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EP0530839A1 - Device for dispersing solids devided in a liquid - Google Patents

Device for dispersing solids devided in a liquid Download PDF

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Publication number
EP0530839A1
EP0530839A1 EP92115205A EP92115205A EP0530839A1 EP 0530839 A1 EP0530839 A1 EP 0530839A1 EP 92115205 A EP92115205 A EP 92115205A EP 92115205 A EP92115205 A EP 92115205A EP 0530839 A1 EP0530839 A1 EP 0530839A1
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EP
European Patent Office
Prior art keywords
opening
section
liquid
dispersing
free cross
Prior art date
Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
Withdrawn
Application number
EP92115205A
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German (de)
French (fr)
Inventor
Jürgen Marquardt
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Individual
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Individual
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Publication date
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Publication of EP0530839A1 publication Critical patent/EP0530839A1/en
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Classifications

    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
    • B01F23/233—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using driven stirrers with completely immersed stirring elements
    • B01F23/2331—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using driven stirrers with completely immersed stirring elements characterised by the introduction of the gas along the axis of the stirrer or along the stirrer elements
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
    • B01F23/233—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using driven stirrers with completely immersed stirring elements
    • B01F23/2331—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using driven stirrers with completely immersed stirring elements characterised by the introduction of the gas along the axis of the stirrer or along the stirrer elements
    • B01F23/23311—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using driven stirrers with completely immersed stirring elements characterised by the introduction of the gas along the axis of the stirrer or along the stirrer elements through a hollow stirrer axis
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
    • B01F23/233—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using driven stirrers with completely immersed stirring elements
    • B01F23/2331—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using driven stirrers with completely immersed stirring elements characterised by the introduction of the gas along the axis of the stirrer or along the stirrer elements
    • B01F23/23314—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids using driven stirrers with completely immersed stirring elements characterised by the introduction of the gas along the axis of the stirrer or along the stirrer elements through a hollow stirrer element
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F23/00—Mixing according to the phases to be mixed, e.g. dispersing or emulsifying
    • B01F23/20—Mixing gases with liquids
    • B01F23/23—Mixing gases with liquids by introducing gases into liquid media, e.g. for producing aerated liquids
    • B01F23/2366—Parts; Accessories
    • B01F23/2368—Mixing receptacles, e.g. tanks, vessels or reactors, being completely closed, e.g. hermetically closed
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F25/00—Flow mixers; Mixers for falling materials, e.g. solid particles
    • B01F25/30—Injector mixers
    • B01F25/31—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows
    • B01F25/312—Injector mixers in conduits or tubes through which the main component flows with Venturi elements; Details thereof
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
    • B01F27/05—Stirrers
    • B01F27/11—Stirrers characterised by the configuration of the stirrers
    • B01F27/15—Stirrers with tubes for guiding the material
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B01—PHYSICAL OR CHEMICAL PROCESSES OR APPARATUS IN GENERAL
    • B01F—MIXING, e.g. DISSOLVING, EMULSIFYING OR DISPERSING
    • B01F27/00—Mixers with rotary stirring devices in fixed receptacles; Kneaders
    • B01F27/05—Stirrers
    • B01F27/11—Stirrers characterised by the configuration of the stirrers
    • B01F27/19—Stirrers with two or more mixing elements mounted in sequence on the same axis
    • B01F27/191—Stirrers with two or more mixing elements mounted in sequence on the same axis with similar elements

Definitions

  • the invention relates to a device for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid, in particular sewage and industrial sludge, with a container for the liquid, a shaft arranged in the container, which can be driven to rotate about its axis of rotation and at a distance from the shaft in a rotationally fixed manner on the Shaft-mounted dispersing tools.
  • a fine dispersion of the solids distributed in the liquid has an extremely positive effect on the properties of the wastewater.
  • the reactive surface of the solids which determines the speed of a possible decomposition process, is greatest with fine dispersion of the solids.
  • This large surface also allows gases, such as air, to be deposited on the solids, so that their reduced weight causes them to settle on the surface of the liquid.
  • gases such as air
  • the addition of air also promotes decomposition of the solids by aerobic bacteria, which has a positive effect in particular on the development of odors.
  • the water-binding capacity of the solids is increased as the degree of dispersion progresses. This is particularly important when treating manure, possibly with the addition of binders. When spreading liquid manure as a fertilizer, there is a great risk that thin liquid liquid manure components will penetrate into the groundwater.
  • the room is designed to be open, so that air pumped into the room or sucked in by centrifugal forces is introduced into the liquid from here.
  • the known device provided for aerating liquids is only suitable to a very limited extent for dispersing.
  • a device for mixing a viscous liquid with stirring tools which can be driven to rotate about an axis of rotation and which have an opening which is closed on the edge in the circumferential direction about the axis of rotation and is known from GB-OS 22 15 628.
  • This device also largely corresponds to the type described at the outset, but is not intended for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid.
  • the stirring tools have a shape in the shape of a section of a conical shell, the free cross section of the opening decreasing in the circumferential direction.
  • stirring tools rotate around their axis of rotation at a minimum speed of about 50 km / h, as required in GB-OS 22 15 628, the viscous liquid is mixed thoroughly as desired, but for this purpose the conical section-shaped stirring bodies are opposite the plane in which they are rotating arrange their axis of rotation, tilted to arrange.
  • This device is also only suitable to a very limited extent for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid, since it is also not intended for this purpose.
  • a device for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid is known from DE-OS 38 32 600.
  • flapping wings are provided as dispersing tools that protrude from the axis of rotation of the shaft and are comparable in shape and arrangement to the teeth of a circular saw blade.
  • the individual flapping wings are oriented at an angle to their direction of rotation, so that they form an overpressure area on one side and a vacuum area on their other side as flow profiles in the liquid behind a leading edge.
  • the individual components of the solids are subjected to forces that dissolve the solids into smaller components.
  • a second sheet can be assigned to the disk-shaped sheet carrying the tools.
  • a gap is formed between the two blades, through which air can be introduced into the vacuum areas caused by the tools.
  • An air duct extending through the shaft is provided for supplying the air.
  • the invention has for its object to develop a device of the type described in such a way that an effective dispersion of the solid is possible beyond its mechanical size reduction.
  • the opening has an expansion area in which its free cross-section increases counter to the direction of rotation.
  • the increasing free cross section of the expansion area leads to a considerable effect of negative pressure on the liquid moving through the opening.
  • the opening can have a compression region, which is arranged in the circumferential direction before the expansion region and in which the free cross section of the opening drops opposite to the circumferential direction. It has proven to be particularly effective to put the liquid under overpressure initially by arranging such a compression region and only then to let the underpressure act. The pressure difference that can be produced in this way can also tear apart solid particles held together by greater forces and thus results in a particularly good dispersion of the solids.
  • the maximum free cross section of the opening in the compression area can be larger than the maximum free cross section of the opening in the expansion area.
  • the ratio of the maximum free cross-section of the opening in the compression area to that in the expansion area and to the minimum free cross-section of the opening located in between can be approximately 2.5: 2: 1.
  • elliptical or teardrop-shaped support arms can be provided for the dispersing tools.
  • the shape of the Support arms determine their flow resistance in the liquid.
  • Elliptical and in particular teardrop-shaped support arms have an advantageously low flow resistance, which advantageously allows the dispersing tools to be reached and thus effective rotational speeds around the shaft.
  • the opening in the dispersing tools can be rotationally symmetrical. Such openings are advantageous in terms of production technology; furthermore, in the case of rotationally symmetrical openings, there are no niches in which solid particles could be deposited.
  • the dispersing tools can be drop-shaped in their outer contours. This results in a low flow resistance, which is not effective for the surfaces of the tools suitable for dispersing the solids.
  • a supply opening for air can be provided, which is connected to an air duct extending through the shaft.
  • the negative pressure developing in the expansion area can be used to suck in and mix air into the liquid.
  • air supply openings are advantageously to be provided at the beginning of the expansion area.
  • air admixture is useful to promote the decomposition of many solids or to facilitate their separation from the liquid.
  • the feed opening can be connectable to a source of compressed air via the air duct.
  • a source of compressed air via the air duct.
  • the amount of air introduced into the liquid can be increased significantly.
  • the dispersing tools can be provided to achieve and maintain a rotational speed in the liquid about the axis of rotation of more than 500 km / h, in particular more than 580 km / h. At these comparatively very high speeds, there is a particularly good dispersion effect. This cannot be attributed solely to the mechanical comminution of the solids by the dispersing tools, but is due to the pressure treatment of the solids as they pass through the opening in the dispersing tools.
  • the device 1 shown in FIG. 1 for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid has a container 2 for the liquid and a shaft 5 arranged in the container 2 and driven by a motor 3 to rotate about its axis of rotation 4. At a distance from, but rotationally fixed to the shaft, dispersing tools 6 are mounted. When the shaft 5 is driven by the motor 3, the dispersing tools 6 rotate with the shaft 5 about its axis of rotation 4.
  • the dispersing tools 6 each comprise a continuous one in the circumferential direction about the axis of rotation of the shaft edge-closed opening 7.
  • the container 2 has an inlet 8 for the liquid with the solids distributed therein and an outlet 9 for the treated liquid.
  • a shutoff valve 10 is provided at least in the outlet 9.
  • the dispersing tools 6 are each designed to be rotationally symmetrical. Furthermore, a structure of the openings 7 is to be dissolved.
  • the direction of rotation of the dispersing tools 6 about the axis of rotation 4 which is represented here by the usual symbols 11 and 12, there is in each case a compression area 13 in front of an expansion area 14. While the free cross section of the opening in the compression areas 13 decreases in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation, it takes on the Expansion areas 14 too.
  • the maximum free cross section 15 in the compression areas 13 is larger than the maximum free cross section 16 in the expansion areas 14.
  • the openings 7 thus ultimately have an asymmetrical double funnel shape.
  • Support arms 17 are provided for the dispersing tools 6 and are connected to the shaft 5 via an intermediate piece 18.
  • An air channel 19 extends in the shaft 5, which can be connected to a source of compressed air arranged outside the container 2 and has branches 20 which lead to the openings 7 in the dispersing tools 6.
  • FIG. 1 The precise structure of the openings 7 with the compression areas 13 and the expansion areas 14, which was described with reference to FIG. 2, can be seen more clearly from FIG.
  • Arrows 21 indicate the direction of rotation of the dispersing tools 6 about the axis of rotation 4 of the shaft 5.
  • the drop-shaped design of the support arms 17 is not obvious.
  • the support arms 17 are made of sheet metal and are hollow.
  • the outer contours are also shaped like drops.
  • Feed openings 22, which are connected to the air channel 19 in the shaft 5, are provided directly at the beginning of the expansion areas 14 for mixing air into the liquid to be treated.
  • the feed openings 22 are designed as ring nozzles 23 directed against the direction of rotation of the tools 6.
  • the ratio of the maximum free cross section 15 of the opening 7 in the compression area 13 to the maximum free cross section 16 in the expansion area 14 and to the minimum free cross section 24 of the opening 7 located between them should be approximately 2.5: 2: 1.
  • the diameter of the free cross-section is to be used as a measure. In the present case, the values found to be advantageous are 65, 52 and 25 mm.
  • Effective dispersing of the solids distributed in the liquid is only possible at relatively high rotational speeds of the dispersing tools 6 about the axis of rotation 4. Good effectiveness has been shown at a speed of 580 km / h, i.e. almost 600 km / h.
  • the dispersing action of the dispersing tools can be attributed here to mechanical comminution when the solids hit different areas of the tool.
  • the pressure gradient that forms in the opening 7 is particularly responsible for the separation of already mechanically pretreated solid particles.

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  • Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
  • Chemical Kinetics & Catalysis (AREA)
  • Mixers Of The Rotary Stirring Type (AREA)

Abstract

A device for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid, especially sewage sludges and industrial sludges, comprises a container for the liquid, a shaft (5) which is disposed in the container and can be driven so as to rotate about its rotational axis (4), and dispersing tools (6) which are mounted on the shaft (5) in a torsion-proof manner and at a distance from the shaft (5). The dispersing tools (6) comprise an orifice (7) which is continuous in the direction of rotation about the rotational axis 4 of the shaft (5) and which is enclosed around its rim. The orifice (7) has an expansion region (14) in which its free cross-section increases in a direction opposite to that of the rotation. <IMAGE>

Description

Die Erfindung bezieht sich auf eine Vorrichtung zum Dispergieren von in einer Flüssigkeit verteilten Feststoffen, insbesondere Klär- und Industrieschlämme, mit einem Behälter für die Flüssigkeit, einer in dem Behälter angeordneten, um ihre Drehachse rotierend antreibbaren Welle und mit Abstand zu der Welle drehfest an der Welle gelagerten Dispergierwerkzeugen. Bei der Behandlung verschiedener Abwasser hat sich herausgestellt, daß ein feines Dispergieren der in der Flüssigkeit verteilten Feststoffe die Eigenschaften des Abwassers äußerst positiv beeinflußt. So ist die reaktive Oberfläche der Feststoffe, welche die Geschwindigkeit eines möglichen Zersetzungsprozesses bestimmt, bei feiner Dispersion der Feststoffe am größten. Diese große Oberfläche erlaubt auch die Anlagerung von Gasen, wie beispielsweise Luft, an die Feststoffe, so daß sich diese durch ihr verringertes Gewicht an der Oberfläche der Flüssigkeit absetzen. Durch die Anlagerung von Luft wird ferner eine Zersetzung der Feststoffe durch aerobe Bakterien gefördert, was sich insbesondere bezüglich der Geruchentwicklung positiv auswirkt. Letztlich wird auch die Wasserbindefähigkeit der Feststoffe mit fortschreitendem Dispersionsgrad erhöht. Dies spielt insbesondere bei der Behandlung von Gülle, eventuell unter zusätzlicher Zugabe von Bindemitteln, eine wesentliche Rolle. Beim Ausbringen von Gülle als Düngemittel besteht nämlich die große Gefahr, daß dünnflüssige Güllebestandteile bis in das Grundwasser vordringen.The invention relates to a device for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid, in particular sewage and industrial sludge, with a container for the liquid, a shaft arranged in the container, which can be driven to rotate about its axis of rotation and at a distance from the shaft in a rotationally fixed manner on the Shaft-mounted dispersing tools. In the treatment of various wastewater, it has been found that a fine dispersion of the solids distributed in the liquid has an extremely positive effect on the properties of the wastewater. The reactive surface of the solids, which determines the speed of a possible decomposition process, is greatest with fine dispersion of the solids. This large surface also allows gases, such as air, to be deposited on the solids, so that their reduced weight causes them to settle on the surface of the liquid. The addition of air also promotes decomposition of the solids by aerobic bacteria, which has a positive effect in particular on the development of odors. Ultimately, the water-binding capacity of the solids is increased as the degree of dispersion progresses. This is particularly important when treating manure, possibly with the addition of binders. When spreading liquid manure as a fertilizer, there is a great risk that thin liquid liquid manure components will penetrate into the groundwater.

Eine Vorrichtung, die weitgehend der eingangs beschriebenen Art entspricht und zur Belüftung von Flüssigkeiten vorgesehen ist, wird in der US-PS 17 79 181 beschrieben. Dabei sind um eine Drehachse rotierend antreibbare Belüftungskörper vorgesehen, die eine in Umlaufrichtung um die Drehachse durchgehende, randseitig geschlossene Öffnung aufweisen. Die randseitig geschlossene Öffnung wird von einem inneren Zylindermantel gebildet, der mit Abstand von einem äußeren Zylindermantel umgeben ist. Die äußere Zylindermantelumgebung bildet die äußere Oberfläche der Belüftungswerkzeuge. Der Raum zwischen dem inneren und dem äußeren Zylindermantel ist in Umlaufrichtung durch eine V-förmige Abdeckung verschlossen. Entgegen der Umlaufrichtung ist der Raum offen ausgebildet, so daß von hier aus in den Raum eingepumpte oder durch Zentrifugalkräfte eingesaugte Luft in die Flüssigkeit eingebracht wird. Zum Dispergieren ist die bekannte, zum Belüften von Flüssigkeiten vorgesehene Vorrichtung nur sehr bedingt geeignet.A device which largely corresponds to the type described at the outset and is provided for aerating liquids is described in US Pat. No. 1,779,181. In this case, ventilation bodies which can be driven to rotate about an axis of rotation are provided, which have one in the circumferential direction about the axis of rotation have a continuous, closed opening on the edge. The edge, which is closed at the edge, is formed by an inner cylinder jacket which is surrounded by an outer cylinder jacket at a distance. The outer cylinder jacket environment forms the outer surface of the ventilation tools. The space between the inner and outer cylinder jacket is closed in the circumferential direction by a V-shaped cover. Contrary to the direction of rotation, the room is designed to be open, so that air pumped into the room or sucked in by centrifugal forces is introduced into the liquid from here. The known device provided for aerating liquids is only suitable to a very limited extent for dispersing.

Eine Vorrichtung zum Aufmischen einer zähflüssigen Flüssigkeit mit um eine Drehachse rotierend antreibbaren Rührwerkzeugen, die eine in Umlaufrichtung um die Drehachse durchgehende, randseitig geschlossene Öffnung aufweisen, ist aus der GB-OS 22 15 628 bekannt. Auch diese Vorrichtung entspricht damit weitgehend der eingangs beschriebenen Art, ist aber nicht zum Dispergieren von in einer Flüssigkeit verteilten Feststoffen vorgesehen. Die Rührwerkzeuge weisen eine kegelmantelabschnittförmige Form auf, wobei der freie Querschnitt der Öffnung in der Umlaufrichtung abnimmt. Wenn diese Rührwerkzeuge wie in der GB-OS 22 15 628 gefordert mit einer Mindestgeschwindigkeit von etwa 50 km/h um ihre Drehachse umlaufen, wird die zähflüssige Flüssigkeit wie gewünscht stark durchgemischt, hierzu sind aber noch die kegelmantelabschnittförmigen Rührkörper gegenüber der Ebene in der sie um ihre Drehachse umlaufen, verkippt anzuordnen. Auch diese Vorrichtung ist zum Dispergieren von in einer Flüssigkeit verteilten Feststoffen nur sehr bedingt geeignet, da sie für diesen Verwendungszweck auch gar nicht vorgesehen ist.A device for mixing a viscous liquid with stirring tools which can be driven to rotate about an axis of rotation and which have an opening which is closed on the edge in the circumferential direction about the axis of rotation and is known from GB-OS 22 15 628. This device also largely corresponds to the type described at the outset, but is not intended for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid. The stirring tools have a shape in the shape of a section of a conical shell, the free cross section of the opening decreasing in the circumferential direction. If these stirring tools rotate around their axis of rotation at a minimum speed of about 50 km / h, as required in GB-OS 22 15 628, the viscous liquid is mixed thoroughly as desired, but for this purpose the conical section-shaped stirring bodies are opposite the plane in which they are rotating arrange their axis of rotation, tilted to arrange. This device is also only suitable to a very limited extent for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid, since it is also not intended for this purpose.

Eine Vorrichtung zum Dispergieren von in einer Flüssigkeit verteilten Feststoffen ist aus der DE-OS 38 32 600 bekannt. Bei dieser Vorrichtung sind als Dispergierwerkzeuge von der Drehachse der Welle wegstehende, in Form und Anordnung mit den Zähnen eines Kreissägeblatts vergleichbare Schlagflügel vorgesehen. Die einzelnen Schlagflügel sind zu ihrer Umlaufrichtung abgewinkelt ausgerichtet, so daß sie als Strömungsprofile in der Flüssigkeit hinter einer Vorderkante auf ihrer einen Seite einen Überdruck- und auf ihrer anderen Seite einen Unterdruckbereich ausbilden. Beim Eintreten der Flüssigkeit in den Unterdruckbereich wirken auf die Einzelbestandteile der Feststoffe die Feststoffe in kleinere Bestandteile auflösenden Kräfte ein. Bei der bekannten Vorrichtung kann dem die Werkzeuge tragenden, scheibenförmigen Blatt ein zweites Blatt zugeordnet sein. Zwischen den beiden Blättern ist ein Spalt ausgebildet, über den Luft in die durch die Werkzeuge hervorgerufenen Unterdruckbereiche eingebracht werden kann. Für die Zuführung der Luft ist ein sich durch die Welle erstreckender Luftkanal vorgesehen. Beim Einsatz der bekannten Vorrichtung hat sich herausgestellt, daß nur ein mäßiger Dispersionsgrad erzielt werden kann. Über die Auswirkung der mechanischen Zerkleinerung hinaus findet keine nennenswerte Aufspaltung der Feststoffe statt.A device for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid is known from DE-OS 38 32 600. In this device, flapping wings are provided as dispersing tools that protrude from the axis of rotation of the shaft and are comparable in shape and arrangement to the teeth of a circular saw blade. The individual flapping wings are oriented at an angle to their direction of rotation, so that they form an overpressure area on one side and a vacuum area on their other side as flow profiles in the liquid behind a leading edge. When the liquid enters the negative pressure area, the individual components of the solids are subjected to forces that dissolve the solids into smaller components. In the known device, a second sheet can be assigned to the disk-shaped sheet carrying the tools. A gap is formed between the two blades, through which air can be introduced into the vacuum areas caused by the tools. An air duct extending through the shaft is provided for supplying the air. When using the known device it has been found that only a moderate degree of dispersion can be achieved. In addition to the impact of mechanical crushing, there is no appreciable breakdown of the solids.

Der Erfindung liegt die Aufgabe zugrunde, eine Vorrichtung der eingangs beschriebenen Art derart weiterzubilden, daß ein wirkungsvolles Dispergieren des Feststoffs über seine mechanische Zerkleinerung hinaus möglich ist.The invention has for its object to develop a device of the type described in such a way that an effective dispersion of the solid is possible beyond its mechanical size reduction.

Erfindungsgemäß wird dies dadurch erreicht, daß die Öffnung einen Expansionsbereich aufweist, in dem ihr freier Querschnitt entgegen der Umlaufrichtung ansteigt. Der ansteigende freie Querschnitt des Expansionsbereichs führt zu einer beträchtlichen Einwirkung von Unterdruck auf die durch die Öffnung hindurchbewegte Flüssigkeit. Hierbei hängt der maximal erreichbare Unterdruck sowie das maximal erreichbare Druckgefälle sowohl von der Umlaufgeschwindigkeit des Werkzeugs in der Flüssigkeit als auch von der geometrischen Gestaltung des Expansionsbereichs ab. In jedem Fall scheint es sich jedoch äußerst positiv auszuwirken, daß keine Flüssigkeit seitlich in den Expansionsbereich einströmen kann und so den Aufbau des Unterdrucks verhindert.According to the invention, this is achieved in that the opening has an expansion area in which its free cross-section increases counter to the direction of rotation. The increasing free cross section of the expansion area leads to a considerable effect of negative pressure on the liquid moving through the opening. Here the depends maximum achievable vacuum and the maximum achievable pressure drop both from the speed of the tool in the liquid and from the geometric design of the expansion area. In any case, however, it seems to have an extremely positive effect that no liquid can flow laterally into the expansion area and thus prevent the negative pressure from building up.

Die Öffnung kann einen Kompressionsbereich aufweisen, der in der Umlaufrichtung vor dem Expansionsbereich angeordnet ist und in dem der freie Querschnitt der Öffnung entgegen der Umlaufrichtung abfällt. Als besonders effektiv hat es sich erwiesen, durch die Anordnung eines derartigen Kompressionsbereichs die Flüssigkeit anfangs unter Überdruck zu setzen und erst anschließend den Unterdruck einwirken zu lassen. Der auf diese Weise herbeiführbare Druckunterschied vermag auch durch größere Kräfte zusammengehaltene Feststoffpartikel auseinanderzureißen und resultiert somit in einer besonders guten Dispersion der Feststoffe.The opening can have a compression region, which is arranged in the circumferential direction before the expansion region and in which the free cross section of the opening drops opposite to the circumferential direction. It has proven to be particularly effective to put the liquid under overpressure initially by arranging such a compression region and only then to let the underpressure act. The pressure difference that can be produced in this way can also tear apart solid particles held together by greater forces and thus results in a particularly good dispersion of the solids.

Der maximale freie Querschnitt der Öffnung im Kompressionsbereich kann größer als der maximale freie Querschnitt der Öffnung im Expansionsbereich sein. Hierbei kann das Verhältnis des maximalen freien Querschnitts der Öffnung im Kompressionsbereich zu dem im Expansionsbereich und zu dem dazwischen befindlichen minimalen freien Querschnitts der Öffnung etwa 2,5 : 2 : 1 betragen. Diese Bemaßungen, die sich auf die jeweiligen Durchmesser beziehen und daher für die entsprechenden Flächen zu quadrieren sind, haben sich als besonders vorteilhaft herausgestellt. Überraschend ist hierbei, daß offensichtlich ein wesentlicher Schwerpunkt der Wirkung der Dispergierwerkzeuge auf dem anfänglichen Aufbau des Überdrucks beruht.The maximum free cross section of the opening in the compression area can be larger than the maximum free cross section of the opening in the expansion area. The ratio of the maximum free cross-section of the opening in the compression area to that in the expansion area and to the minimum free cross-section of the opening located in between can be approximately 2.5: 2: 1. These dimensions, which relate to the respective diameter and therefore have to be squared for the corresponding areas, have proven to be particularly advantageous. It is surprising here that an essential focus of the effect of the dispersing tools is obviously on the initial build-up of the excess pressure.

Für die Dispergierwerkzeuge können im Querschnitt ellipsen- oder tropfenförmige Tragarme vorgesehen sein. Die Form der Tragarme bestimmt deren Strömungswiderstand in der Flüssigkeit. Ellipsen- und insbesondere tropfenförmige Tragarme weisen einen vorteilhaft geringen Strömungswiderstand auf, der die Dispergierwerkzeuge vorteilhaft und damit effektive Umlaufgeschwindigkeiten um die Welle erreichen läßt.In cross section, elliptical or teardrop-shaped support arms can be provided for the dispersing tools. The shape of the Support arms determine their flow resistance in the liquid. Elliptical and in particular teardrop-shaped support arms have an advantageously low flow resistance, which advantageously allows the dispersing tools to be reached and thus effective rotational speeds around the shaft.

Die Öffnung in den Dispergierwerkzeugen kann rotationssymmetrisch ausgebildet sein. Derartige Öffnungen sind fertigungstechnisch vorteilhaft; ferner gibt es bei rotationssymmetrischen Öffnungen keine Nischen, in denen sich Feststoff-Teilchen ablagern könnten.The opening in the dispersing tools can be rotationally symmetrical. Such openings are advantageous in terms of production technology; furthermore, in the case of rotationally symmetrical openings, there are no niches in which solid particles could be deposited.

Die Dispergierwerkzeuge können in ihren äußeren Konturen tropfenförmig ausgebildet sein. Hierdurch wird ein geringer Strömungswiderstand, der nicht effektiv zum Dispergieren der Feststoffe geeigneten Flächen der Werkzeuge, erreicht.The dispersing tools can be drop-shaped in their outer contours. This results in a low flow resistance, which is not effective for the surfaces of the tools suitable for dispersing the solids.

Entgegen der Umlaufrichtung am Beginn des Expansionsbereichs kann eine Zuführöffnung für Luft vorgesehen sein, die mit einem sich durch die Welle erstreckenden Luftkanal in Verbindung steht. Der sich in dem Expansionsbereich entwickelnde Unterdruck ist zum Ansaugen und Einmischen von Luft in die Flüssigkeit nutzbar. Zu diesem Zweck sind vorteilhafterweise am Beginn des Expansionsbereichs Zuführöffnungen für Luft vorzusehen. Die Luftbeimischung ist wie bekannt, sinnvoll um die Zersetzung vieler Feststoffe zu fördern oder ihr Abtrennen von der Flüssigkeit zu erleichtern.Contrary to the direction of rotation at the beginning of the expansion area, a supply opening for air can be provided, which is connected to an air duct extending through the shaft. The negative pressure developing in the expansion area can be used to suck in and mix air into the liquid. For this purpose, air supply openings are advantageously to be provided at the beginning of the expansion area. As is known, air admixture is useful to promote the decomposition of many solids or to facilitate their separation from the liquid.

Die Zuführöffnung kann über den Luftkanal mit einer Quelle für Druckluft verbindbar sein. Für eine gezielte Anwendung von Druckluft ist die in die Flüssigkeit eingebrachte Luftmenge stark erhöhbar. Es ist jedoch darauf zu achten, daß nicht so viel Druckluft in den Expansionsbereich gepreßt wird, daß die notwendigen Druckschwankungen, die auf die Flüssigkeit einwirken sollen, nicht mehr auftreten.The feed opening can be connectable to a source of compressed air via the air duct. For a targeted application of compressed air, the amount of air introduced into the liquid can be increased significantly. However, it is important to ensure that not as much compressed air is pressed into the expansion area becomes that the necessary pressure fluctuations, which are to act on the liquid, no longer occur.

Die Dispergierwerkzeuge können zum Erreichen und Einhalten einer Umlaufgeschwindigkeit in der Flüssigkeit um die Drehachse von mehr als 500 km/h, insbesondere von mehr als 580 km/h vorgesehen sein. Bei diesen vergleichsweise sehr hohen Geschwindigkeiten stellt sich ein besonders guter Dispergiereffekt ein. Dies kann nicht allein auf die mechanische Zerkleinerung der Feststoffe durch die Dispergierwerkzeuge zurückgeführt werden, sondern beruht auf der Druckbehandlung der Feststoffe beim Durchlaufen durch die Öffnung in den Dispergierwerkzeugen.The dispersing tools can be provided to achieve and maintain a rotational speed in the liquid about the axis of rotation of more than 500 km / h, in particular more than 580 km / h. At these comparatively very high speeds, there is a particularly good dispersion effect. This cannot be attributed solely to the mechanical comminution of the solids by the dispersing tools, but is due to the pressure treatment of the solids as they pass through the opening in the dispersing tools.

Die Erfindung soll im folgenden anhand eines Ausführbeispiels näher erläutert und beschrieben werden. Es zeigt:

Figur 1
einen Längsschnitt durch die Vorrichtung zum Dispergieren,
Figur 2
Dispergierwerkzeuge im Längsschnitt als Detail von Figur 1 und
Figur 3
die Dispergierwerkzeuge gemäß Figur 2 im Querschnitt.
The invention will be explained and described in more detail below using an exemplary embodiment. It shows:
Figure 1
a longitudinal section through the dispersing device,
Figure 2
Dispersing tools in longitudinal section as a detail of Figure 1 and
Figure 3
the dispersing tools according to Figure 2 in cross section.

Die in Figur 1 dargestellte Vorrichtung 1 zum Dispergieren von in einer Flüssigkeit verteilten Feststoffen weist einen Behälter 2 für die Flüssigkeit und eine in dem Behälter 2 angeordnete, durch einen Motor 3 um ihre Drehachse 4 rotierend antreibbare Welle 5 auf. Mit Abstand zu, aber drehfest an der Welle sind Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 gelagert. Wenn die Welle 5 von dem Motor 3 angetrieben wird, laufen die Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 also mit der Welle 5 um deren Drehachse 4 um. Die Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 umfassen jeweils eine in Umlaufrichtung um die Drehachse der Welle durchgehende randseitig geschlossene Öffnung 7. Der Behälter 2 weist einen Einlaß 8 für die Flüssigkeit mit den darin verteilten Feststoffen und einen Auslaß 9 für die behandelte Flüssigkeit auf. Zumindest in dem Auslaß 9 ist ein absperrbares Ventil 10 vorgesehen.The device 1 shown in FIG. 1 for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid has a container 2 for the liquid and a shaft 5 arranged in the container 2 and driven by a motor 3 to rotate about its axis of rotation 4. At a distance from, but rotationally fixed to the shaft, dispersing tools 6 are mounted. When the shaft 5 is driven by the motor 3, the dispersing tools 6 rotate with the shaft 5 about its axis of rotation 4. The dispersing tools 6 each comprise a continuous one in the circumferential direction about the axis of rotation of the shaft edge-closed opening 7. The container 2 has an inlet 8 for the liquid with the solids distributed therein and an outlet 9 for the treated liquid. A shutoff valve 10 is provided at least in the outlet 9.

Der Detaildarstellung gemäß Figur 2 ist zu entnehmen, daß die Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 jeweils rotationssymmetrisch ausgebildet sind. Des weiteren ist eine Struktur der Öffnungen 7 aufzulösen. In Umlaufrichtung der Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 um die Drehachse 4, die hier durch übliche Symbole 11 und 12 wiedergegeben ist, liegt jeweils ein Kompressionsbereich 13 vor einem Expansionsbereich 14. Während der freie Querschnitt der Öffnung in den Kompressionsbereichen 13 entgegen der Umlaufrichtung abfällt, nimmt er in den Expansionsbereichen 14 zu. Hierbei ist der maximale freie Querschnitt 15 in den Kompressionsbereichen 13 größer als der maximale freie Querschnitt 16 in den Expansionsbereichen 14. Die Öffnungen 7 weisen also letztlich eine unsymmetrische Doppeltrichterform auf. Für die Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 sind Tragarme 17 vorgesehen, die über ein Zwischenstück 18 mit der Welle 5 in Verbindung stehen. In der Welle 5 erstreckt sich ein Luftkanal 19, der mit einer außerhalb des Behälters 2 angeordneten Quelle für Druckluft verbindbar ist und über Verzweigungen 20 verfügt, die bis zu den Öffnungen 7 in den Dispergierwerkzeugen 6 führen.It can be seen from the detailed illustration according to FIG. 2 that the dispersing tools 6 are each designed to be rotationally symmetrical. Furthermore, a structure of the openings 7 is to be dissolved. In the direction of rotation of the dispersing tools 6 about the axis of rotation 4, which is represented here by the usual symbols 11 and 12, there is in each case a compression area 13 in front of an expansion area 14. While the free cross section of the opening in the compression areas 13 decreases in the opposite direction to the direction of rotation, it takes on the Expansion areas 14 too. Here, the maximum free cross section 15 in the compression areas 13 is larger than the maximum free cross section 16 in the expansion areas 14. The openings 7 thus ultimately have an asymmetrical double funnel shape. Support arms 17 are provided for the dispersing tools 6 and are connected to the shaft 5 via an intermediate piece 18. An air channel 19 extends in the shaft 5, which can be connected to a source of compressed air arranged outside the container 2 and has branches 20 which lead to the openings 7 in the dispersing tools 6.

Aus Figur 3 ist der genaue Aufbau der Öffnungen 7 mit den Kompressionsbereichen 13 und den Expansionsbereichen 14, der anhand Figur 2 beschrieben wurde, noch deutlicher zu erkennen. Hierbei deuten Pfeile 21 die Umlaufrichtung der Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 um die Drehachse 4 der Welle 5 an. Nicht offensichtlich ist jedoch die tropfenförmige Ausbildung der Tragarme 17. Die Tragarme 17 sind ebenso wie die Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 aus Metallblech ausgebildet und hohl. Um den Strömungswiderstand der Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 in der Flüssigkeit herabzusetzen, sind auch deren äußere Konturen tropfenförmig ausgeformt. Zuführöffnungen 22, die mit dem Luftkanal 19 in der Welle 5 in Verbindung stehen, sind direkt am Beginn der Expansionsbereiche 14 zum Einmischen von Luft in die zu behandelnde Flüssigkeit vorgesehen. Die Zuführöffnungen 22 sind hierbei als gegen die Umlaufrichtung der Werkzeuge 6 gerichtete Ringdüsen 23 ausgebildet. Auf diese Weise wird eine mit einer Wasserstrahlpumpe vergleichbare Injektoranordnung geschaffen. Das Verhältnis des maximalen freien Querschnitts 15 der Öffnung 7 im Kompressionsbereich 13 zu dem maximalen freien Querschnitt 16 im Expansionsbereich 14 und zu dem dazwischen befindlichen minimalen freien Querschnitt 24 der Öffnung 7 sollte etwa 2,5 : 2 : 1 betragen. Hierbei ist als Maß für den freien Querschnitt jeweils dessen Durchmesser anzusetzen. Im vorliegenden Fall betragen die als vorteilhaft ermittelten Werte 65, 52 und 25 mm. Ein effektives Dispergieren der in der Flüssigkeit verteilten Feststoffe ist erst bei relativ hohen Umlaufgeschwindigkeiten der Dispergierwerkzeuge 6 um die Drehachse 4 möglich. Eine gute Effektivität hat sich bei einer Geschwindigkeit von 580 km/h, also knapp 600 km/h gezeigt. Die Dispergierwirkung der Dispergierwerkzeuge ist hierbei einmal auf eine mechanische Zerkleinerung beim Auftreffen der Feststoffe auf verschiedene Bereiche des Werkzeugs zurückzuführen. Zum anderen ist der sich in der Öffnung 7 ausbildende Druckgradient insbesondere für das Zerteilen bereits mechanisch vorbehandelter Feststoff-Teilchen ursächlich.The precise structure of the openings 7 with the compression areas 13 and the expansion areas 14, which was described with reference to FIG. 2, can be seen more clearly from FIG. Arrows 21 indicate the direction of rotation of the dispersing tools 6 about the axis of rotation 4 of the shaft 5. However, the drop-shaped design of the support arms 17 is not obvious. Like the dispersing tools 6, the support arms 17 are made of sheet metal and are hollow. To the flow resistance of the dispersing tools 6 in the To reduce liquid, the outer contours are also shaped like drops. Feed openings 22, which are connected to the air channel 19 in the shaft 5, are provided directly at the beginning of the expansion areas 14 for mixing air into the liquid to be treated. The feed openings 22 are designed as ring nozzles 23 directed against the direction of rotation of the tools 6. In this way, an injector arrangement comparable to a water jet pump is created. The ratio of the maximum free cross section 15 of the opening 7 in the compression area 13 to the maximum free cross section 16 in the expansion area 14 and to the minimum free cross section 24 of the opening 7 located between them should be approximately 2.5: 2: 1. Here, the diameter of the free cross-section is to be used as a measure. In the present case, the values found to be advantageous are 65, 52 and 25 mm. Effective dispersing of the solids distributed in the liquid is only possible at relatively high rotational speeds of the dispersing tools 6 about the axis of rotation 4. Good effectiveness has been shown at a speed of 580 km / h, i.e. almost 600 km / h. The dispersing action of the dispersing tools can be attributed here to mechanical comminution when the solids hit different areas of the tool. On the other hand, the pressure gradient that forms in the opening 7 is particularly responsible for the separation of already mechanically pretreated solid particles.

Bezugszeichenliste:Reference symbol list:

1 =1 =
Vorrichtungcontraption
2 =2 =
Behältercontainer
3 =3 =
Motorengine
4 =4 =
DrehachseAxis of rotation
5 =5 =
Wellewave
6 =6 =
DispergierwerkzeugeDispersing tools
7 =7 =
Öffnungopening
8 =8 =
EinlaßInlet
9 =9 =
AuslaßOutlet
10 =10 =
VentilValve
11 =11 =
Symbolsymbol
12 =12 =
Symbolsymbol
13 =13 =
KompressionsbereichCompression range
14 =14 =
ExpansionsbereichExpansion area
15 =15 =
Querschnittcross-section
16 =16 =
Querschnittcross-section
17 =17 =
TragarmBeam
18 =18 =
ZwischenstückSpacer
19 =19 =
LuftkanalAir duct
20 =20 =
Verzweigungbranch
21 =21 =
Pfeilarrow
22 =22 =
ZuführöffnungFeed opening
23 =23 =
RingdüseRing nozzle
24 =24 =
Querschnittcross-section

Claims (10)

Vorrichtung zum Dispergieren von in einer Flüssigkeit verteilten Feststoffen, insbesondere Klär- und Industrieschlämme, mit einem Behälter für die Flüssigkeit, einer in dem Behälter angeordneten, um ihre Drehachse rotierend antreibbaren Welle und mit Abstand zu der Welle drehfest an der Welle gelagerten Dispergierwerkzeugen, wobei die Dispergierwerkzeuge eine in Umlaufrichtung um die Drehachse der Welle durchgehende, randseitig geschlossene Öffnung umfassen, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Öffnung (7) einen Expansionsbereich (14) aufweist, in dem ihr freier Querschnitt entgegen der Umlaufrichtung ansteigt.Device for dispersing solids distributed in a liquid, in particular sewage and industrial sludge, with a container for the liquid, a shaft arranged in the container, which can be driven to rotate about its axis of rotation, and at a distance from the shaft rotationally mounted dispersion tools, the Dispersion tools comprise an opening which is closed on the edge side in the circumferential direction about the axis of rotation of the shaft, characterized in that the opening (7) has an expansion area (14) in which its free cross-section increases counter to the circumferential direction. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Öffnung (7) einen Kompressionsbereich (13) aufweist, der in der Umlaufrichtung vor dem Expansionsbereich (14) angeordnet ist und in dem der freie Querschnitt der Öffnung (7) entgegen der Umlaufrichtung abfällt.Device according to claim 1, characterized in that the opening (7) has a compression region (13) which is arranged in the circumferential direction before the expansion region (14) and in which the free cross-section of the opening (7) drops counter to the circumferential direction. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 2, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß der maximale freie Querschnitt (15) der Öffnung (7) im Kompressionsbereich (13) größer als der maximale freie Querschnitt (16) der Öffnung im Expansionsbereich (13) ist.Device according to claim 2, characterized in that the maximum free cross section (15) of the opening (7) in the compression area (13) is larger than the maximum free cross section (16) of the opening in the expansion area (13). Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 3, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß das Verhältnis des maximalen freien Querschnitts (15) der Öffnung (7) im Kompressionsbereich (13) zu dem maximalen freien Querschnitt (16) im Expansionsbereich (14) und zu dem dazwischen befindlichen minimalen freien Querschnitt (24) der Öffnung (7) etwa 2,5 : 2 : 1 beträgt.Device according to claim 3, characterized in that the ratio of the maximum free cross-section (15) of the opening (7) in the compression area (13) to the maximum free cross-section (16) in the expansion area (14) and the minimum free cross-section located in between ( 24) of the opening (7) is approximately 2.5: 2: 1. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß für die Dispergierwerkzeuge (6) im Querschnitt ellipsen- oder tropfenförmige Tragarme (17) vorgesehen sind.Apparatus according to claim 1, characterized in that elliptical or drop-shaped support arms (17) are provided for the dispersing tools (6) in cross section. Vorrichtung nach einem der Ansprüche 1 bis 4, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Öffnung (7) rotationssymmetrisch ausgebildet ist.Device according to one of claims 1 to 4, characterized in that the opening (7) is rotationally symmetrical. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 6, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Dispergierwerkzeuge (6) in ihren äußeren Konturen tropfenförmig ausgebildet sind.Apparatus according to claim 6, characterized in that the dispersing tools (6) are drop-shaped in their outer contours. Vorrichtung nach einem der voranstehenden Ansprüche 1 bis 7, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß entgegen der Umlaufrichtung am Beginn des Expansionsbereichs (14) eine Zuführöffnung (22) für Luft vorgesehen ist, die mit einem sich durch die Welle (5) erstreckenden Luftkanal (19) in Verbindung steht.Device according to one of the preceding claims 1 to 7, characterized in that a supply opening (22) for air is provided at the beginning of the expansion area (14) against the circumferential direction, said supply opening having an air duct (19) extending through the shaft (5) Connection is established. Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 8, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Zuführöffnung (22) über den Luftkanal (19) mit einer Quelle für Druckluft verbindbar ist.Apparatus according to claim 8, characterized in that the feed opening (22) can be connected to a source of compressed air via the air duct (19). Vorrichtung nach Anspruch 1 bis 9, dadurch gekennzeichnet, daß die Dispergierwerkzeuge (6) zum Erreichen und Einhalten einer Umlaufgeschwindigkeit in der Flüssigkeit um die Drehachse (4) von mehr als 500 km/h, insbesondere von mehr als 580 km/h vorgesehen sind.Apparatus according to claims 1 to 9, characterized in that the dispersing tools (6) are provided for reaching and maintaining a circulating speed in the liquid about the axis of rotation (4) of more than 500 km / h, in particular more than 580 km / h.
EP92115205A 1991-09-06 1992-09-05 Device for dispersing solids devided in a liquid Withdrawn EP0530839A1 (en)

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JP5367567B2 (en) * 2007-05-18 2013-12-11 株式会社帝国電機製作所 Dispersing stirrer and dispersing tank
EP2769763A2 (en) 2013-02-21 2014-08-27 Gebrüder Lödige Maschinenbaugesellschaft mbH Mixing tool
EP2769763A3 (en) * 2013-02-21 2015-02-18 Gebrüder Lödige Maschinenbaugesellschaft mbH Mixing tool
EP3639915A1 (en) * 2018-10-16 2020-04-22 VISCO JET Rührsysteme GmbH Multi-level stirring element
RU2770580C2 (en) * 2018-10-16 2022-04-18 Виско Джет Рюрзюстеме Гмбх Multistage kneading organ
US11000814B1 (en) * 2018-11-19 2021-05-11 Donald Wynn, Sr. Mixing apparatus with shafts of different lengths having circular members
CN110614059A (en) * 2019-10-08 2019-12-27 昆明理工大学 Top-blown stirring reactor and stirring method

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DE4129594C2 (en) 1994-06-23
DE4129594A1 (en) 1993-03-18

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