4゜Cでインターナリゼーションの重篤な損傷を実証した。
GSTをGFPと融合して、GST-GFP融合誘導体を作出した。さらに、azu 50-77を、GST-GFP(Mr 53kDa)融合タンパク質と融合した(図6(a))。精製したGST、GST-GFP、およびGST-GFP-azu 50-77融合誘導体の移動度を、SDS-PAGEで検査した〔図6(b)〕。検出を、クーマシーブルー染色および抗-アズリン抗体を用いたウエスタンブロッティングで行なった〔図6(c)〕。
wt-アズリンの進入がレセプター媒介性エンドサイトーシスのみに依存する場合、それをプロトノホアカルボニルシアン化 m-クロロフニルヒドラゾン(CCCP;protonophore carbonyl cyanide m-chlorophrnylhydrazone)、エネルギー産生のミトコンドリアの脱共役因子(uncoupler)、または前記レセプターをブロックする、非標識のアズリンもしくは他のキュプレドキシンとのプレインキュベーションによってブロックすることができる。J774およびUISO-MeI-2細胞をキュプレドキシンと10倍過剰濃度で2hr、4゜Cでインキュベートし、細胞を徹底的に洗浄してキュプレドキシンを除去し、ALEXA FLUOR(登録商標)568-結合アズリンと1hr、37゜Cでインキュベートした。キュプレドキシンで処理されなかった細胞におけるものと、同量のインターナライズしたアズリンが存在した。細胞の微小繊維ネットワークを破壊するレセプター媒介性エンドサイトーシスの既知の阻害剤であるサイトカラシンD(Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo 63195から市販されている)およびゴルジ装置を破壊し、古典的なベシクル媒介性の分泌を阻害することが知られているブレフェルジン(Sigma-Aldrich, St. Louis, Mo 63195から市販されている)の効果も、試験された。CCCPを20pM濃度で処理することによって、0.25〜0.5pMのサイトカラシンDでなされたように、UISO-MeI-2細胞におけるアズリンの摂取が有意に減少された。他方で、ブレフェルジンA(Brefeldin A)は、有意な効果を有していなかった。
緑膿菌の外毒素AドメインIII(PEDIII)のGST-融合体を、文献〔Hwang, J. et al., Cell 48:129-36 (1987); Reiter, Y. and Pastan, I., Trends Biotechnol. 16:513-20 (1998)〕に記載のとおり、構築した。このGST-PEDIII融合誘導体は、外毒素Aのアミノ酸381〜613を含有していた。PEDIIIは、ADP-リボシルトランスフェラーゼ活性を保持していることが知られており、真核細胞における細胞タンパク質合成を真核生物の伸長因子2を阻害することによって阻害する。
α-ヘリックスがアズリン進入において役割を担っているかどうかを検査するために、3つのヘリックス不安定化プロリン残基をwt-アズリンのポジション54、61、および70に導入し(図6)、完全長A54PT61PK70P変異体アズリンのUISO-Mel-2細胞への進入を検査した。また、これらのポジションにおける単一及び二重の変異を、構築し、進入に関して試験した。A54PT61PK70P突然変異体アズリンを、QuickChange部位特異的突然変異誘発キット(Stratagene, La Jolla, CA)を用いて、アズリン遺伝子に部位特異的突然変異誘発を行うことによって調製した。
緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa)の外毒素AドメインIII(PEDIII)のGST-融合体を、例15のように構築した。PCRをGST-GFP-azu 50-77に関して記載のように用いて、完全長のラスティシアニン配列を、GST-PEDIII融合タンパク質のカルボキシル末端に導入した。前記融合タンパク質を、グルタチオンセファロース4Bカラムクロマトグラフィーで精製した。UISO-Mel-2およびFBT細胞を24h、37゜Cで様々な濃度の前記融合タンパク質とインキュベーションし、細胞死の程度を例7に記載のとおりMTTアッセイで測定した。
Claims (69)
- キュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物である単離されたペプチドであって、哺乳類組織において前悪性傷害の発生を阻害できる単離されたペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載の単離されたペプチドであって、前記キュプレドキシンが、アズリン, シュードアズリン, プラストシアニン, ラスティシアニン, Laz, アウラシアニン, ステラシアニンおよびキュウリ塩基性タンパク質(cucumber basic protein)からなる群から選択される単離されたペプチド。
- 請求項2に記載の単離されたペプチドであって、前記キュプレドキシンがアズリンである単離されたペプチド。
- 前記キュプレドキシンは緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter xylosoxidan, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Methylomonas sp., Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Xylella fastidiosaおよびVibrio parahaemolyticusからなる群から選択される生物体に由来する、請求項1に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 緑膿菌に由来する、請求項4に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 配列番号1、3〜19からなる群から選択されるペプチドの一部である、請求項1に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 配列番号1、3〜19からなる群から選択される配列と少なくとも80%のアミノ酸配列同一性を有する、請求項1に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 前記キュプレドキシンの短縮型である、請求項1に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 前記ペプチドは約 10 残基以上で約 100 残基以下である、請求項8に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 緑膿菌のアズリン残基50〜77, 緑膿菌のアズリン残基50〜67, 緑膿菌のアズリン残基36〜88, および配列番号20〜24からなる群から選択される配列を含む、請求項8に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 緑膿菌のアズリン残基50〜77, 緑膿菌のアズリン残基50〜67, 緑膿菌のアズリン残基36〜88, および配列番号20〜24からなる群から選択される配列からなる、請求項10に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 残基50〜77, 残基50〜67および残基36〜88からなる群から選択される緑膿菌アズリンの領域と均等(equivalent)なキュプレドキシンの残基を含む、請求項1に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 請求項1に記載の少なくとも1つのキュプレドキシンまたはペプチドを薬学的に許容される担体中に含んでいる薬学的組成物。
- 少なくとも2つのキュプレドキシンまたはペプチドを含む、請求項13に記載の薬学的組成物。
- 前記薬学的組成物が静脈内投与のために製剤化される、請求項13に記載の薬学的組成物。
- 前記キュプレドキシンは緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter xylosoxidan, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Methylomonas sp., Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Xylella fastidiosaおよびVibrio parahaemolyticusからなる群から選択される生物体に由来する、請求項13に記載の薬学的組成物。
- 前記キュプレドキシンが緑膿菌に由来する、請求項16に記載の薬学的組成物。
- 請求項13に記載の薬学的組成物であって、前記キュプレドキシンが配列番号1、3〜19からなる群から選択される薬学的組成物。
- 哺乳類の患者を治療するための方法であって、前記患者に治療上効果的な量の請求項13に記載の薬学的組成物を投与することを備える方法。
- 前記患者がヒトである、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記患者が一般的な集団よりも癌を発生するリスクが高い、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記癌がメラノーマ, 乳房癌, 膵臓癌, グリア芽細胞腫, 星細胞腫, 肺癌, 結腸直腸癌, 首および頭部癌(neck and head), 膀胱癌, 前立腺癌, 皮膚癌, および子宮頚癌から選択される、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記患者が少なくとも一つの危険性が高い特性(high risk feature)を有する、請求項21に記載の方法。
- 前記患者が前悪性傷害を有する、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 前記患者は癌または前悪性傷害が治癒している、請求項19に記載の方法。
- 請求項19に記載の方法であって、前記薬学的組成物が静脈内注射, 筋肉内注射, 皮下注射, 吸入, 局所的投与, 経皮性のパッチ, 坐剤, 硝子体注射および経口投与からなる群から選択される様式で投与される方法。
- 投与の様式が静脈内注射である、請求項24に記載の方法。
- 請求項21に記載の方法であって、前記薬学的組成物は少なくとも一つの他の化学予防薬と共投与される方法。
- 請求項26に記載の方法であって、前記薬学的組成物は別の化学予防薬とおよそ同時に投与される方法。
- 請求項13に記載の組成物をバイアル中に含んでいるキット。
- 前記キットが静脈内投与のために設計される、請求項30に記載のキット。
- 癌の発生を研究するための方法であって、哺乳類細胞を請求項 1に記載のキュプレドキシンまたはペプチドと接触させること;及び前悪性および悪性の細胞の発生を測定することを含んでいる方法。
- 前記細胞がヒト細胞である、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が乳腺細胞である、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 前記細胞が誘導されて癌を発生する、請求項32に記載の方法。
- 請求項1に記載のペプチドをコード化する発現ベクター。
- キュプレドキシンのバリアント、誘導体、または構造上の均等物である単離されたペプチドであって;カーゴ化合物とカップルされ、哺乳類の癌細胞に選択的に進入できる単離されたペプチド。
- 前記キュプレドキシンは緑膿菌(Pseudomonas aeruginosa), Alcaligenes faecalis, Achromobacter xylosoxidan, Bordetella bronchiseptica, Methylomonas sp., Neisseria meningitidis, Neisseria gonorrhea, Pseudomonas fluorescens, Pseudomonas chlororaphis, Xylella fastidiosaおよびVibrio parahaemolyticusからなる群から選択される生物体に由来する、請求項37に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 請求項37に記載の単離されたペプチドであって、前記キュプレドキシンがアズリンである単離されたペプチド。
- 請求項39に記載の単離されたペプチドであって、前記アズリンが緑膿菌に由来する単離されたペプチド。
- 配列番号 25を含む、請求項37に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 配列番号 25からなる、請求項37に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 前記キュプレドキシンの短縮型である、請求項37に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 前記ペプチドは約 10 残基以上で約 100 残基以下である、請求項37に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 緑膿菌のアズリン残基50〜77(配列番号2), 緑膿菌のアズリン残基50〜67(配列番号25), 緑膿菌のアズリン残基36〜88(配列番号26), および配列番号20〜24からなる群から選択される配列を含む、請求項37に記載の単離されたペプチド。
- 前記カーゴ化合物がDNAまたはRNAである、請求項37に記載の組成物。
- 前記カーゴ化合物がアンチセンス分子である、請求項46に記載の組成物。
- 前記カーゴ化合物が哺乳類の癌細胞を遅延させる又は殺傷する、請求項37に記載の組成物。
- 前記カーゴ化合物が細胞毒性薬である、請求項48に記載の組成物。
- 前記カーゴ化合物がタンパク質, リポタンパク質, ポリペプチド, ペプチド, ポリサッカライド, 核酸, 色素, 微小粒子, ナノ粒子, 毒素および薬物からなる群から選択される、請求項37に記載の組成物。
- 前記カーゴ化合物がタンパク質およびポリペプチドからなる群から選択され、前記ペプチドが前記カーゴ化合物に連結されて融合タンパク質を形成する、請求項37に記載の組成物。
- 前記カーゴ化合物が毒素である、請求項37に記載の組成物。
- 前記カーゴ化合物が検出可能な物質である、請求項37に記載の組成物。
- 請求項37に記載の組成物および薬学的に許容される担体を含んでいる薬学的組成物。
- 細胞(a cell)または複数細胞(cells)を請求項37に記載の組成物と接触させることを備える方法。
- 請求項55に記載の方法であって、前記細胞または複数細胞は癌に罹患している患者から由来し、さらに前記細胞または複数細胞を前記患者に再導入することを備える方法。
- 前記細胞が癌細胞である、請求項55に記載の方法。
- 請求項57に記載の方法であって、前記細胞が骨肉腫細胞, 肺の癌腫細胞, 結腸の癌腫細胞, リンパ腫細胞, 白血病細胞, 軟部組織の肉腫細胞, 乳房の癌腫細胞, 肝臓の癌腫細胞, 膀胱の癌腫細胞, メラノーマ細胞, 脳腫瘍細胞および前立腺の癌腫細胞からなる群から選択される癌細胞である方法。
- 癌を伴う患者を治療する方法であって、請求項37に記載の組成物が前記患者に治療上効果的な量で投与される方法。
- 請求項59に記載の方法であって、前記複合体が静脈内、局所、皮下、筋肉内、および腫瘍内からなる群から選択される経路で投与される方法。
- 請求項59に記載の方法であって、前記複合体は、別の癌治療と共に共投与される方法。
- 患者の癌を画像処理するための方法であって、請求項53に記載の組成物が前記患者に投与され、前記カーゴ化合物の位置が検出される方法。
- 請求項62に記載の方法であって、前記カーゴ化合物はX線造影剤であり、前記カーゴ化合物の位置がX線CTで検出される方法。
- 請求項62に記載の方法であって、前記カーゴ化合物は磁気共鳴映像法の造影剤であり、前記カーゴ化合物の位置がMRIで検出される方法。
- 請求項62に記載の方法であって、前記カーゴ化合物は超音波造影剤であり、前記カーゴ化合物の位置が超音波画像処理で検出される方法。
- 癌を診断するための方法であって、細胞を請求項53に記載の組成物と接触し、前記カーゴ分子の位置が検出される方法。
- 請求項37に記載の組成物を含んでいる試薬を具備するキット。
- 請求項67に記載のキットであって、薬学的に許容されるアジュバントまたは賦形剤を含んでいる試薬をさらに具備するキット。
- 請求項67に記載のキットであって、前記試薬を投与するためのビヒクルをさらに具備するキット。
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IL200251A0 (en) | 2010-04-29 |
EP2114429A2 (en) | 2009-11-11 |
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ZA200905508B (en) | 2010-07-28 |
CN101668536A (zh) | 2010-03-10 |
US20130084247A1 (en) | 2013-04-04 |
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