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EP1998032A2 - Method for evaluating the status of an air/fuel mixture - Google Patents

Method for evaluating the status of an air/fuel mixture Download PDF

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Publication number
EP1998032A2
EP1998032A2 EP08103645A EP08103645A EP1998032A2 EP 1998032 A2 EP1998032 A2 EP 1998032A2 EP 08103645 A EP08103645 A EP 08103645A EP 08103645 A EP08103645 A EP 08103645A EP 1998032 A2 EP1998032 A2 EP 1998032A2
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
combustion
flame
signals
mixture
signal
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Granted
Application number
EP08103645A
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German (de)
French (fr)
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EP1998032A3 (en
EP1998032B1 (en
Inventor
Ernst Winklhofer
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AVL List GmbH
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AVL List GmbH
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Publication of EP1998032A3 publication Critical patent/EP1998032A3/en
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    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N5/00—Systems for controlling combustion
    • F23N5/02—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium
    • F23N5/08—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using light-sensitive elements
    • F23N5/082—Systems for controlling combustion using devices responsive to thermal changes or to thermal expansion of a medium using light-sensitive elements using electronic means
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D35/00—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for
    • F02D35/02—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions
    • F02D35/022—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions using an optical sensor, e.g. in-cylinder light probe
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D35/00—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for
    • F02D35/02—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions
    • F02D35/023—Controlling engines, dependent on conditions exterior or interior to engines, not otherwise provided for on interior conditions by determining the cylinder pressure
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F02—COMBUSTION ENGINES; HOT-GAS OR COMBUSTION-PRODUCT ENGINE PLANTS
    • F02D—CONTROLLING COMBUSTION ENGINES
    • F02D41/00—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents
    • F02D41/24—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means
    • F02D41/2406—Electrical control of supply of combustible mixture or its constituents characterised by the use of digital means using essentially read only memories
    • F—MECHANICAL ENGINEERING; LIGHTING; HEATING; WEAPONS; BLASTING
    • F23—COMBUSTION APPARATUS; COMBUSTION PROCESSES
    • F23N—REGULATING OR CONTROLLING COMBUSTION
    • F23N2225/00—Measuring
    • F23N2225/04—Measuring pressure

Definitions

  • the invention relates to methods for evaluating the state of a fuel / air mixture and / or combustion in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, wherein pattern signals of flame light signals, preferably the flame intensity, are stored in a database with assigned mixture states, wherein flame light signals, preferably the flame intensity, the combustion in the combustion chamber are detected and thus compared with the stored pattern signals, and wherein in agreement between measured and stored signal patterns on the state of the mixture in the combustion chamber is closed.
  • a combustion detector for internal combustion engines wherein within a cylinder, the flame radiation in the visible and / or infrared range by means of a quartz window in the cylinder wall or in the cylinder head is measured. The detection of the radiation is used to control the ignition timing or to detect the speed or misfires.
  • the WO 97/31251 discloses a fiber optic pressure sensor for detecting knocking and misfiring in an internal combustion engine.
  • optical pressure sensors are integrated in a spark plug.
  • the US 5,659,133 A describes a high-temperature optical sensor for the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, with which variables for a control of the combustion system can be provided.
  • the optical signals are processed in a transducer to detect in real time events such as spark, start of combustion and end of combustion, misfires and knocking phenomena.
  • the information obtained is used to control the roughness of the motor and the cycle stability.
  • specific flame colors can be used to make statements about the combustion temperature and the emissions produced.
  • the EP 0 412 578 A2 discloses a method for knock detection in an internal combustion engine by means of the combustion chamber associated optical combustion sensors.
  • the combustion sensors measure the flame intensity of the combustion or the combustion temperature within the cylinder.
  • the signals are compared with a defined threshold. A knocking phenomenon is recognized as such when the signal level provided by the optical sensor is below the threshold value.
  • JP 63-105262 A a method for controlling the air / fuel ratio in an internal combustion engine, wherein the flame light is detected in a combustion chamber by an optical sensor and the amount of fuel supplied to a carburetor in response to the detected value of the optical sensor corresponding to the air / fuel ratio is controlled.
  • the object of the invention is to allow in an internal combustion engine accurate monitoring of the mixture state and combustion in a simple manner.
  • this is achieved by carrying out a pressure measurement in the cylinder simultaneously with the detection of the flame-light signals
  • the pattern signals may be recorded from measurements under known operating and emission conditions, or derived from theoretical considerations of mixture formation and combustion. However, it is also possible for pattern signals to be generated from a mathematical combination of flame-light signals and cylinder-pressure signals or signals derived therefrom, such as, for example, the course of heat release.
  • a time signal preferably a crank angle signal
  • the flame light signals are assigned to the time signal. This makes it possible that from the position and the course of the flame signal on the mixture state, ignition, combustion start and end, misfires and knocking phenomena, as well as the type of combustion is concluded.
  • the cylinder pressure peaks are compared with the flame light signal peaks within at least one cycle, whereby a deviation between the cylinder pressure peaks and the light signal peaks on an irregular combustion, especially in transient engine operation, is closed.
  • a significant advantage of the method according to the invention is that the information is present in a cycle-specific manner for each cylinder. This allows a special Accurate control of combustion in real time, which can significantly improve exhaust emissions.
  • dimensionless characteristic values are formed on the basis of the flame-light signals and / or the pressure-measuring signals and the characteristic values of the assessment of the mixture state and / or the combustion are used as a basis.
  • the flame intensity is measured via an optical sensor and at the same time a signal, for example a crank angle signal for a time assignment, is detected.
  • a signal for example a crank angle signal for a time assignment.
  • the flame intensity curve F I associated with a time signal gives information about the phase position and about the presence of irregular or regular combustion.
  • the cylinder pressure p is measured in addition to the flame intensity F I.
  • Fig. 1 shows the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p, plotted against the crank angle KW.
  • the flame intensity F I runs synchronously with the cylinder pressure p or with the heating process.
  • the maximum values F Im ,, p m of the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p lie at the same crank angle KW.
  • Flame intensity F I- cylinder pressure p diagram runs the curve 1 with no, or only low hysteresis, wherein the curve 1 has a single pronounced maximum value 2 for the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p.
  • the cylinder pressure p increases during the compression phase, after ignition, the flame intensity F I increases .
  • Both signals reach a maximum at the same time as combustion of premixed charge and return at the same time with low hysteresis.
  • the arrows indicate the direction of passage of the signal loop.
  • Fig. 3 shows a measurement example for heterogeneous combustion. It can clearly be seen that the measurement curves for the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p are phase-shifted and the maximum values for the flame intensity F Im and the cylinder pressure p m are significantly different in time. From the flame intensity curve F I clearly shows the ignition time 3, a partially homogeneous combustion 4 and a late diffusion combustion 5 forth. Placed in one Fig. 4 apparent flame intensity F I- cylinder pressure p-diagram can be seen that the maximum values for the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p on the curve 6 do not coincide and that a significant hysteresis is formed. The cylinder pressure p increases during compression.
  • the flame kernel formation takes place at decreasing cylinder pressure p, only by combustion does the cylinder pressure p rise again.
  • the flame intensity F I reaches a first maximum M1.
  • a second maximum M2 is achieved at the end of the expansion by the combustion of rich mixture zones.
  • the arrows indicate the direction of passage of the signal loop.
  • Fig. 5 shows a measurement example for combustion in uncontrolled pre-ignition.
  • the ignition takes place by annealing operations not described in more detail here already during the early compression phase at low cylinder pressure p. From the course of the flame intensity signal it can be seen that the combustion takes place for the most part already before the top dead center of the compression. Pressure development beyond the extent of compression is not apparent.
  • Flame intensity F I -cylinder pressure p diagram shown increases the flame intensity F I well earlier than the pressure increase.
  • the signal loop is traversed over regular combustion in reverse order.
  • the burning begins by an uncontrolled (irregular) pre-ignition at low pressure. Initially, the flame intensity F I increases , only then does the pressure increase.
  • the signal loop 7 is traversed in reverse order compared to regular ignition. This is underlined by the arrow directions. Again, the maxima of the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure do not coincide.
  • a particularly high accuracy can be achieved if cylinder pressure p and flame intensity F I in the combustion chamber are measured at the same location, preferably by the same component. This measuring location should be as close as possible to the ignition location.
  • a sensor spark plug in which both an optical sensor, and a pressure sensor is integrated, a particularly high accuracy can be achieved with the described method.

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  • Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Combustion & Propulsion (AREA)
  • Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
  • General Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
  • Combined Controls Of Internal Combustion Engines (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Air Or Fuel Supplied To Internal-Combustion Engine (AREA)
  • Testing Of Engines (AREA)
  • Fuel-Injection Apparatus (AREA)
  • Investigating, Analyzing Materials By Fluorescence Or Luminescence (AREA)
  • Control Of Combustion (AREA)
  • Electrical Control Of Ignition Timing (AREA)

Abstract

The method involves detecting flame light signal of combustion in a combustion chamber. The detected flame light signal is compared with sample signal which is stored in database and the gaseous mixture state in combustion chamber is estimated. The internal pressure of cylinder is measured simultaneously with the detection of flame light signal while estimating the gaseous mixer state of combustion chamber.

Description

Die Erfindung betrifft Verfahren zur Bewertung des Zustandes eines Kraftstoff/Luft-Gemisches und/oder der Verbrennung in einem Brennraum einer Brennkraftmaschine, wobei in einer Datenbank Mustersignale von Flammlichtsignalen, vorzugsweise die Flammenintensität, mit zugeordneten Gemischzuständen abgelegt werden, wobei Flammlichtsignale, vorzugsweise die Flammenintensität, der Verbrennung im Brennraum erfasst und so mit den abgelegten Mustersignalen verglichen werden, und wobei bei Übereinstimmung zwischen gemessenen und abgelegten Signalmustern auf den Zustand des Gemisches im Brennraum geschlossen wird.The invention relates to methods for evaluating the state of a fuel / air mixture and / or combustion in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, wherein pattern signals of flame light signals, preferably the flame intensity, are stored in a database with assigned mixture states, wherein flame light signals, preferably the flame intensity, the combustion in the combustion chamber are detected and thus compared with the stored pattern signals, and wherein in agreement between measured and stored signal patterns on the state of the mixture in the combustion chamber is closed.

Der Entwicklung von ottomotorischen Brennkraftmaschinen und der Kalibrierung von Motor-Aktuatoren kommt die genaue Kenntnis von zylinder- und zyklusspezifischen Emissionen und Abgastemperaturen zu Gute. Im Fahrbetrieb können abwechselnde Hochlast- und Teillastsequenzen bewirken, dass reaktives Gas in den Katalysator strömt, was zu einer Überhitzung und schließlich zu einer Beschädigung des Katalysators führen kann.The development of Otto-cycle internal combustion engines and the calibration of engine actuators benefits from precise knowledge of cylinder and cycle-specific emissions and exhaust gas temperatures. During driving, alternating high load and partial load sequences can cause reactive gas to flow into the catalyst, which can lead to overheating and eventually damage to the catalyst.

Beim Motorstart und bei stationärem, insbesondere aber auch bei transientem Fahrbetrieb kann es infolge von verzögerten Verdampfungsvorgängen und Speichereffekten dazu kommen, dass das Kraftstoff-Luftgemisch nicht ausreichend aufbereitet ist und dadurch erhöhte Emissionen, irreguläre Verbrennungsvorgänge oder Zündaussetzer auftreten. Das Erkennen und Korrigieren derartiger Betriebszustände ist Voraussetzung für einen emissionsarmen und sicheren Motorbetrieb.When starting the engine and in stationary, but especially in transient driving operation may occur due to delayed evaporation processes and memory effects that the fuel-air mixture is not sufficiently processed and thereby increased emissions, irregular combustion processes or misfires occur. The recognition and correction of such operating conditions is a prerequisite for low-emission and safe engine operation.

Es ist daher von Bedeutung, den Gemischzustand innerhalb des Brennraumes frühzeitig festzustellen und die Ursache von erhöhten Anteilen von reaktiven Gaskomponenten zu diagnostizieren.It is therefore important to detect the mixture condition within the combustion chamber early and to diagnose the cause of increased levels of reactive gas components.

Aus der US 3,978,720 A ist ein Verbrennungsdetektor für Brennkraftmaschinen bekannt, wobei innerhalb eines Zylinders die Flammstrahlung im sichtbaren und/ oder infraroten Bereich mittels eines Quarzfensters in der Zylinderwand oder im Zylinderkopf gemessen wird. Die Erfassung der Strahlung wird zur Steuerung des Zündzeitpunktes oder zur Erfassung der Drehzahl oder von Zündaussetzern verwendet.From the US 3,978,720 A a combustion detector for internal combustion engines is known, wherein within a cylinder, the flame radiation in the visible and / or infrared range by means of a quartz window in the cylinder wall or in the cylinder head is measured. The detection of the radiation is used to control the ignition timing or to detect the speed or misfires.

Die WO 97/31251 offenbart einen faseroptischen Drucksensor zur Erfassung des Klopfens und von Zündaussetzern bei einer Brennkraftmaschine. Dabei sind optische Drucksensoren in eine Zündkerze integriert.The WO 97/31251 discloses a fiber optic pressure sensor for detecting knocking and misfiring in an internal combustion engine. In this case, optical pressure sensors are integrated in a spark plug.

Die US 5,659,133 A beschreibt einen optischen Hochtemperatursensor für den Brennraum einer Brennkraftmaschine, mit welchem Variable für eine Regelung des Verbrennungssystems bereitgestellt werden können. Die optischen Signale werden in einem Transducer verarbeitet, um in Echtzeit Ereignisse wie Zündfunken, Verbrennungsbeginn und Verbrennungsende, Fehlzündungen und Klopferscheinungen zu erfassen. Die erhaltenen Informationen werden zur Regelung der Rauhigkeit des Motors und der Zyklusstabilität verwendet. Weiters können über spezifische Flammenfarben Aussagen über die Verbrennungstemperatur und die erzeugten Emissionen gemacht werden.The US 5,659,133 A describes a high-temperature optical sensor for the combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, with which variables for a control of the combustion system can be provided. The optical signals are processed in a transducer to detect in real time events such as spark, start of combustion and end of combustion, misfires and knocking phenomena. The information obtained is used to control the roughness of the motor and the cycle stability. Furthermore, specific flame colors can be used to make statements about the combustion temperature and the emissions produced.

Die EP 0 412 578 A2 offenbart ein Verfahren zur Klopferkennung bei einer Brennkraftmaschine mittels dem Brennraum zugeordneten optischen Verbrennungssensoren. Mit den Verbrennungssensoren wird die Flammintensität der Verbrennung oder die Verbrennungstemperatur innerhalb des Zylinders gemessen. Beim Verfahren zur Klopferkennung wird dabei das Verbrennungslicht in den entsprechenden Brennräumen erfasst, wobei die Signale mit einem definierten Schwellwert verglichen werden. Eine Klopferscheinung wird als solche erkannt, wenn das durch den optischen Sensor bereitgestellte Signalniveau unterhalb des Schwellwertes liegt.The EP 0 412 578 A2 discloses a method for knock detection in an internal combustion engine by means of the combustion chamber associated optical combustion sensors. The combustion sensors measure the flame intensity of the combustion or the combustion temperature within the cylinder. In the method for knock detection while the combustion light is detected in the corresponding combustion chambers, the signals are compared with a defined threshold. A knocking phenomenon is recognized as such when the signal level provided by the optical sensor is below the threshold value.

Weiters offenbart die JP 63-105262 A ein Verfahren zur Steuerung des Luft/ Kraftstoff-Verhältnisses in einer Brennkraftmaschine, wobei das Flammlicht in einer Brennkammer durch einen optischen Sensor erfasst und die einem Vergaser zugeführte Kraftstoffmenge in Abhängigkeit des mit dem Luft/Kraftstoff-Verhältnis korrespondierenden erfassten Messwert des optischen Sensors geregelt wird.Furthermore, the reveals JP 63-105262 A a method for controlling the air / fuel ratio in an internal combustion engine, wherein the flame light is detected in a combustion chamber by an optical sensor and the amount of fuel supplied to a carburetor in response to the detected value of the optical sensor corresponding to the air / fuel ratio is controlled.

Aus den Druckschriften FR 2 816 056 A1 und JP 2005-226893 A ist jeweils ein Verfahren zur Bewertung des Zustandes eines verbrennbaren Gemisches bekannt, wobei während der Verbrennung gemessene Flammlichtsignale mit in einer Datenbank abgelegten Mustersignalen verglichen werden und bei Übereinstimmung zwischen gemessenen und abgelegten Signalmusterns auf den Zustand des Gemisches im Brennraum geschlossen wird. In bestimmten Fällen kann allerdings der Zustand des brennbaren Gemisches nicht genau genug bewertet werden.From the pamphlets FR 2 816 056 A1 and JP 2005-226893 A For example, a method for evaluating the state of a combustible mixture is known, wherein flame signals measured during combustion are compared with pattern signals stored in a database, and the state of the mixture in the combustion chamber is closed in the case of a match between measured and stored signal patterns. In certain cases, however, the condition of the combustible mixture can not be assessed accurately enough.

Aufgabe der Erfindung ist es, bei einer Brennkraftmaschine eine genaue Überwachung des Gemischzustandes und der Verbrennung auf einfache Weise zu ermöglichen.The object of the invention is to allow in an internal combustion engine accurate monitoring of the mixture state and combustion in a simple manner.

Erfindungsgemäß wird dies dadurch erreicht, dass gleichzeitig mit der Erfassung der Flammlichtsignale auch eine Druckmessung im Zylinder durchgeführt wirdAccording to the invention, this is achieved by carrying out a pressure measurement in the cylinder simultaneously with the detection of the flame-light signals

Die Mustersignale können aus Messungen unter bekannten Betriebs- und Emissionsbedingungen aufgezeichnet oder aus theoretischen Überlegungen zu Gemischbildung und Verbrennung hergeleitet werden. Es ist aber auch möglich, dass Mustersignale aus einer rechnerischen Verknüpfung von Flammlichtsignalen und Zylinderdrucksignalen oder daraus abgeleiteten Signalen, wie zum Beispiel dem Verlauf der Wärmefreisetzung, erzeugt werden.The pattern signals may be recorded from measurements under known operating and emission conditions, or derived from theoretical considerations of mixture formation and combustion. However, it is also possible for pattern signals to be generated from a mathematical combination of flame-light signals and cylinder-pressure signals or signals derived therefrom, such as, for example, the course of heat release.

Weiters ist es vorteilhaft, wenn ein Zeitsignal, vorzugsweise ein Kurbelwinkelsignal, erfasst wird und die Flammlichtsignale dem Zeitsignal zugeordnet werden. Dadurch ist es möglich, dass aus der Lage und dem Verlauf des Flammlichtsignals auf Gemischzustand, Zündzeitpunkt, Verbrennungsbeginn und -ende, Fehlzündungen und Klopferscheinungen, sowie die Art der Verbrennung geschlossen wird.Furthermore, it is advantageous if a time signal, preferably a crank angle signal, is detected and the flame light signals are assigned to the time signal. This makes it possible that from the position and the course of the flame signal on the mixture state, ignition, combustion start and end, misfires and knocking phenomena, as well as the type of combustion is concluded.

Durch Vergleichen der erfassten Flammlichtsignale mit den in einer Datenbank abgespeicherten Mustersignalen kann unmittelbar eine Aussage über den Gemischzustand getroffen werden. Die gleichzeitige und zyklustreuer Druckmessung erhöht die Genauigkeit und Zuverlässigkeit der Aussagequalität und bewirkt somit eine Verfeinerung des Messverfahrens. Durch die kombinierte Auswertung des Zylinderdruckes und des Flammlichtes ist eine höhere Genauigkeit und Treffsicherheit bei Aussagen über den Gemischzustand des Luft/Kraftstoff-Gemisches möglich.By comparing the detected flame light signals with the pattern signals stored in a database, a statement about the mixture state can be made directly. The simultaneous and cycle-faithful pressure measurement increases the accuracy and reliability of the statement quality and thus causes a refinement of the measurement process. By the combined evaluation of the cylinder pressure and the flame light a higher accuracy and accuracy in statements about the mixture state of the air / fuel mixture is possible.

Insbesondere ist es dabei vorteilhaft, wenn die Zylinderdruckspitzen mit den Flammlichtsignalspitzen innerhalb zumindest eines Zyklus verglichen werden, wodurch aus einer Abweichung zwischen den Zylinderdruckspitzen und den Lichtsignalspitzen auf eine irreguläre Verbrennung, insbesondere bei transientem Motorbetrieb, geschlossen wird.In particular, it is advantageous if the cylinder pressure peaks are compared with the flame light signal peaks within at least one cycle, whereby a deviation between the cylinder pressure peaks and the light signal peaks on an irregular combustion, especially in transient engine operation, is closed.

Aufgrund der Messergebnisse kann in weiterer Folge eine Optimierungsprozedur für die Parametrierung der Einspritzung und/oder der Luftdrosselung gestartet werden.On the basis of the measurement results, an optimization procedure for the parameterization of the injection and / or the air throttling can subsequently be started.

Ein wesentlicher Vorteil des erfindungsgemäßen Verfahrens ist, dass die Informationen zyklusgetreu für jeden Zylinder vorliegen. Dies gestattet eine besonders genaue Regelung der Verbrennung in Echtzeit, wodurch die Abgasemissionen wesentlich verbessert werden können.A significant advantage of the method according to the invention is that the information is present in a cycle-specific manner for each cylinder. This allows a special Accurate control of combustion in real time, which can significantly improve exhaust emissions.

Um motorenübergreifende Aussagen treffen zu können, ist es vorteilhaft, wenn auf Basis der Flammlichtsignale und/oder der Druckmesssignale dimensionslose Kennwerte gebildet werden und die Kennwerte der Bewertung des Gemischzustandes und/oder der Verbrennung zu Grunde gelegt werden.In order to be able to make inter-engineered statements, it is advantageous if dimensionless characteristic values are formed on the basis of the flame-light signals and / or the pressure-measuring signals and the characteristic values of the assessment of the mixture state and / or the combustion are used as a basis.

Die Erfindung wird im Folgenden anhand der Figuren näher erläutert. Es zeigen:

Fig. 1
ein Diagramm für Zylinderdruck und Flammenintensität über dem Kurbelwinkel für die Verbrennung homogen vorgemischter Ladung (Vormischverbrennung);
Fig. 2
ein Flammenintensität/Druck-Diagramm für Vormischverbrennung;
Fig. 3
ein Diagramm für Zylinderdruck und Flammenintensität über dem Kurbelwinkel für die Verbrennung heterogener Ladung (heterogene Verbrennung);
Fig. 4
ein Flammenintensität/Zylinderdruck-Diagramm für heterogene Verbrennung;
Fig. 5
ein Diagramm für Zylinderdruck und Flammenintensität über dem Kurbelwinkel für die Verbrennung nach einer unkontrollierten Frühzündung (Verbrennung nach irregulärer Zündung); und
Fig. 6
ein Flammenintensität/Zylinderdruck-Diagramm für Verbrennung nach irregulärer Zündung.
The invention will be explained in more detail below with reference to FIGS. Show it:
Fig. 1
a graph of cylinder pressure and flame intensity versus crank angle for homogeneously premixed charge combustion (premix combustion);
Fig. 2
a flame intensity / pressure diagram for premix combustion;
Fig. 3
a graph of cylinder pressure and flame intensity versus crank angle for heterogeneous charge combustion (heterogeneous combustion);
Fig. 4
a flame intensity / cylinder pressure diagram for heterogeneous combustion;
Fig. 5
a graph of cylinder pressure and flame intensity versus crank angle for combustion after an uncontrolled pre-ignition (burn after irregular ignition); and
Fig. 6
a flame intensity / cylinder pressure diagram for combustion after irregular ignition.

In zumindest einem Brennraum einer ottomotorischen Brennkraftmaschine wird über einen optischen Sensor die Flammenintensität gemessen und gleichzeitig ein Signal, beispielsweise ein Kurbelwinkelsignal für eine zeitliche Zuordnung erfasst. Aus der Lage und dem Verlauf Flammenintensitätskurve FI können bereits grobe Aussagen darüber gemacht werden, ob eine homogene oder heterogene Verbrennung vorliegt. Weiters gibt die einem Zeitsignal zugeordnete Flammenintensitätskurve FI Informationen über die Phasenlage und über das Vorliegen von irregulärer oder regulärer Verbrennung. Für eine grobe Kalibrierung der Kraftstoffeinspritzung, der Luftdrosselung oder der Zündung liefern diese Informationen bereits wertvolle Richtlinien, die Aussagekraft und Präzision wird aber durch gleichzeitige Messung des Zylinderdrucksignals noch wesentlich gesteigert. Um insbesondere eine detailliertere und exaktere Auswertung zu ermöglichen, wird zusätzlich zur Flammenintensität FI auch der Zylinderdruck p gemessen. Durch Gegenüberstellen der Flammenintensität FI und des Zylinderdruckes p, aufgetragen über dem Kurbelwinkel KW, lässt sich eine Verfeinerung des Messverfahrens erreichen.In at least one combustion chamber of an Otto engine, the flame intensity is measured via an optical sensor and at the same time a signal, for example a crank angle signal for a time assignment, is detected. From the position and the course flame intensity curve F I can already be made rough statements about whether a homogeneous or heterogeneous combustion is present. Furthermore, the flame intensity curve F I associated with a time signal gives information about the phase position and about the presence of irregular or regular combustion. For a rough calibration of the fuel injection, the air throttling or the ignition, this information already provides valuable guidelines, the meaningfulness and precision, however, is significantly increased by simultaneous measurement of the cylinder pressure signal. In order in particular to enable a more detailed and exact evaluation, the cylinder pressure p is measured in addition to the flame intensity F I. By contrasting the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p, plotted against the crank angle KW, a refinement of the measurement method can be achieved.

Fig. 1 zeigt dazu die Flammenintensität FI und den Zylinderdruck p, aufgetragen über dem Kurbelwinkel KW. Bei homogener Verbrennung verläuft die Flammenintensität FI synchron zum Zylinderdruck p, bzw. zum Heizverlauf. Die Maximalwerte FIm,, pm der Flammenintensität FI und des Zylinderdruckes p liegen dabei bei gleichem Kurbelwinkel KW. In dem in Fig. 2 dargestellten Flammenintensität FI-Zylinderdruck p- Diagramm verläuft die Kurve 1 mit keiner, bzw. nur geringer Hysterese, wobei die Kurve 1 einen einzigen ausgeprägten Maximalwert 2 für die Flammenintensität FI und den Zylinderdruck p aufweist. Der Zylinderdruck p steigt während der Kompressionsphase an, nach der Zündung steigt auch die Flammenintensität FI an. Beide Signale erreichen bei Verbrennung vorgemischter Ladung gleichzeitig ein Maximum und gehen gleichzeitig mit geringer Hysterese wieder zurück. Die Pfeile zeigen die Durchlaufrichtung der Signalschleife an. Fig. 1 shows the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p, plotted against the crank angle KW. In the case of homogeneous combustion, the flame intensity F I runs synchronously with the cylinder pressure p or with the heating process. The maximum values F Im ,, p m of the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p lie at the same crank angle KW. In the in Fig. 2 Flame intensity F I- cylinder pressure p diagram runs the curve 1 with no, or only low hysteresis, wherein the curve 1 has a single pronounced maximum value 2 for the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p. The cylinder pressure p increases during the compression phase, after ignition, the flame intensity F I increases . Both signals reach a maximum at the same time as combustion of premixed charge and return at the same time with low hysteresis. The arrows indicate the direction of passage of the signal loop.

Fig. 3 zeigt ein Messbeispiel für heterogene Verbrennung. Deutlich ist ersichtlich, dass die Messkurven für die Flammenintensität FI und den Zylinderdruck p phasenverschoben sind und die Maximalwerte für die Flammenintensität FIm und den Zylinderdruck pm zeitlich deutlich unterschiedlich sind. Aus der Flammenintensitätskurve FI geht deutlich der Zündzeitpunkt 3, eine teil-homogene Verbrennung 4 und eine späte Diffusionsverbrennung 5 hervor. Aufgetragen in einem aus Fig. 4 ersichtlichen Flammenintensitäts FI-Zylinderdruck p-Diagramm ist ersichtlich, dass die Maximalwerte für die Flammenintensität FI und den Zylinderdruck p auf der Kurve 6 nicht zusammenfallen und dass eine deutliche Hysterese ausgebildet ist. Der Zylinderdruck p steigt bei der Kompression an. Die Flammenkernbildung erfolgt bei absinkendem Zylinderdruck p, erst durch die Verbrennung steigt der Zylinderdruck p wieder an. Dabei erreicht die Flammenintensität FI ein erstes Maximum M1. Ein zweites Maximum M2 wird am Ende der Expansion durch die Verbrennung von fetten Gemischzonen erzielt. Die Pfeile zeigen die Durchlaufrichtung der Signalschleife an. Fig. 3 shows a measurement example for heterogeneous combustion. It can clearly be seen that the measurement curves for the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p are phase-shifted and the maximum values for the flame intensity F Im and the cylinder pressure p m are significantly different in time. From the flame intensity curve F I clearly shows the ignition time 3, a partially homogeneous combustion 4 and a late diffusion combustion 5 forth. Placed in one Fig. 4 apparent flame intensity F I- cylinder pressure p-diagram can be seen that the maximum values for the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p on the curve 6 do not coincide and that a significant hysteresis is formed. The cylinder pressure p increases during compression. The flame kernel formation takes place at decreasing cylinder pressure p, only by combustion does the cylinder pressure p rise again. The flame intensity F I reaches a first maximum M1. A second maximum M2 is achieved at the end of the expansion by the combustion of rich mixture zones. The arrows indicate the direction of passage of the signal loop.

Fig. 5 zeigt ein Messbeispiel für eine Verbrennung bei unkontrollierter Frühzündung. Die Zündung erfolgt durch hier nicht näher beschriebene Glühvorgänge bereits während der frühen Kompressionsphase bei geringem Zylinderdruck p. Aus dem Verlauf des Flammenintensitätssignals ist ersichtlich, dass die Verbrennung zu einem überwiegenden Teil bereits vor dem oberen Totpunkt der Kompression erfolgt. Eine Druckentwicklung über das Ausmaß der Kompression hinaus ist nicht erkennbar. In dem in Fig. 6 dargestellten Flammenintensität FI-Zylinderdruck p-Diagramm erfolgt der Anstieg der Flammenintensität FI deutlich früher als der Druckanstieg. Die Signalschleife wird gegenüber regulärer Verbrennung in umgekehrter Abfolge durchlaufen. Die Verbrennung beginnt durch eine unkontrollierte (irreguläre) Frühzündung bei geringem Druck. Dabei steigt zunächst die Flammenintensität FI an, erst danach erfolgt die Drucksteigerung. Die Signalschleife 7 wird im Vergleich zu regulärer Zündung in umgekehrter Abfolge durchlaufen. Dies ist durch die Pfeilrichtungen unterstrichen. Auch hier fallen die Maxima der Flammenintensität FI und des Zylinderdruckes nicht zusammen. Fig. 5 shows a measurement example for combustion in uncontrolled pre-ignition. The ignition takes place by annealing operations not described in more detail here already during the early compression phase at low cylinder pressure p. From the course of the flame intensity signal it can be seen that the combustion takes place for the most part already before the top dead center of the compression. Pressure development beyond the extent of compression is not apparent. In the in Fig. 6 Flame intensity F I -cylinder pressure p diagram shown increases the flame intensity F I well earlier than the pressure increase. The signal loop is traversed over regular combustion in reverse order. The burning begins by an uncontrolled (irregular) pre-ignition at low pressure. Initially, the flame intensity F I increases , only then does the pressure increase. The signal loop 7 is traversed in reverse order compared to regular ignition. This is underlined by the arrow directions. Again, the maxima of the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure do not coincide.

Besonders vorteilhaft ist es, wenn die Flammenintensität FI und der Zylinderdruck p auf das jeweilige Signalmaximum (FImax = 100% und Pmax = 100%) normiert und als dimensionslose Kennwerte dargestellt werden. Dadurch lassen sich Brennkraftmaschinen unterschiedlicher Größe und Type miteinander vergleichen. Insbesondere ist eine motorunabhängige automatisierte Auswertung für eine Regelung des Einspritzzeitpunktes, der Einspritzmenge, der Luftdrosselung oder des Zündzeitpunktes möglich.It is particularly advantageous if the flame intensity F I and the cylinder pressure p are normalized to the respective signal maximum (F Imax = 100% and P max = 100%) and represented as dimensionless characteristic values. This makes it possible to compare internal combustion engines of different sizes and types. In particular, an engine-independent automated evaluation for a control of the injection timing, the injection quantity, the air throttling or the ignition timing is possible.

Eine besonders hohe Genauigkeit kann erreicht werden, wenn Zylinderdruck p und Flammenintensität FI im Brennraum am gleichen Ort, vorzugsweise durch den gleichen Bauteil, gemessen werden. Dieser Messort sollte möglichst nahe am Zündort liegen. Durch den Einsatz einer Sensor-Zündkerze, in welcher sowohl ein optischer Sensor, als auch ein Drucksensor integriert ist, kann eine besonders hohe Genauigkeit mit dem beschriebenen Verfahren erreicht werden.A particularly high accuracy can be achieved if cylinder pressure p and flame intensity F I in the combustion chamber are measured at the same location, preferably by the same component. This measuring location should be as close as possible to the ignition location. By using a sensor spark plug, in which both an optical sensor, and a pressure sensor is integrated, a particularly high accuracy can be achieved with the described method.

Claims (10)

Verfahren zur Bewertung des Zustandes eines Kraftstoff/Luft-Gemisches und/oder der Verbrennung in einem Brennraum einer Brennkraftmaschine, wobei in einer Datenbank Mustersignale von Flammlichtsignalen, vorzugsweise die Flammenintensität (FI), mit zugeordneten Gemischzuständen abgelegt werden, wobei Flammlichtsignale, vorzugsweise die Flammenintensität (FI), der Verbrennung im Brennraum erfasst und so mit den abgelegten Mustersignalen verglichen werden, und wobei bei Übereinstimmung zwischen gemessenen und abgelegten Signalmustern auf den Zustand des Gemisches im Brennraum geschlossen wird, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass gleichzeitig mit der Erfassung der Flammlichtsignale auch eine Druckmessung im Zylinder durchgeführt wird.A method for evaluating the state of a fuel / air mixture and / or combustion in a combustion chamber of an internal combustion engine, wherein in a database pattern signals of flame signals, preferably the flame intensity (F I ), are deposited with associated mixture conditions, wherein flame light signals, preferably the flame intensity (F I ), the combustion in the combustion chamber detected and thus compared with the stored pattern signals, and wherein in agreement between measured and stored signal patterns on the state of the mixture in the combustion chamber is closed, characterized in that simultaneously with the detection of the flame light signals Pressure measurement is performed in the cylinder. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Mustersignale aus Messungen unter bekannten Betriebs- und Emissionsbedingungen aufgezeichnet werden.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that pattern signals are recorded from measurements under known operating and emission conditions. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Mustersignale aus theoretischen Überlegungen zu Gemischbildung und Verbrennung hergeleitet werden.A method according to claim 1, characterized in that pattern signals are derived from theoretical considerations of mixture formation and combustion. Verfahren nach Anspruch 1 bis 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass Mustersignale aus einer rechnerischen Verknüpfung von Flammlichtsignalen und Zylinderdrucksignalen oder daraus abgeleiteten Signalen, vorzugsweise dem Verlauf der Wärmefreisetzung, erzeugt werden.A method according to claim 1 to 3, characterized in that pattern signals from a mathematical combination of flame signals and cylinder pressure signals or signals derived therefrom, preferably the course of the heat release, are generated. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass ein Zeitsignal, vorzugsweise ein Kurbelwinkelsignal (KW), erfasst wird und die Flammlichtsignale dem Zeitsignal zugeordnet werden.Method according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that a time signal, preferably a crank angle signal (KW), is detected and the flame light signals are assigned to the time signal. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 5, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass aus der Lage und dem Verlauf des Flammlichtsignals auf Gemischzustand, Zündzeitpunkt, Verbrennungsbeginn und -ende, Fehlzündungen und Klopferscheinungen, sowie die Art der Verbrennung geschlossen wird.Method according to one of claims 1 to 5, characterized in that it is concluded from the position and the course of the flame signal on the mixture state, ignition, combustion start and end, misfires and knocking phenomena, as well as the type of combustion. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass die Zylinderdruckspitzen mit den Flammlichtsignalspitzen innerhalb zumindest eines Zyklus verglichen werden.Method according to one of claims 1 to 6, characterized in that the cylinder pressure peaks are compared with the flame light signal peaks within at least one cycle. Verfahren nach Anspruch 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass aus einer Abweichung zwischen den Zylinderdruckspitzen und den Lichtsignalspitzen auf eine irreguläre Verbrennung, insbesondere bei transientem Motorbetrieb, geschlossen wird.A method according to claim 7, characterized in that from a deviation between the cylinder pressure peaks and the light signal peaks an irregular combustion, especially in transient engine operation, is closed. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass in Abhängigkeit des Gemischzustands und/oder der Abweichung zwischen den Zylinderdruckspitzen von den Lichtsignalspitzen eine Optimierungsprozedur für die Parametrierung der Einspritzung und/oder der Luftdrosselung durchgeführt wird.Method according to one of claims 1 to 8, characterized in that an optimization procedure for the parameterization of the injection and / or the air throttling is performed depending on the mixture state and / or the deviation between the cylinder pressure peaks of the light signal peaks. Verfahren nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, dass auf Basis der Flammlichtsignale und/oder der Druckmesssignale dimensionslose Kennwerte gebildet werden und die Kennwerte der Bewertung des Gemischzustandes und/oder der Verbrennung zu Grunde gelegt werden.Method according to one of Claims 1 to 9, characterized in that dimensionless characteristic values are formed on the basis of the flame-light signals and / or the pressure-measuring signals and the characteristic values of the evaluation of the mixture state and / or the combustion are used as a basis.
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