JP2004108341A - Throttle opening prediction method and ecu (electronic control unit) - Google Patents

Abstract

<P>PROBLEM TO BE SOLVED: To provide a throttle opening even if a TPS (Throttle Position Sensor) is not installed, and accurately correct values provided by the TPS. <P>SOLUTION: An intake pipe pressure in an intake pipe 101 is plotted on an ordinate and time (or engine stroke) is plotted on an abscissa. When an intake valve is closed, the amount of air leaking from a throttle valve 102 and invading into the intake valve is varied according to the opening of the throttle valve 102. Accordingly, the intake pipe pressure is measured at a point synchronized in the crank angle (crank frequency) of a crank or engine stroke, and based on the measured intake pipe pressure, the opening of the throttle valve 102 is estimated. <P>COPYRIGHT: (C)2004,JPO

Description

[0001]
TECHNICAL FIELD OF THE INVENTION
The present invention relates to a throttle opening estimating method and an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) for determining a fuel injection amount using the throttle opening method, and particularly to a measurement of a throttle opening and a TPS (Throttle Position Sensor) in a single cylinder FI system. The present invention relates to a throttle opening estimating method and an ECU for correcting (3).
[0002]
[Prior art]
2. Description of the Related Art Conventionally, in an FI system, a method of estimating an air amount for a motorcycle is performed by using both an air amount estimation based on a rotation speed and a throttle opening (αN method) and an air amount estimation based on an intake pipe pressure and a rotation speed (SD method). I was A method of eliminating the TPS for the purpose of reducing the cost of the FI system and estimating the air amount only by the rotation speed and the intake pipe pressure by the SD method is being studied.
[0003]
Prior art document information related to the invention of the application includes the following.
[0004]
[Patent Document 1]
JP-A-6-93923
[Problems to be solved by the invention]
However, in the above-mentioned prior art, there is a problem that it is difficult to control the throttle operation of the operator (rider or driver) because the movement of the throttle is not known because there is no TPS.
[0006]
Further, there is a problem that it is difficult to maintain the accuracy near the small opening where the accuracy of TPS is required even in the system using both SD / αN.
[0007]
SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION It is a first object of the present invention to provide a throttle opening estimating method and an ECU capable of obtaining a throttle opening even without a TPS, in order to solve the above-mentioned problems of the prior art.
[0008]
It is a second object of the present invention to provide a throttle opening estimation method and an ECU that can correct the value obtained by the TPS to a more accurate value.
[0009]
[Means for Solving the Problems]
In order to solve the above-described problems and achieve the object, a method of estimating a throttle opening according to the invention according to claim 1 is a method of estimating an intake pipe pressure at any one or a plurality of times when an intake valve is closed. Measuring the intake pipe pressure, measuring the intake pipe pressure based on the value of the intake pipe pressure measured in the intake pipe pressure measurement step, the throttle opening calculation step of calculating the opening of the throttle, characterized by comprising I do.
[0010]
According to a second aspect of the present invention, in the throttle opening estimating method according to the first aspect of the present invention, the throttle opening calculating step includes calculating a value of the intake pipe pressure measured in the intake pipe pressure measuring step. And calculating the throttle opening based on the engine speed.
[0011]
Further, the throttle opening estimating method according to the invention according to claim 3, wherein the intake pipe pressure measuring step of measuring the intake pipe pressure at a plurality of arbitrary time points when the intake valve is closed; A throttle opening calculation step of calculating a throttle opening based on a difference value of the intake pipe pressure at a plurality of times measured in the pressure measurement step.
[0012]
According to a fourth aspect of the present invention, in the throttle opening estimating method according to the third aspect of the present invention, the throttle opening calculating step includes calculating a difference value of the intake pipe pressure and an engine speed at a plurality of time points. The throttle opening is calculated on the basis of this.
[0013]
According to a fifth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle opening estimating method according to any one of the first to fourth aspects, further comprising calculating an engine load from a waveform indicating the value of the intake pipe pressure. The throttle opening calculating step restricts the calculation of the throttle opening based on the engine load and the engine speed calculated in the engine load calculating step.
[0014]
According to a sixth aspect of the present invention, there is provided the throttle opening estimating method according to any one of the first to fifth aspects, wherein the value of the throttle opening calculated in the throttle opening calculating step is calculated. And a TPS value correcting step of correcting a TPS value indicating the actual throttle opening based on the TPS value.
[0015]
According to a seventh aspect of the present invention, in the throttle opening estimating method according to the sixth aspect of the present invention, the TPS value correcting step includes the step of calculating the throttle opening or the TPS calculated by the throttle opening calculating step. The TPS value is corrected only when it is determined that the value is near idle.
[0016]
According to an eighth aspect of the present invention, in the throttle opening estimating method according to any one of the first to seventh aspects, the time point of the measurement in the intake pipe pressure measuring step is determined by a crank or engine stroke. The feature is to synchronize with.
[0017]
According to a ninth aspect of the present invention, there is provided a throttle opening estimating method according to the eighth aspect, wherein a time point of the measurement in the intake pipe pressure measuring step is made variable based on an engine speed. And
[0018]
The ECU according to the tenth aspect of the present invention is configured such that the throttle opening calculated based on the value of the intake pipe pressure measured at any one or a plurality of times when the intake valve is closed. And an deciding means for deciding the fuel injection amount based on the value of the throttle opening received by the input means.
[0019]
Further, the ECU according to the eleventh aspect of the present invention is configured such that the value of the throttle opening calculated based on the difference value of the intake pipe pressure measured at a plurality of arbitrary time points when the intake valve is closed. And an deciding means for deciding the fuel injection amount based on the value of the throttle opening received by the input means.
[0020]
The ECU according to the twelfth aspect of the present invention is configured such that the throttle opening calculated based on the value of the intake pipe pressure measured at one or more arbitrary times when the intake valve is closed. Input means for receiving an input of the amount of change in the throttle opening, and control means for controlling acceleration and deceleration of the fuel injection amount based on the amount of change in the opening degree of the throttle received by the input means. I do.
[0021]
BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION
Hereinafter, preferred embodiments of a throttle opening estimation method and an ECU according to the present invention will be described in detail with reference to the accompanying drawings.
[0022]
(Outline of Embodiment)
First, an outline of the present embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram (cross-sectional view) showing a configuration of a fuel injection mechanism including an ECU according to the embodiment of the present invention, and FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of the embodiment of the present invention. 7 is a graph showing a change in intake pipe pressure.
[0023]
In FIG. 1, 100 is an ECU, 101 is an intake pipe, 102 is a throttle valve, 103 is a cylinder (combustion chamber), 104 is an intake valve, and 105 controls opening and closing of the intake valve 104. Is an injector, and 107 is various sensors (including, for example, a TPS, an intake pipe pressure sensor, an engine load sensor, etc.).
[0024]
2, the vertical axis indicates the intake pipe pressure of the intake pipe 101, and the horizontal axis indicates time (or engine stroke). Here, when the intake valve 104 is closed (compression stroke, explosion stroke, exhaust stroke in the engine stroke), the intake pipe pressure increases with time. This is because when the intake valve 104 is open (intake stroke), air downstream from the throttle valve 102 is sucked into the cylinder 103 and the intake pipe pressure drops, whereas after the intake valve 104 closes ( This is because the pressure in the intake pipe 101 is increased by air leaking from the throttle valve 102 and entering therethrough after the compression stroke).
[0025]
Here, the amount of air leaking and entering from the throttle valve 102 changes depending on the opening degree of the throttle valve 102. Therefore, even if the intake pipe pressure is measured at a point synchronized with a crank angle (crank cycle) of a crank (not shown), the opening of the throttle valve 102 can be estimated.
[0026]
Further, in order to prevent the influence of the absolute pressure of the intake pipe 101, the opening degree of the throttle valve 102 is estimated by estimating the inclination of the intake pipe pressure, that is, the intake pipe pressure change Pd with respect to the sampling interval Ts. Can be more accurately estimated.
[0027]
As described above, a system having no TPS (for example, an SD system) utilizes the fact that two or more sampled intake pipe pressure changes Pd at predetermined time intervals Ts of the intake pipe pressure waveform change depending on the throttle opening. In this case, the throttle opening can be estimated, and even in a system having a TPS, a more accurate fuel injection amount at a predetermined position (opening) of the throttle valve can be determined.
[0028]
(Intake pipe pressure waveform by throttle opening)
3 to 5 are explanatory diagrams showing intake pipe pressure waveforms for each throttle opening. FIG. 3 shows the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure when the throttle opening is small. FIG. 4 shows the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure when the throttle opening is medium. FIG. 5 shows the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure when the throttle opening is large. If the throttle opening is small, the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure is small, and conversely, as the throttle opening is large, the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure is also large. Thus, the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure changes depending on the throttle opening.
[0029]
6 to 8 are explanatory diagrams showing intake pipe pressure waveforms at different rotation speeds. FIG. 6 shows the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure when the engine speed is low. FIG. 7 shows the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure when the engine speed is medium. FIG. 8 shows the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure when the engine speed is high. If the engine speed is low, the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure is large. Conversely, as the engine speed is high, the slope of the rise of the intake pipe pressure is small. Thus, when viewed in units of crank cycle, the rise of the intake pipe pressure changes depending on the number of revolutions. Therefore, correction based on the number of rotations is required.
[0030]
Next, a data flow in the throttle opening estimation method according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram showing a data flow in the throttle opening estimation method according to the embodiment of the present invention. In FIG. 9, data on the intake pipe pressure measured at a predetermined timing is extracted from the data on the intake pipe pressure (901) obtained by the measurement, and is set as a sampling value No1 (902). Similarly, data relating to the intake pipe pressure measured at a timing different from the predetermined timing is extracted and set as a sampling value No2 (903).
[0031]
The difference between the sampled value No1 (902) and the sampled value No2 (903) is calculated (904), and the calculation result is used as data (905) relating to the pressure difference. When there is one sampling value, the sampling value is used as it is instead of the data (905) relating to the pressure difference. Then, the data (905) relating to the pressure difference is corrected using the data 910 relating to the rotation speed to obtain correction data (906). Then, the data (906) relating to the corrected pressure difference is converted into data relating to the throttle opening to obtain throttle opening conversion data (907).
[0032]
Next, the engine load is estimated and calculated (911), and as a result, data (912) on the engine load is obtained. Then, a throttle opening conversion limit is set based on the engine load data 912 (908), and the throttle opening is determined from the throttle opening conversion data 907 based on the conversion limit (909).
[0033]
(Processing procedure of the throttle opening estimation method)
Next, a processing procedure of the throttle opening estimation method according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIG. 10 and FIG. 11 are explanatory diagrams (flowcharts) showing the processing procedure of the throttle opening estimation method according to the embodiment of the present invention. In the flowchart of FIG. 10, first, it is determined whether or not the intake valve 104 has been closed by the valve opening / closing control mechanism 105 (step S1001). The determination as to whether or not the intake valve 104 has been closed can be recognized from the control state of the valve opening / closing control mechanism 105.
[0034]
If the intake valve 104 has been closed (step S1001: Yes), it is determined whether a predetermined time has elapsed since the intake valve 104 was closed (step S1002). Here, if the predetermined time has elapsed and the elapsed time has elapsed (step S1002: Yes), the intake pipe pressure at that time is measured (step S1003). In addition, the engine load is calculated as needed (step S1004), and the engine speed is acquired (step S1005).
[0035]
Thereafter, the throttle opening is calculated based on the data obtained in steps S1003 to S1005 (step S1006). Then, the calculated value calculated in step S1006 is output as a throttle opening estimated value (step S1007), and a series of processing ends. This series of processing is repeatedly performed.
[0036]
In the flowchart of FIG. 11, first, it is determined whether or not the intake valve 104 has been closed by the valve opening / closing control mechanism 105 (step S1101). Then, when the intake valve 104 is closed (step S1101: Yes), it is determined whether a predetermined time has elapsed from the time when the intake valve 104 was closed (step S1102). Here, after the predetermined time has elapsed, if it has elapsed (step S1102: Yes), the intake pipe pressure at that time point (No1) is measured (step S1103).
[0037]
Thereafter, it is determined whether a predetermined time has elapsed from the time of No1 (step S1104). Here, if the predetermined time has elapsed and the time has elapsed (step S1104: Yes), the intake pipe pressure at that time (No. 2) is measured (step S1105). Then, the difference between the measurement values at each time point of No1 and No2 is calculated (step S1106). Subsequent steps S1107 to S1110 are the same as steps S1004 to S1007 shown in FIG. 10, and thus description thereof is omitted.
[0038]
In FIGS. 10 and 11, the time point of measurement of the intake pipe pressure is set to a predetermined time from the time point at which the intake valve 104 is closed. However, the present invention is not limited to this. That is, the measurement point of the intake pipe pressure may be any measurement point at the same point in the crank cycle in order to measure the pressure of the intake pipe when the intake valve 104 is closed.
[0039]
FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram (flowchart) showing another processing procedure of the throttle opening estimation method according to the embodiment of the present invention, showing a procedure for correcting the TPS value with the estimated throttle opening. It is. In the flowchart of FIG. 12, first, a throttle opening estimated value is input (step S1201), and a TPS value is input (step S1202).
[0040]
Next, it is determined whether the estimated throttle opening or the TPS value input in step S1201 is near idle (step S1203). Here, if neither the estimated throttle opening value nor the TPS value is near idle (step S1203: No), the input TPS value is output without doing anything (step S1204), and a series of processing is performed. To end.
[0041]
On the other hand, if it is determined in step S1203 that either the estimated throttle opening value or the TPS value is near idle (step S1203: YES), the TPS value is corrected by the estimated throttle opening value (step S1205), and the correction is performed. The value is output (step S1206). Then, a series of processing ends.
[0042]
(Processing procedure in ECU)
Next, a processing procedure in the ECU 100 according to the embodiment of the present invention will be described. FIGS. 13 and 14 are explanatory diagrams (flow charts) showing the processing procedure in the ECU 100 according to the embodiment of the present invention. In the flowchart of FIG. 13, first, it is determined whether or not the estimated throttle opening is input (step S1301). Here, when the estimated throttle opening is calculated in the ECU 100, it may be determined whether or not the estimated throttle opening is determined. Further, a TPS value or a TPS correction value may be used instead of the throttle opening estimated value.
[0043]
In step S1301, the input of the estimated throttle opening is awaited, and if there is an input (step S1301: Yes), the fuel injection amount injected by the injector 106 is determined based on the input estimated throttle opening. (Step S1302). Then, a control signal (injection signal) related to the determined fuel injection amount is output to injector 106 (step S1303), and a series of processing ends.
[0044]
In FIG. 14, first, it is determined whether or not the estimated throttle opening (change amount) has been input (step S1401). Then, after waiting for the input of the estimated throttle opening (change amount), if there is an input (step S1401: Yes), the injector 106 performs injection based on the input estimated throttle opening (change amount). The control amount for acceleration / deceleration of the fuel injection amount is determined (step S1402). Then, based on the determined control amount, the injector 106 outputs a control signal (injection signal) for controlling the fuel injection to the injector 106 (step S1403), and ends a series of processing.
[0045]
As described above, according to the present embodiment, when the intake valve 104 is closed, the intake pipe pressure at one or more arbitrary points is measured, and based on the measured value of the intake pipe pressure. In order to calculate the throttle opening, the throttle opening can be estimated from the sampling pressure value at one or more points where the pressure rises with respect to the crank angle in the intake pipe pressure waveform, and the fine throttle operation by the operator is detected. it can.
[0046]
Further, according to the present embodiment, the throttle opening may be calculated based on the measured intake pipe pressure value and the engine speed, whereby the calculated throttle opening (throttle opening degree) may be calculated. (Estimated value) can be corrected by the engine speed at that time. The intake pipe pressure waveform differs depending on the engine speed even at the same throttle opening. For this reason, the estimation accuracy can be improved by performing the correction based on the engine speed.
[0047]
Further, according to the present embodiment, when the intake valve 104 is closed, the intake pipe pressure at any of a plurality of time points is measured, and based on the difference value of the measured intake pipe pressures at the plurality of time points, The throttle opening can be calculated. That is, the inclination can be detected from the pressure difference between the two rising points of the intake pipe pressure waveform, and the estimation accuracy of the throttle opening can be improved. In particular, near the low opening, the change in the intake pipe pressure with respect to the change in the throttle opening is large, so that the throttle opening can be obtained more accurately than TPS. Further, the determined opening degree reflects the actual air amount, and is optimal as fuel calculation data.
[0048]
Further, according to the present embodiment, the throttle opening may be calculated based on the difference value of the intake pipe pressure and the engine speed at a plurality of time points. As a result, the estimation accuracy can be improved by performing the correction based on the engine speed.
[0049]
Further, according to the present embodiment, the engine load may be calculated from the waveform indicating the value of the intake pipe pressure, and the calculation of the throttle opening may be limited based on the calculated engine load and engine speed. Good.
[0050]
Further, according to the present embodiment, the TPS value indicating the actual throttle opening can be corrected based on the calculated throttle opening. If the actual TPS has an error due to a change over time, the accuracy of the value of the throttle opening can be improved by correcting the actual TPS opening with the TPS opening estimated from the intake pipe pressure waveform. it can. In particular, the estimation of the throttle opening based on the intake pipe pressure is highly accurate near the small opening, and a more accurate value can be obtained by correction.
[0051]
Therefore, the TPS value is corrected only when the calculated throttle opening or TPS value is determined to be near idle, that is, only when it is determined to be near idle based on the intake pipe pressure waveform. Can be. Until now, the TPS ID position correction had to be performed by judging that the throttle was hitting the idle stop screw in the idle state. Is also good.
[0052]
Further, according to the present embodiment, the point in time of measuring the intake pipe pressure may be synchronized with the crank or the engine stroke. That is, the measurement value can be sampled more accurately by synchronizing the pressure sampling timing with the crank or the engine stroke (for example, the explosion stroke with the intake valve closed).
[0053]
Further, according to the present embodiment, the time point of measurement of the intake pipe pressure may be made variable based on the engine speed. At the same throttle opening, the sampled intake pipe pressure changes. For this reason, by estimating the throttle opening by correcting the rotation speed, the estimation accuracy can be further improved.
[0054]
The method of estimating the throttle opening according to the present embodiment may be performed by the various sensors 107 shown in FIG. 1 and the estimation result may be transmitted to the ECU 100, or may be performed by the ECU 100 shown in FIG. You may do so. In this case, the ECU 100 receives the input of the estimated throttle opening degree calculated based on the value of the intake pipe pressure measured at any one or a plurality of times when the intake valve 104 is closed, by the various sensors 107. And the fuel injection amount may be determined based on the throttle opening estimated value whose input has been received.
[0055]
The estimated value of the throttle opening at that time may be a value calculated based on a difference value of the intake pipe pressure measured at arbitrary plural times. Further, the ECU 100 receives an input of a change amount of the throttle opening calculated based on the value of the intake pipe pressure measured at one or more arbitrary times when the intake valve 104 is closed, Acceleration / deceleration of the fuel injection amount may be controlled based on the change amount of the throttle opening degree whose input is accepted.
[0056]
Further, the throttle opening estimation method in the present embodiment may be a computer-readable program prepared in advance, and is realized by executing the program on a computer such as a microcomputer.
[0057]
【The invention's effect】
As described above, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a throttle opening estimation method and an ECU that can obtain a throttle opening without having a TPS.
[0058]
Further, according to the present invention, it is possible to obtain a throttle opening estimation method and an ECU that can correct the value obtained by the TPS to a more accurate value.
[Brief description of the drawings]
FIG. 1 is an explanatory diagram (cross-sectional view) showing a configuration of a fuel injection mechanism including an ECU (Electronic Control Unit) according to an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 2 is an explanatory diagram showing an outline of an embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 3 is an explanatory diagram (part 1) illustrating an intake pipe pressure waveform for each throttle opening.
FIG. 4 is an explanatory diagram (part 2) illustrating an intake pipe pressure waveform for each throttle opening.
FIG. 5 is an explanatory diagram (part 3) illustrating an intake pipe pressure waveform for each throttle opening.
FIG. 6 is an explanatory diagram (part 1) illustrating an intake pipe pressure waveform for each rotation speed.
FIG. 7 is an explanatory diagram (part 2) illustrating an intake pipe pressure waveform for each rotation speed.
FIG. 8 is an explanatory diagram (part 3) illustrating an intake pipe pressure waveform for each rotation speed.
FIG. 9 is an explanatory diagram showing a data flow in the throttle opening estimation method according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 10 is an explanatory diagram (flowchart) showing a processing procedure of a throttle opening estimation method according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is an explanatory diagram (flowchart) showing another processing procedure of the throttle opening estimation method according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 12 is an explanatory diagram (flowchart) showing another processing procedure of the throttle opening estimation method according to the embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 13 is an explanatory diagram (flowchart) showing a processing procedure in ECU 100 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
FIG. 14 is an explanatory diagram (flowchart) showing another processing procedure in ECU 100 according to the embodiment of the present invention.
[Explanation of symbols]
100 ECU (Electronic Control Unit)
101 intake pipe 102 throttle valve 103 cylinder 104 intake valve 105 valve opening / closing control mechanism 106 injector 107 various sensors

Claims (12)

When the intake valve is closed, an intake pipe pressure measurement step of measuring the intake pipe pressure at any one or more times,
A throttle opening calculating step of calculating a throttle opening based on a value of the intake pipe pressure measured in the intake pipe pressure measuring step;
A throttle opening estimating method characterized by including: 2. The throttle according to claim 1, wherein the throttle opening calculating step calculates a throttle opening based on a value of the intake pipe pressure measured in the intake pipe pressure measuring step and an engine speed. 3. Opening estimation method. When the intake valve is closed, an intake pipe pressure measurement step of measuring the intake pipe pressure at any of a plurality of time points,
A throttle opening calculating step of calculating a throttle opening based on a difference value of the intake pipe pressure at a plurality of times measured by the intake pipe pressure measuring step;
A throttle opening estimating method characterized by including: 4. The throttle opening estimation method according to claim 3, wherein in the throttle opening calculation step, the throttle opening is calculated based on a difference value of the intake pipe pressure at a plurality of times and an engine speed. Further, the method includes an engine load calculating step of calculating an engine load from a waveform indicating the value of the intake pipe pressure,
The throttle opening calculation step restricts calculation of a throttle opening based on an engine load and an engine speed calculated in the engine load calculation step. The throttle opening estimation method described in (1). 2. The method according to claim 1, further comprising: a TPS value correction step for correcting a TPS (Throttle Position Sensor) value indicating an actual throttle opening based on the throttle opening calculated in the throttle opening calculating step. 6. The method for estimating a throttle opening according to any one of claims 1 to 5. The TPS value correcting step corrects the TPS value only when it is determined that the throttle opening calculated in the throttle opening calculating step or the TPS value is near idle. 7. The throttle opening estimation method according to 6. The throttle opening estimation method according to any one of claims 1 to 7, wherein a time point of the measurement in the intake pipe pressure measuring step is synchronized with a crank or an engine stroke. 9. The throttle opening estimation method according to claim 8, wherein a time point of the measurement in the intake pipe pressure measuring step is made variable based on an engine speed. When the intake valve is closed, input means for receiving an input of the value of the throttle opening calculated based on the value of the intake pipe pressure measured at any one or more times,
Determining means for determining a fuel injection amount based on a value of a throttle opening degree input received by the input means;
An ECU (Electronic Control Unit) comprising: When the intake valve is closed, input means for receiving an input of the value of the throttle opening calculated based on the difference value of the intake pipe pressure measured at any of a plurality of time points,
Determining means for determining a fuel injection amount based on a value of a throttle opening degree input received by the input means;
An ECU (Electronic Control Unit) comprising: When the intake valve is closed, input means for receiving an input of the amount of change in the opening degree of the throttle calculated based on the value of the intake pipe pressure measured at any one or more times,
Control means for controlling the acceleration and deceleration of the fuel injection amount based on the amount of change in the degree of opening of the throttle received by the input means;
An ECU (Electronic Control Unit) comprising:

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