DE2051253A1 - Method and device for plasticizing thermoplastic synthetic resins - Google Patents

Description

2051253 Patent attorney Dipi.-Phys. Gerhard Liedl 8 Munich 22 Steinsdorfstr. 21-22 Tel. 29 84 62

B 4876

MITSUBISHI PETROCHEMICAL COMPANY LTD. 5-2, Marunouchi 2-chome, Chiyoda-Ku, Tokyo-To / JAPAN

Process and device for plasticizing thermo - plastic synthetic resins.

The present invention is concerned with a method and apparatus for the plasticization of thermoplastic synthetic resins.

It is a new method and a new device for continuous Plasticization of synthetic resin material or as high a proportion as possible of waste from used molded objects

Dr. D / Ho

109818/1899

made of synthetic resin. The device does not need a lot of energy for its exceptionally large plasticizing capacity.

In addition, in contrast to the filler, it has the effect of a conventional extruder is used, no splitting of synthetic resin molecules and no deterioration of the synthetic resin during the plasticizing process.

In general, an extruder is understood to mean an apparatus which squeezes out synthetic resins after being softened and kneaded. It does this by removing the resin after it has passed through a hopper is filled by means of an extruder screw in a drum kneaded and heated externally. The softened resin is then pressed out through a mouthpiece. This method is used to increase the efficiency of the plastic fixing a baffle or something similarly used to control the flow of the softened resin. Further, the back pressure Ln in the container is increased, thereby increasing the kneading effect is improved in order to achieve the plasticization of the synthetic resin. As a result, the shear action of the kneaded Resin causes separation in the molecular structure, thereby deteriorating the resin. It will also be very large Heat is required for plasticization and considerable mechanical force for the kneading process. In addition, great energies are still needed, in order to achieve efficient plasticizing. Furthermore, the control degassing and viscosity are very difficult. This shows that the conventional method harbors so many abuses that the Plasticizing efficiency in relation to the size of the necessary Apparatus is very small.

Recently, caused by the increase in synthetic resin production, have become the waste of used cast resin products

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increased considerably. This waste forced them to be buried in the ground or together with other waste, such as paper, glass, can lids and burn china. In the case where the waste of synthetic resin products is buried, it becomes critical because Resin products do not weather or dissolve. Burning is also problematic.

Until now the plasticization of synthetic resin has been carried out in a so-called Extruder carried out, lh this the raw material is in a cylindrical Filled container that is heated from the outside. Then the material is in this container by turning an extruder screw kneaded and pressed. The plasticization method mentioned here is not suitable when scrap pieces with large differences in texture and size are kneaded and melted. When plasticizing is to be carried out according to the method described above, a pretreatment, such as a very strong reduction, is also necessary, to give the material a tablet shape. At the same time, substances such as sand and the like must be contained in the synthetic resin are to be discarded. Here it is very difficult to crush and crush film-shaped and box-shaped products. Around To overcome disadvantages, there is a method in which the plagiarism is carried out, in a container with an agitator. However, this method has such disadvantages that as the toughness grade of the plasticized synthetic resin is particularly high, the operation of the agitator becomes uneven. The plasticizing performance is also very low because the thermal conductivity is very low. Consequently this method is not recommended for practical use.

This invention is particularly concerned with a plasticization method with the large amounts of synthetic resin waste products from different

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of any size, texture and thickness can be plasticized immediately, without pretreatment, such as crushing or the like, is necessary, with which one can manufacture newly pressed products.

When producing a compound by adding stabilizers, Fillers, reinforcing materials and color bodies to the synthetic resin material and the plasticization of the same - such as the addition of glass fibers and the like to polyethylene and subsequent plasticization - So far, the synthetic resin material has been used with the other compound materials mixed together in a mixer beforehand. This mixture was fed into an extruder equipped with a heating cylinder and in which the extruder screw is attached. Then kneading and heating were carried out, and thus plasticization was carried out. Here it proves However, it is disadvantageous that the operation for mixing the synthetic resin with the additives and the operation for plasticizing this mixture must be carried out separately. During this treatment, for example, the resin material is in the filling process separated from the displaced material or the compounds are uneven distributed.

This invention is concerned with an apparatus useful for plasticizing of thermoplastic resin and is particularly suitable for plasticization during mixing of synthetic resin material with the other compounds.

It is also common to produce in the hitherto usual method tablet-shaped resin members characterized by placing them, cutting of resin rods which are manufactured by an extruder and then solidified by cooling. However, this is uneconomical because the labor

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passage for pressing and shaping synthetic resin rods through an extruder and the operation for cutting must be carried out separately. In addition, the ability to produce tablet-shaped parts was previously not very well. According to this invention, on the other hand, one can work directly on the apparatus for the production of synthetic resin materials Polymerization attached device for plasticizing be connected to a tabletting device, so that the device for plasticizing and the tableting apparatus can be operated in close association. This makes it possible to have a large number of tablets to manufacture.

The main object of the present invention is to provide a new To create a device for plasticizing, which allows a mass plasticization. The use of an extrusion screw is intended be avoided here. Furthermore, the present invention is intended to bring a plasticizing device to the proposal, the reprocessing Already processed or destroyed objects made of thermoplastic synthetic resin allows.

Another object of the present invention is to provide a To create plasticization device, which is directly connected to a device for the production of synthetic resin material by polymerization can be connected.

The object of the invention has been achieved in that a synthetic resin material the inner wall of a container is supplied, melted and plasticized, the container having a substantially frustoconical shape has formed inner surface, the diameter of which gradually increases, that the container is heated and rotated, that the molten resin from the larger diameter part

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the inner wall of the container by means of onward conveyance to the outside is released, including the molten resin with a pressing force and a propulsive force on the inner wall is conveyed, which relies on the centrifugal force created by the rotation of the container is produced.

Another feature of the present invention relates to an arrangement to increase the output pressure in a collection and discharge device, which is located in the area of the part with a large diameter of the Container of said plasticizing device is arranged.

According to a particularly preferred embodiment is a stamp insert-like Part placed in the rotating container to homogenize the flow of the molten synthetic resin.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, FIG of the collection and discharge device, which is attached to the rotating vessel of the rotary plasticizing device, a punch insert-like Part arranged to thereby generate a normal pressure on the molten resin to increase the discharge pressure. A kneading effect is created on the synthetic resin flowing through the device through the arrangement of projections on the inner wall of the rotating Container exercised.

According to a further particularly preferred embodiment, there is a device in the area of the large-diameter part of the container intended for the removal of foreign matter. The arrangement can also advantageously be provided with a device which avoids an outflow of the liquid synthetic resin between the rotating container and parts connected to it. By a

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special design of the device, it is also possible to a jam to avoid the molten synthetic resin and to ensure its homogeneous further movement along the inner wall of the rotating vessel.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a Plasticization device in which waste or has already been compressed thermoplastic resin articles are fed to a heated rotating vessel having an inner surface which is frustoconical is trained. A pretreatment, such as shredding the waste products or those that have already been used Synthetic resin article is not necessary here, so that it can be used in any and various sizes, shapes and thicknesses can be. The supplied materials are brought to the inner wall of the rotating vessel by guide members and then melted.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a Plasticizing device, which carries out the plasticizing process simultaneously with the mixing of a compound of stabilizers, Allows fillers, reinforcing materials and dyes with the synthetic resin material.

Another embodiment of the present invention relates to a Device for the production of tablets from plasticized synthetic resin, in which the molten synthetic resin material discharged from the outlet port is cut. The outlet opening belongs to one to the outside leading part, which is on the wall of the part with large Diameter of the rotating container from the rotary plasticizer is appropriate. Further details of the present invention will become apparent from the description of preferred embodiments.

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The accompanying drawing serves to further explain the invention. Show in it:

Fig. 1 is a longitudinal section of the main part of an apparatus by which the plasticizing method of the present invention Invention is carried out;

Fig. 2 is a section of the main part along the line II-II of Fig. 1;

W Fig. 3 is a front view of a collection and exit component

along the line ΠΙ-ΪΙΙ of Fig. 1;

Fig. 4 is a half-sectioned longitudinal view of another Embodiment of the rotating container;

Fig. 5 is a longitudinal section of a rotational plasticizing device of Fig. 1;

Fig. Β is a sectional view of the rotary plasticizing device to illustrate the resin flow in the same;

7 shows a side view of a modified embodiment a conical member used in the rotary plasticizer;

Fig. 8 is a sectional view of the main part of another device for carrying out the plasticizing process according to the invention;

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9 shows front views of further embodiments of the outflow mouthpiece shown in FIG. 8;

Fig. 12 is a longitudinal section of the rotary application device with a conical conical component;

. FIG. 13 is sectional views of a further embodiment of the ^un seen in FIG 12 conically shaped member;

15 shows a longitudinal section of a rotary plasticizing device

device in which the rotating container has projections on its inner wall;

Fig. 16 is a section of the rotating container along the line VI-VI of Fig. 15;

Fig. 17 is a projected plan view of the inner wall of the rotating Container;

Fig. 18 is a partial view of the rotating container taken along line VIII-VIII of Fig. 16; i

19 shows a longitudinal section through a rotational plasticizing device, which includes the rotating container shown in Fig. 15 and a conical member;

Fig. 20 is a partial sectional view of the rotary plasticizing device shown in Fig. 19;

21 shows a longitudinal section of a rotary plastering device

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device in which the discharge pressure of the molten resin can be increased;

22 shows a longitudinal line of a further rotational plasticizing device, where another conical shaped component is used;

23A shows a longitudinal section of a modified embodiment of the conically shaped component shown in FIG and

one
23B is a side view / other embodiment of the same;

Fig. 24 is a partial section of a rotating container, which a Contains device for removing foreign objects;

25 is a longitudinal section of the main part of a rotary plasticizing device; which is designed to prevent leakage of molten resin will;

FIG. 26 shows a section of the exit part of the one shown in FIG Contraption;

Fig. 27 is a sectional view of the inner peripheral wall with a small Diameter designed to prevent leakage of the molten resin;

FIG. 28 is a section of another embodiment of FIG

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Rotary plasticizing device which enables the use of an increased discharge pressure;

Fig. 29 is a front view of the pressure increasing portion of Fig. 28;

Fig. 30 is a sectional view of the main part of an apparatus for producing synthetic resin which is then used; when the plasticizing method of the present invention is used for the formation of resin articles having f

large thickness is used;

Fig. 31 is a front view of the end surface of a resin-made article, which is by a rotating The mold is made according to FIG. 30;

Fig. 32 is a front view of part of the end face of said synthetic resin article through radially extending Cuts is severed;

Fig. 33 is a sectional view of a billet, the through ^ Zurechtschnei-

that of the piece shown in Fig. 32 is molded;

34 is a sectional view of the main part of an apparatus for making synthetic resin tablets to which a plasticizing process according to the invention is used;

35 shows a partial longitudinal section of the device shown in FIG. 34; ·

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Figure 36 is a section of an outlet member from which the process the cutting off of the melted and subsequently hardened synthetic resin into tablets can be seen;

37 is a longitudinal sectional view of the main part of a vertical rotating type device to which the present invention Plasticizing process is used;

38 is a cross-section showing the attachment of a guide part can be seen on the rotating container shown in FIG. 37;

39 shows a longitudinal section of a modified embodiment the main part of the apparatus shown in Fig. 37;

40 shows a section of the installed rotating container, from which the position of the hook-shaped from FIG. 39 can be seen Share results;

41 is a longitudinal section of the main part of a vertical rotary plasticizing device with a mixing and scattering arrangement in which the method according to the invention is applied;

42 is a plan view of the lower part of the mixing and scattering arrangement and FIG

Figure 43 is a bottom plan view of the top portion of the mix and scatter assembly.

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An example of a device for carrying out the method according to the invention will now be described with reference to FIGS. 1 to 7. It is a feed device 2 is provided, which is held by a support bracket 1. The feed device 2 contains a flow enclosure 3 and a feeder tasting shaft 4. The front end of the Feeder worm shaft 4 runs in the horizontal part of the flow enclosure 3 to the opening 5 of the flow enclosure 3. The rear Part of the feeder worm shaft 4 lie ^ L outside the flow enclosure 3 and runs in a bearing part 6. Furthermore, a chain drive wheel 7 is fixed to the part of the feeder protruding from the bearing 6 Bringer worm shaft 4 attached. A chain 10 is located between the aforementioned chain drive wheel 7 and a chain drive wheel 9, which is attached to the shaft of a at a suitable point driving electric motor 8 is attached. The aforementioned feed worm shaft 4 is arranged to convey the resin material to the right. The delta flow mount 3 is L-shaped. On the upper end of the vertical part of the aforementioned flow-through enclosure 3, a funnel 11 is fixedly attached.

A rotating container 14 is provided which is connected to the end of the horizontal passage 12 of the passage mount 3 is connected. |

The left end of the aforementioned rotating container 14 is rotatably mounted by means of a pivot bearing 13. The rotating container 14 appears horn-shaped and has a larger diameter at its right end than at its left end. The diameter of the inner wall 15 gradually widens from the left to the right end, namely from the part / with a small diameter to the part 17 with a large diameter.

Furthermore, a ring gear 18 is fixed to the outer wall of the rotating loading

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holder 14 attached, closer to the left end of the same. The ring gear 18 meshes with a drive gear 10. The drive gear 19 is fixedly mounted on a shaft 24 which is in the upper part of the support beam 20,21 runs in bearings 22, 23. Then there is a chain guide wheel 25 attached to the shaft 24 which protrudes from the bearing 22. One Link chain 28 is between a chain guide wheel 27, which is thrust-proof on the shaft of the suitably attached driving electric motor 26 is attached and the chain guide wheel 25 attached.

Further, the rotating container 14 is truncated conical Support members 29, 30 held, mainly to keep the axial position of the rotating container 14 in the horizontal. the mentioned support members 29, 30 are attached to shafts 35, 36, both ends of which run in bearings 33, 33, 34, 34, which are located on the upper Part of the support beams 31, 32 are located. A collection and outlet component 37 for the accumulated molten resin, at the end of the part 17 of the inner wall with the large diameter is the rotating container 14 appended. The collection and outlet member 37 includes a funnel-shaped portion 38 and a dispensing area 39. A rotatable seal 40 is of the outer surface of the part 17 with the large diameter of the inner wall and the end part of the aforementioned collecting and Outlet component 37 is formed. A discharge port 41 is at the end of the discharge region 39 is formed. The collecting and outlet component 37 described is fastened to support beams 42, 43.

in the manner of a stamp insert. A conical component 44 / fo is located in the rotating container It contains a long, conical section 45 and a short conical section Area 46 which is coaxial with the long, conical area 45. The conical member 44 is with the rotating container 14 connected via connecting pieces 47, 47. As a result, both parts rotate together. An annular passage 49 is through the you-

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surface of the outer wall 15 of the rotating container 14 and the outer surface 48 of the long, conical region 45 of the conical component 44 is formed. An annular passage 52 is also formed between the surface 50 of the inner wall of the funnel-shaped portion 38 and the outer surface 51 of the short tapered portion 4G. In this case, the tip 53 of the short conical area 46 is directed towards the discharge passage 41. It is also located on the axis of the rotating container 14.

The angle of inclination of the outer surface 48 of the conical component 44 is larger than that of the inner wall 15 of the rotating

radial distance
Container 14. The / from the iniienwandung 15 of the rotating container

to the outer surface 48 of the conical Bav'2Jles 44 is therefore larger in the area of the part 16 with the smaller cross section than the area 17 with the larger diameter. Therefore, the annular passage 49 increases from the part IG starting with the ¹ smaller diameter to the portion having the large diameter of the rotating container 14 from.

The rotating container 14 and the conical component 44 are in alignment axially to each other.

Furthermore, a heater 54 is near the outside of the rotating Container 14 arranged. Said Heizun g 54 can expediently be selected as an infrared gas burner or electric heater, etc.

The discharge passage 41 of the collection and outlet member 37 has at In the example shown, the rectangular shape shown in FIG. 3 in order to produce a strip of tape. The components provided with the reference numerals 55, 55 are pinch rollers. So if the

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When the electric motor 8 is put into operation, the feeder worm shaft 4 rotates via the chain drive wheel 9, the chain 10 and the chain guide wheel 7. When the electric motor 26 is started up, the chain 28 is rotated via the chain drive wheel 27 and the shaft 24 is rotated via the chain drive wheel 25 . The rotating container 14 is driven by the ring gear 18 which is connected to the gear 19 which is fastened on the shaft 24. Since the left end of the rotating container 14 is rotatably supported by the support members 29 and 30, the rotating container 14 is rotated so that its axis remains in the horizontal direction. The conical component 44 is also rotated together with the rotating container 14.

The synthetic resin material fed to the hopper 11 is of the vertical part of the flow-through enclosure 3 is brought into the horizontal part of the same by the feeder worm shaft 4. The synthetic resin material a therefore gets from the opening 5 of the horizontal part of the flow enclosure in the part 16 with the smaller inner diameter of the rotating container 14.

The in this way introduced into the interior of the rotating container 14 material a. is also subjected to a rotary motion in accordance with the rotation of the rotating container 14. It is pressed against the outer wall 15 with a relatively large force due to the centrifugal force occurring as a result of the rotation of the rotating container 14. Since the rotating container 14 is heated by the heater 54, the material a is melted and plasticized.

In this way, it will gradually pass through the feeder worm shaft 4 supplied material to the inner wall 15 of the rotating loading

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holder 14. The pressed against the inner wall 15 and melted resin is subjected to a forward force by the component of the centrifugal force extending in the direction of the inner wall of the rotating container 14, which causes it to be continuously to the right with respect to FIG is moved along the inner wall 15. The resin is heated further so that it continues to soften. This also ensures that the resin initially melted due to the centrifugal force generated by the rotating container 14 and the subsequently supplied resin are compatible with one another. Since the inner wall 15 of the rotating container 14 is inclined slightly downward from its left to the right side, λ reaches

one compatibility of the resin, since it differs from the composite Force is heated sufficiently. The composite force consists of a radial force from centrifugal force Force and a forward force acting on the converging downward inclined plane of the inner wall 15 is based. The molten resin flows along the inner wall 15 in the annular passage 49 and gradually becomes in the annular passage Passage 52 continued.

The conical component 44 is mounted inside the rotating container 14 and the collection and outlet component 37. Ä through its training

a uniform flow of the molten resin is achieved moves in the annular passage 49 along the inner wall 15 of the rotating container 14 and then subsequently over the annular Passage 52 and the discharge passage 41 is discharged. This can stagnate the resin in the part 16 with smaller Wall diameters are avoided as well as an accumulation of molten resin near the discharge area 39. The conical Component 44 is therefore able to increase the output pressure generated by the normal pressure in the discharge area 39.

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That directed from the annular passage 52 via the discharge passage 41 Resin is molded into a continuous ribbon. It is then passed through rollers 55,55 in a further work step, while it is cooled by suitable cooling devices such as air or water cooling. In this case it takes place a rotation of the rotating container 14 at a speed that generates a centrifugal force of 5 g or more on the synthetic resin.

The rotational plasticizing device according to the invention includes a horizontally rotating rotating container, the surface of which has the shape of a truncated cone. The inner wall takes with it their diameter continuously from the part with the smaller diameter towards the part with the larger diameter, with the axis of rotation aligned horizontally. The device also includes a heater for heating the rotating container. The rotating container is designed in such a way that synthetic resin material is applied to it.

Inner wall,,, r »,

the can that is fed to / in the part with the smaller diameter while the rotating container is rotating and while it is being heated. As a result, the synthetic resin material is through the Pressing force acting on the inner wall and the propulsive force, that of the centrifugal force resulting from the rotation of the rotating container based, transported further, where it is melted and plasticized by the heater. Eventually the melted Resin discharged through the part with the larger diameter of the outer wall.

In the method according to the invention, the agitation and compatibility takes place of the resin by the pressing force generated from the centrifugal force and the forward force due to the inclined plane composite force effect. It is therefore easy to adjust the plasticizing condition to the melt viscosity of the resin.

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deliver and adjust, including only the rotation speed of the rotating container must be changed. The melt index of the resin can also be appropriately selected over a wide range.

If one compares the method according to the invention with a previously customary one Screw Extruders, it is found that increased efficiency is obtained with reduced fuel and energy costs. The properties of the synthetic resin are also not impaired since the molecules are not sheared during the compatibilization of the resin will. The removal of volatile substances and moisture and other process steps can be carried out easily, since the plastifi- ^ / icrung is carried out under the action of centrifugal force. Farther Prior art extruders require a solid synthetic resin material in the form of granules. In contrast, the inventive Device directly connected to the polymerization device which produces the resin, because of the shape of the supplied synthetic resin material there are no such restrictions.

The cross section of the rotating container can, as shown in FIG. 4, be designed so that the inner wall 56 is divided into approximately three sections. In particular, by changing the caster of the corresponding sections, such as section 57 for the feed, _Λ

section 58 for melting and section 59 for extrusion the effectiveness of the melting process, the mixability and the extrusion or spraying can be further improved.

If the conical component, as can be seen from FIG. 6, is not used occurs when the raw material is excessively fed or when there is resistance due to the discharge of the molten material Synthetic resin, a jam of the molten resin arises in the vicinity of the longitudinal axis of the rotating container, namely near the

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Feed side for the synthetic resin raw material into the rotating container and near the discharge port of the collecting and discharging part for the softened synthetic resin. The conical component, on the other hand, causes one smooth transport of the molten resin along the inner wall of the rotating container. This prevents the resin from building up Avoid in the area with the smaller diameter of the rotating container. Thermal deterioration of the resin that occurs in each case in a jam, can thus be avoided. Also the flowing of the molten synthetic resin along the inner wall the collection and outlet component can be designed more smoothly as a result. Because there is a jam of the synthetic resin around the area of the funnel-shaped Part 38 up to the discharge passage can thereby be avoided in particular, the extrusion pressure can be increased.

In Fig. 7 a modified example of the conical component is shown, in the case of the rectangular recesses 60, 60 ... in the inclined Direction of the outer surface of the conically shaped part 46 from its tip 53 to the base. The kneading ability can be strengthened in this way in the annular passage 52, which by the cooperation of the concavo-convex formation of the inner Wall surface 50 of the funnel-shaped part 38 and the outer upper. surface of the conically shaped part 46 is effected.

Fig. 8 shows an apparatus for producing cylindrical synthetic Synthetic resin articles in which the method according to the invention is applied. From Fig. 8 it can be seen that a bulk frame 61 is fixed is connected to the opening 5 of the flow enclosure 3 .. The bulk frame 61 has a chute 62.

Furthermore, a guide part 64 with a conical shape is inside the Opening 63 of the rotating container 14 attached. In order to now

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moderate rotation of the guide part 64 with the rotating container 14 to generate the common axis, holding pieces 65,65 are provided, which extend outward in the radial direction. The outer ends of these holding pieces 65, 65 are on the inner wall of the rotating Container 14, the inner ends attached to the corresponding parts of the guide member 64. The end skirt of the opening 63 of the rotating Container 14 and the outwardly facing surface of the guide member 64 are thus approximately in one plane, so that necessarily a peripheral joint 66 between the inner edge of the opening 63 and the outer or edge area of the guide part 64 arises. The leadership part 64 can be shifted in the axial direction so that the peripheral joint 66 is freely adjustable in its width.

Furthermore, a drain mouthpiece 71 is provided, which consists of an inner mouthpiece 68 which is provided with a surface 67 which rests freely against the outer surface of the guide part 64 and is moved relative to this. The drain mouthpiece also includes an outer mouthpiece 70 which is annular. In this way, a peripheral joint 69 is created between the outer and inner mouthpieces. The dispensing nozzle 71 is fixed around the opening 63 of the rotating container 14, being formed slidable in this case, the rotatable container 14 .The remaining *

Parts shown in Fig. 8 correspond to those in Fig. 1 with the same Reference symbols occupied parts. One after the other from the feeder worm shaft 4 conveyed material a drips in this case from the chute 62 of the chute frame 61 onto the inner wall 15 of the rotating Container 14. The first pressed against the inner wall 15 synthetic resin is melted and then by the pressing force and the forward component of the centrifugal force formed due to the inclined plane continuously along the inner wall 15 of the rotating container 14 pressed forward. Here the art -

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Resin is further heated so that its melting is increased. That already Resin previously melted becomes afterward due to the centrifugal force associated with the rotation of the rotating container 14 added synthetic resin mixed.

As soon as the resin melted in this way in the neighborhood the opening 63 of the rotating container 14 and on the edge of the guide part 64, it is passed through the peripheral joint 69 between the inner mouthpiece 68 and the outer annular mouthpiece 70. It flows here through the peripheral joint 66 in the part 17 with a larger diameter due to the combined extrusion force which consists of said centrifugal force when the resin is squeezed. The synthetic resin discharged outside in this way becomes continuous shaped into a cylinder. In this way it is possible to continuously manufacture cylindrical products made of synthetic resin, wherein an additional cooling device such as air or water cooling is used.

As in the described embodiment of the present invention the peripheral groove 69 is annular through the use of a rigid inner mouthpiece and a rigid outer annular mouthpiece is designed, with both mouthpieces sliding freely in contact with the standing outer end surface of the guide member, cylindrical products can be obtained by extrusion. As in the above Case the peripheral joint is designed in a ring shape, through the use a fixed inner mouthpiece which is freely slidable and in contact with the outer end surface of the guide member and a fixed outer one annular mouths allow cylindrical products to be extruded and press.

Instead of the aforementioned dispensing nozzle 70, other configurations can be used.

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Use handpieces shown in FIGS. 9, 10 and 11. Therefore, when using the dispensing nozzle 73 with the I-shaped openings 72, 72 ... or the exit nozzle 75 with the openings 74, 74 ..., the cross-section of which have finely divided rectangles, triangles or round shape or a dispensing mouthpiece 77, the one Contains arcuate discharge opening 76, so you can continuously produce pressed products with the extrusion process, the corresponding Have cross-sections.

A further conical component 78 is shown in FIG. 12. The conical one Component 78 has a conical outer surface 79 which extends in the same direction as the inner wall 15 of the rotating Container 14 tends. The conical component 78 is thus conical, with its being on the part 16 with a small inner diameter Inner wall 15 located end forms a point, while the other end 81 of the same, which lies on the side on which the inner wall which forms part 17 with the large diameter, is flattened and represents a disc perpendicular to the axis of the rotating container. The end portion 81 is in the vicinity of the slidable portion of the large diameter portion 17 of the inner wall 15 of the rotating Container 14 and the collection and outlet member 37 attached. Of the rotating container -14 and the conical member 78 are connected by connecting members 82, 82 uniformly and rotatably connected to one another. In the manner already described above, an annular passage formed between the inner wall 15 of the rotating container 14 and the outer surface 79 of the conical component 78. The angle of inclination of the outer surface 79 of the conical member 78 is like this chosen that it is slightly larger than the angle of inclination of the inner wall 15 of the rotating container 14, so that the annular passage decreases from the small diameter part 16 of the rotating container towards the large diameter part 17. Through this

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the annular passage 83 is formed. The arrangement of the rotating Container 14 and the conical component 78 to each other is also selected such that their longitudinal axes coincide. In this Trap is melted and plasticized synthetic resin by the pressing force acting on the inner wall and the centrifugal force of Forwards acting force resulting from the rotation of the rotating container to the part 17 with a large inner diameter of the inner wall 15 transported further. The synthetic resin then reaches the collecting and outlet component 37. In the present case, the conical component leads 78 together with the rotating container 14 through the rotary movement. The molten resin that runs along the inner wall of the rotating Container 14 is transported, enters the annular passage 83, which it passes through homogeneously. The formation of congestion of the synthetic resin in the axial area of the smaller diameter part 16 of the rotating container 14 is thus avoided.

conical component or

13 and 14 are modified embodiments of the / punch insert shown. The outer surface of the punch insert 84 shown in FIG. 13 here has a conically tapering surface. the The tapered surface is formed by the outer surface 86 of a material of sufficient thickness, the inner surface of which is a Cavity 85 encloses.

The outer surface 89 of the punch insert 87 of FIG. 14 has a outer wall 88 running parabolically. The effect and efficiency of these embodiments 84 and 87 in one rotating Containers 14 correspond to those of the stamp insert 78.

In FIGS. 15 through 18, an improved rotating container is shown, the one with a required number of projections 92.92 ... at its inner wall 91 is provided. The projections 92,92 are in

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Groups 92a and 92b at the necessary axial distance from each other in the rotating container 90 arranged. They also have the same spacing from one another in the peripheral direction. Groups 92a and 92b of Projections are further arranged in a zigzag shape, the respective Projections 92,92 protrude and are inclined in the axial direction. In the present embodiment, there are two groups of protrusions 92a, 92b in the axial direction and four projections 92,92 ... in the peripheral Direction on the inner wall 15 of the rotating container 90 arranged in a zigzag shape. These are also inclined in the axial direction. The places where these projections 92,92 ... are arranged and the number thereof are determined in consideration of the size of the rotating container and the flow properties of the molten synthetic resin certainly. The arrangement of the same is therefore not limited to that indicated in the examples described. So if that molten synthetic resin, which has been plasticized on the inner wall 91 of the rotating container 90, flows along the inner wall 91, the projections 92, 92 cause an increased kneading action to be exerted on the molten resin flowing along. In particular due to the force resulting from the rotation of the rotating container 30 driving the synthetic resin and the force acting in the peripheral direction, acted composite acting by the projections 92,92 ... exerted Kraft, the melted synthetic resin can be kneaded effectively. 19 and 20, a punch insert 93 is inside the rotating Container 90 arranged. The two parts are firmly attached to one another by connecting parts 94, 94.

In the present case, there is a very small gap between the front ends of the projections 92,92 and the outer surface 95 of the punch insert 93 is formed. In this device, the melted Resin deposited in the annular passage 96 between the inner wall 91 of the rotating container 90 and the outer surface 95

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of the stamp insert flows, knead effectively.

The rotating container mentioned is an extremely effective one and a suitable kneading device for molten resin in a rotary plasticizing device represent.

In Fig. 21, an embodiment is shown which increases the Output pressure enabled. On the feeder worm shaft 4, which runs through the horizontal part 12 of the feed device 2, is at the other end in the area of the collecting and outlet component 37 a Arrangement 97 attached to increase the output pressure. In the present case, the helical part 99 of the arrangement extends to increase the output pressure 97, which is attached to the part 98 of the continuous vVelle, both over the area of the funnel-shaped ' Part 38 as well as via the output area 39. The diameter of the part 102 of the corner-shaped part 99 of the arrangement to increase of the output pressure has a larger diameter than the rest of the helical part 99. By the formation of the inside of the dispensing passage 41 and through the portion 102 of the larger-diameter helical part becomes in the funnel-shaped wall part 38 and the inner surface in the vicinity of the transition point 101, an extremely narrow passage is formed between the delivery area 39. Even if the feeder worm shaft 4 and the arrangement 97 for increasing the output pressure are arranged coaxially to one another, they can be divided into two parts so that both can be freely connected to each other in any desired position. They can therefore be restored in an appropriate manner assemble and exchange freely.

In the above-mentioned process, the synthetic resin is

force on the inner wall and due to the centrifugal force

⁴⁸⁷⁶ 109818/1899

the propulsive force moves along the inner wall. The synthetic resin is then fed to the collection and outlet member 37. In the present case, the molten synthetic resin is pushed into the funnel-shaped part 38 of the collecting and outlet component 37 by the subsequent molten synthetic resin, whereby it is dammed up in the transition part 101 of the discharge passage 41 for a short time. This transition area 101 corresponds to the foremost end of the funnel-shaped part 38. The effect of the pressing force is produced by the large-diameter part 102 of the helical part 99 in the arrangement 97 for increasing the discharge pressure, for which purpose the shaft 98 by a suitable one, not shown in the figure drive mechanism shown is set in rotation. The molten resin is thereby gradually pushed through the discharge passage 41 from the transition part 101. In the discharge passage 41, the further transport of the molten synthetic resin to the discharge opening 103 is assisted by the part 100 of the helical part 99.

In the rotary plasticizing device described above, the Arrangement for increasing the discharge pressure is arranged in the collection and discharge member which is directed to the large diameter part of the rotating container is in place. Said arrangement for increasing the output pressure is designed so that it is coaxial with the Feeder worm shaft runs. Since the area of the helical '

Part with the large diameter is mounted in the arrangement for increasing the discharge pressure to thereby press the molten synthetic resin and push it forward, the addition of the same in the event that it is fed to a mouthpiece for pressing or the like part via the outlet opening , take place under sufficient pressure. The performance of the rotary plasticizing device described can therefore be increased further. Since the feeder worm shaft 4 and the arrangement for increasing the output pressure

⁴⁸⁷⁶ 109818/1899

are formed coaxially to one another, there is a saponification of the Holder of the shaft.

Another embodiment of the rotary plasticizing device is shown in Figs. This embodiment also serves to achieve an increased output pressure. In the funnel-shaped Part 38 of the Sanimel and outlet component 37 is a stamp insert 104 appropriate. This stamp insert 104 has a conical outer surface 105 which opens into a tip which is to the side of the dispensing passage 41 comes to rest. The base end 107 of this punch insert comes in the vicinity of the area producing a sliding contact with the part 17 to lie opposite with a larger diameter of the wall of the rotating container and the funnel-shaped wall part 38. In this situation the punch insert is held by connecting parts 108,108, the connect it to the rotating container 14 uniformly. From the inner wall surface 50 of the funnel-shaped wall part 38 in the collecting and expansion part 37 and a channel for the molten synthetic resin is therefore formed by the conical surface 105 of the punch insert 104.

Therefore, if in the manner described above, the molten resin is fed to the collection and outlet member 37 and then flows along the channel 106, which of the funnel-shaped part 38 and the Stamp insert 104 is formed, the pressing force acts toward the center of rotation because the melted synthetic resin is viscoelastic Liquid is. The compressive force therefore acts in the axial direction of the punch insert 104 between the surface 105 of this rotating

104
Part / and the inner surface of the funnel-shaped part 38 of the fixed collection and outlet component 37 in the channel 106 for the liquid synthetic resin. There is thus a normalinormal stress effect there!
Pressure is generated, causing the melted resin to enter the neighborhood

• ⁴⁸⁷⁶ 109818/1899

(ii.fr, the tip of the punch insert 104 and the inlet opening to the discharge passage 41 of the discharge area 39. The pressure of the molten resin is therefore increased around the tip of the punch insert 104. In this way, there is a sufficient increase for the discharge pressure of the molten synthetic resin, which is supplied to the desired locations through the discharge passage 41 and the discharge port.

In FIGS. 23A and B, various embodiments of the stamp insert are shown 104 shown. The stamp insert 109 contains a conically running outer surface 112 which is formed by a wall part 111 will. The wall part 111 also forms a cavity 110 in the interior of the stamp insert. The star insert 113 shown in FIG. 12B includes a forward portion 116 which protrudes in the axial direction from the tip of the conical body 114. When the stamp inserts 109 or 113 replace the punch insert 104 of FIG. 22, the result is the same mode of operation of the device and a corresponding effectiveness as in the arrangement shown in FIG. So they are different constructive changes in the stamp insert possible.

In general, in the rotary plasticizer, there is the The molten resin tends to accumulate in the vicinity of the axial portion on the side where the resin is supplied. Such a jam also occurs preferentially in the axial direction Area in front of the discharge passage in the collection and outlet component.

When the device is constructed in the manner described in FIG is, is from the outer surface of a punch insert and the inner surface of the funnel-shaped part in the collecting and outlet component on the molten synthetic resin one extending in the direction of the central axis Pressure exerted. In this way, the molten art

' ^l87fi 10Θ818 / 1899

resin in the vicinity of the inlet opening of the discharge passage from the collection and outlet member, a pressure; transmitted so that the discharge pressure of the resin supplied to the desired locations via the discharge port can be increased. In the example shown in Fig. 24, an outer guide member 117 is attached to the periphery of the large diameter member 17 of the rotating container. A fitted base part 118 of the outer guide part 117 is fixedly attached to the outer surface and shifted a little to the left with respect to the end of the part with the large diameter 17 of the wall 1b in the rotating container 14. The inner surface 119 of the outer guide part runs at a slight inclination to the top right - based on FIG. 24 - this angle of inclination corresponding to the angle of inclination of the inner wall 15 of the rotating container 14. A desired gap is formed between the inner surface 119 and the outer surface 120 at the end of the large diameter portion 117 of the inner wall 15.

Furthermore, on the outer periphery at the end of the part 17 with a large Diameter of the inner wall 15 attached a device 121 for removing foreign matter. In the example shown, this exists from a cylindrically shaped network that has a certain strength. The blind movement of the same can by connecting parts 122,122 should be avoided. A stand is also provided on the portion extending from the end of the large diameter portion 17 of the inner wall to the inner surface of the device 121 for removing the foreign matter. A uniform gap becomes between the outer surface 120 of the large diameter portion 17 of the inner wall 15 and the inner surface of the device 121 • formed to remove foreign matter; A collection and outlet component is pushed over the outer end of the outer guide part 117, which is then fixed in a desired position.

⁴⁸⁷⁶ 1098 18/1399

When the device is constructed in the above-mentioned manner, arrives the molten resin to the large diameter part 17 of the inner wall 15 along the same. It then arrives at the Inner surface of the outer guide part 117, passing through the foreign matter removal device 121 attached to the transition part is attached, which covers a portion of the part 17 with a large diameter of the inner wall. Then the liquid flows Synthetic resin along the inner surface of the outer guide member 117, as it has flowed along the inner wall 15. The liquid synthetic resin finally reaches the inner wall of the funnel-shaped part the collection and outlet component. Therefore, if the melted art |

resin, which is transported along the inner wall 15, the device penetrated to remove foreign matter, is caused by this that the channel of foreign matter, such as metal parts and in the molten Resin contained lump-shaped parts is kept free. These Foreign substances are thus excreted from the molten synthetic resin moving toward the inner surface of the outer guide member 117. The molten synthetic resin containing no such foreign matter can be in any desired areas such as one Press over from the inner surface of the outer guide member 117 the collection and outlet components are supplied.

Since, as mentioned above, in the rotary authentication device outer guide part on the periphery of the large diameter part of the inner wall of the rotating container, a device for removing foreign matter in the transition area from the large diameter part of the inner wall to the outer guide part and . in the transition area from the large diameter part of the inner wall to the device for removing foreign matter a stand and an outer gap are attached, the foreign matter-containing molten synthetic resin can be due to the Zen-

4876 10 8 818/1899

distribute trifugal force over the device for removing the foreign matter. It is hereby possible to enlarge the effective range of the foreign matter removing device. Since the press krait of the molten synthetic resin is very large, foreign matter can be effectively removed in this way.

25 and 26 show a device with which an outflow of the molten synthetic resin is avoided.

Fig. 25 shows a rotary plasticizing device which has a Stamp insert 124 in the rotating container 123 contains. The flow of the molten resin along the inner wall 125 of the rotating Container 123 is made homogeneous by the annular passage 126. The passage 126 is here from the outer surface of the Stamp insert 124 and the inner surface of the wall 125 of the rotating container 123 is formed. The mouthpiece 130 for manufacture of a tubular article is opposed to the annular outlet opening 129, which end at the outer edge of the base 127 from the punch insert 124 and the end of the large diameter portion 128 of the inner wall of the rotating container is formed. The mouthpiece 130 consists of a mandrel 131 and a sheath portion 132 .. From the outer surface 133 of the mandrel 131 and A rotatable seal assembly is formed on the inner surface 134 of the base end 127 of the punch insert. Another rotatable Sealing arrangement is formed by the inner peripheral surface of the inclined extending portion 135 of the envelope portion 132 and the outer surface piece of the large diameter part 128 of the inner wall of the rotating container 123 is formed. That through the annular passage opening 129 liquid synthetic resin is formed by means of the outlet opening 136 of the mouthpiece 130 into a tubular body.

4876 1 0 θ 8 1 8/1 8 9 9

From the above description it can be seen that when a rotatable Sealing arrangement between the outer surface of the large diameter portion 128 of the inner wall of the rotating container 123 and the inner edge surface of the envelope part 132 of the mouthpiece 130 and a further rotatable sealing arrangement between the outer edge surface of the mandrel 131 of the mouthpiece 130 and the inner edge surface 134 of the punch insert arranged in the rotating container 123 124, due to no leakage of molten resin over the rotatable seal assemblies thus formed the centrifugal force that occurs when the rotating container and the punch insert 124 rotate together.

From Fig. 27 it can also be seen that a leakage of the molten Resin does not occur even if the end of the outer cylindrical portion 138 of the feeder 137 is considered to be openly expanding End 139 is formed so that an annular parallel gap between the open expanding end 139 and the inner Edge surface 141 of the part 140 with a small diameter of the inner wall of the rotating container 123 is created.

there
From the above it follows that / in the case of a rotary plasticizing device, the sealing arrangement attached to the junction between the parts connected to the rotatable container is inclined outwards, and since the molten synthetic resin is prevented from running out by the aid of the centrifugal force resulting from the rotating movement of the rotating container, a remarkable reduction in friction losses can be achieved. In this way it is also possible to reduce the energy loss considerably.

28 shows a further exemplary embodiment in which a part 142 to increase the output pressure is attached in such a way that its front

⁴⁸⁷⁶ 10 9 8 18/1899

- «J4 -

their Tell the funnel-shaped part 38 of the collection and outlet component and its base part of the inside of the large diameter part 17 of the rotating container 14 faces. The part 142 for increasing the discharge pressure is connected to the rotating container 14 via connecting parts 143,143 connected so that it can rotate freely and uniformly connected to it. The part 142 for increasing the output pressure is, as can be seen from FIG. 29, with spiral-shaped recesses 144 on its front part. It also has a conical shape. The necessary distance between the outer surface the part 142 for increasing the discharge pressure and the inner wall of the funnel-shaped part 38 is also retained in this arrangement. By the described training it is achieved that the molten synthetic resin, the wall along the inner wall 50 of the collecting and outlet component 37 flows along, is exposed to a strong component of a compressive force in the advancing direction. This strong force component is based on the centrifugal force exerted by the forward end 145 of the part 142 which coincides with the rotating container 14 turns. This causes the molten resin around the area between the central portion of the part 142 to increase the discharge pressure and the inlet port of the discharge passage 41 is formed, subjected to a pressing pressure. This leads to the output pressure of the molten synthetic resin, which are fed to any desired location via the discharge passage 41 and the discharge opening can, increased sufficiently. As described above, one therefore obtains in a rotary plasticizer, an increase in pressure in the molten resin in the vicinity of the Inlet opening of the dispensing passage in the collecting and dispensing part, if the along the inner wall of the funnel-shaped part of the collecting and liquid synthetic resin flowing along outlet member from the front end portion of the member for increasing the discharge pressure, which rotates together with the rotating container, experiences a pressure

⁴⁸⁷⁶ 109818/1899

and forward in the direction of the central axis from the centrifugal force is driven. The discharge pressure of the molten resin, that can be passed to any point from the dispensing opening can be increased as a result. With reference to Fig. 30 is intended in the following the manufacture of thick molded synthetic resin articles such as bars or similar goods using the rotary plasticizing device to be discribed.

In Fig. 30, there are a resin supply device 146 and a molding device 147 for the manufacture of molded articles. The molding apparatus places the molded articles thereby so that it is fed with molten resin from the feeder 146. The feeder 146 for the molten Synthetic resin contains a rotating container 152 which is rotatably arranged in holders 150,151. The brackets 150,151 are mounted in a support frame 149 formed on the upper part of the base 148 of the device. On the parallel one Part 153 at the right end of the rotating container 152 has a passage 154 inserted. The front end of one in the passageway arranged worm shaft comes to lie in the input opening 156 of the passage 154. A sprocket 158 that is on the shaft a drive motor 157 is attached and another sprocket 159, which is attached to the outward end of the worm shaft 155 are connected to one another via a chain 160. To this Thus, a synthetic resin material falling from a funnel 161 can gradually add to the small-diameter portion 162 of the inner wall of the rotating container 152 can be fed by the movement of the screw shaft 155. The rotating container 152 is on the parallel one Part 153 at the right end carried by a holder part 163 of the holder 151. One on the outer part of the parallel part 153 attached sprocket and a sprocket 166 attached to the shaft

109818/1899

a drive motor 165 mounted on the support frame 149 is attached, are connected to one another by a chain 167. The axis of rotation of the rotating container 152 v / k'd in a horizontal position held that the outer edge of the large diameter portion 168 the wall of the same at its left end rotatable by a mounting part 169 is supported on the bracket 150. The surface of the inner wall of the rotating container 152 gradually decreases the small diameter portion 162 to the large diameter portion 168, with a uniform opposite the axis Expansion takes place. The inner surface of the rotating container thus formed also slopes downwards, close to the outer one A heater 169, such as an electric heater, is arranged on the surface of the rotating container 152. The worm shaft 155 is only used to introduce synthetic resin material into the rotating container 152 from the hopper 161.

The forming device 147 for the objects to be manufactured, the 30, includes a cylindrical rotating metal mold 172 having an insertion opening 171 at the right end. The insertion opening corresponds to the opening 170 at the left end of the rotating container 152. The rotating metal mold 172 can, for example, be multi-part, be formed from one piece or in some other way. In the example described, a removable cover 174 is attached to the Opening 173 attached to the left end. When a rotating metal mold 172 is formed, a tight fit of the lid is made 174. It thereby becomes a cast surface by the cooperation of the outer part of the inner surface 175 and the inner one Surface 176 of rotating metal mold 172 is formed. The edge portion 177 of the insertion opening 171 protrudes radially inward over the inner surface 178 of rim portion 177. Inner surface 178 of rim portion 177 also forms a cast surface in the manufacture of the

109Θ1Θ / 1,899

Hifth rotating metal mold 172. The rotating metal mold is rotatable at high speed on ai ■. m \ slidable carriage 100 ι gelagej which is guided in rails 179th For this purpose, brackets 183,184 are attached to the Clmssis 182 of the trolley. The carriage 180 moves loudly in the rails 179 on the rudders 181. Rotatable shafts 187, 188 are attached to the brackets 1.83, 184 by means of bearings 185, 186 with their columns. A sprocket 190 is connected to a drive motor 189. The drive motor 189 is bothered by the chassis 182 of the car. Another chain wheel 194 is mounted on a rotatable shaft 19; i. The rotatable shaft 193 is rotatably supported by separate brackets 191 and 192. The chain wheels 190 and 194 λ are connected to one another via a chain 195. Additional chain wheels 196, 197 are attached to the rotatable shaft 193. Further sprockets 198 and 199 are attached to shafts 187 and 187, which correspond to sprockets 19 (5 and 197. Sprockets 196 and 197 are connected to sprockets 199 and 198, respectively, by chains 200, 201 The lower surface of the rotating metal mold 172 is supported on the right side by the support members 202, 202 and on the left lower side by the support members 203, 203. The support members 202, 203 must be designed to have sufficient friction on their surface, so that the ae rotating metal mold 172 that is supported by the support members 202,203, that of the outer surface for cooling is driven by its own rotation at a high rotational speed. In the drawing, reference numeral 204 denotes a cooling device, the rotating metal mold is provided.

Using the device shown in Fig. 30, which consists of the resin supply device 146 and the molding device 147 for the production of ingot-shaped material

⁴⁸⁷⁶ 109818/1899

BATH ORIGINAL

and the molding device 147 moves, the left opening of the rotating container 152 is inserted into the right opening 171 of the rotating metal mold 172. In this way a rotatable seal is obtained. After the motors 157, 165 and 189 have been put into operation and after Kum tharzmaterial has been fed from the hopper 161, the synthetic resin material is moved to the left via the flow channel 154 by means of the worm shaft 155 until it reaches the part 162 with the smaller diameter of the rotating container 152, which is driven by the drive motor 165. Since the rotating container 152 is heated by the heater 169, the synthetic resin material is kneaded and mixed by the centrifugal force resulting from the rotation of the rotating container while the plastic material therein is melted. Due to the expanding structure of the inner surface of the rotating container 152, which expands to the left, the molten resin is gradually moved toward the discharge port 170. In this way, the molten resin is supplied to the rotating metal mold 172 through the left end opening 170. Since the rotating metal mold 172 is driven at a high revolving speed, the introduced resin is pressed against the inner outer surface of the rotating metal mold 172 by the action of centrifugal force. At the same time, pressure is applied to the resin in the rotating metal mold 172. In this way, the molten resin layer gradually increases in thickness as it is pressed. When a certain amount of the molten resin is introduced into the rotating metal mold 172, the supply of the resin material is stopped. The shaping device 147 is then separated from the feed device 146 and moved under the cooling device 204 . There the rotating metal mold is cooled by pouring water from above onto the still rotating metal mold. The rotating metal mold 172 becomes

• ⁴⁸⁷⁶ 109818/1899 bad original

therefore chilled by its external curses, wifli tend to rotate constantly. The molten synthetic resin is inside dw ,, i rotating metal

gußforw 172 during a prefilnai! is subjected, cooled. this means that the synthetic resin also undergoes a pressing process during the cooling process remains subject.

The rotation of the rotating container 152 in the resin supply device 146 is preferably set up so that the fed to the e Resin acting centrifugal force is more than bg. if for example the main diameter of the rotating container 152 15 a, you will turn it with a speed of 250 bib * f

Let it rotate 11 * 00 revolutions per minute. Preferably holds the number of revolutions is between 400 and 800 revolutions per minute.

The number of revolutions of the rotating metal casting foot 172 of the forming apparatus 147 is preferably set so that the -.uf das Centrifugal force acting on synthetic resin more than 2 g when absorbing the molten synthetic resin and more than 2 g when cooling it, is preferably 5 g or even greater. If a metal casting mold with a diameter of 40 cm is used, preferred results are obtained Revolutions from 100 to 500 revolutions per minute with the f absorption of the molten synthetic resin. Used in cooling a rotation speed of 100 to 1000 revolutions per Minute, the preferred range being between 300 and 800 revolutions per minute.

In this way, the formed object 205 is brought to cool and solidify in the rotating metal casting mold 172. It is then removed from the mold by removing the cover 174 . The product 205 obtained in this way has a ring

⁴⁸⁷⁶ 109818/1899

EAD ORIGINAL

shaped cross section, which is shown in FIG. This product can be achieved by radial, straight cuts at a certain number of points on the fluid surface, as well as by cutting i, i axüier Direction are decomposed so that a certain number of segment-like parts 200 is formed. It is. still possible, both on the upper ropes how to make such cuts on the underside that the curved Parts are removed and one recliteck-shaped pieces 207 receives. The present invention thus provides a method for producing thick molded articles such as synthetic resin ingots. It becomes this molten synthetic resin is poured into a rotating metal casting mold. This synthetic resin material is compressed by an application of pressure caused by the centrifugal force by the rotating movement the rotating metal mold. This exertion of pressure takes place at the same time as cooling, which is carried out by an externally attached cooling device. It is therefore particularly possible to manufacture molded products with a large thickness which have no mold cavities and no sagging points due to cooling obtained by applying pressure to the resin material in the rotating metal mold using centrifugal force exercises. With the methods customary up to now, it was only possible to produce ingots with a thickness of approximately 5 mm without casting cavities or Establish sink marks. The present invention, on the other hand, makes it possible to obtain products free of defects, the thickness of which is many times greater is bigger. The manufacturing method of the present invention for molded articles having a larger thickness is therefore remarkable Improvement.

The rotational plasticizing device can be attached to a device for Manufacture of plastic granules are used.

In Fig. 34, a resin supply device 208 is shown, in which is the synthetic resin material a supplied from a hopper 209

10 9 8 18/1899 ^BA ^ original

is continuously along a feed path 213 in a cylinder is moved along. The worm shaft 211

from a worm shaft 211 / is operated by a ¹ * drive device 210. At the output end of the cylinder 212, the rotating container 215, which contains an inner wall 214, is connected to the feed path 213.

The left end of the rotating container 215 has a smaller diameter as the right end of it. The diameter of the inner wall gradually increases from left to right, and y.vvnr of that Part 216 with a smaller inner diameter to the part 217 with a large one Inside diameter. An outwardly leading part 218 is on the side ^

with large inner diameter 217 of the rotatable container 215 attached. As can be seen from Figs. 35 and 36, around the edge of a disc-shaped part 219 is a peripheral annularly extending Part 220 attached. The necessary number of outlet openings 221, 221 ... is provided in the annularly extending part, which extend through the annular part 220. From the center of the base part 219, they are arranged in the radial direction at equal intervals from one another. In the example shown in FIG eight outlet openings 221, 221 ... are arranged at 45 angular intervals. The part 218 leading to the outside is, as can be seen from FIG. 35, fixedly attached to the rotating container 215. To this I.

'other surface 222

The purpose is an annular recess 223 / of the part with a large Diameter of the rotating container 215 attached. The annular portion 220 of the outwardly leading portion 218 is tight and secure fitted into the annular recess 223. The outwardly leading part 218 is thus formed integrally with the rotating container 215, so that it also circulates together with this.

Furthermore, a cutting edge 226 is provided from a severing device 225, that of the outlet port 221 in the outside leading part

4,876 10 9 8 18/1899 ^Γ; '° original

facing down. The cutting edge is at a distance from the cloth from the circumferential surface 224 of the ring-shaped extending Part 220. The arrangement of the cutting edge 226 should be such that as a result, the rotation of the rotating container 215 and the part 218 leading to the outside is not disturbed. At least the front end piece the cutting edge 226 is advanced in such a way that it strikes the plasticized synthetic resin exiting from the outlet opening 221.

Furthermore, a tube 227 for the compressed air supply is attached in such a way that that it faces with its front end the outlet opening 221 of the outwardly leading part 218 and the cutting edge 226. Through them Compressed air flows out, which is supplied by a compressed air source 228.

In Fig. 34, a stamp insert 229 is shown, the part of which with a larger Diameter is firmly attached to the outwardly leading part 218. The punch insert rotates in unison with the rotating container 215 and the outwardly leading part 218. On its outer surface, the flow of the synthetic resin is homogenized.

That is fed to the cylinder 212 from the hopper 209 in this way Resin material a, is continuously over the feed path 213 moved by the worm shaft 211. The material then becomes the inner surface on the smaller diameter portion 216 of the rotating container 215 is supplied. The rotating container 215 is then heated as it rotates, the synthetic resin material a is pressed against the inner wall 214 of the same, which is due to the tapering shape and inclination of the inner wall 214 and the propulsive force is achieved, which comes from the centrifugal force generated by the rotational movement of the rotating .Behälters. The synthetic resin material is therefore pressed, heated and melted there and gradually to the part 217 with a large inner diameter from the part 216 with small

⁴⁹⁷⁶ 10 9 8 18/1899 bad original

Moved along the inner diameter of the inner wall 214 . As a result, the molten synthetic resin b, which is guided along the inner wall 214 of the rotating container 215, is guided to the inner surface of the annular wall element 220 ri (* s outward-facing part of the part 217 with a large outer diameter. The molten synthetic resin b presses on the inner circumferential surface of the annular wall part 220 due to the centrifugal force in the radial direction outward , leaving it through the outlet openings 221, 221 ... It is formed there

As can be seen from FIG. 36, the outlet openings 221, 221 are I.-like Resin protrusions 231,232, 233,234, 235,236 and 237. If the respective outlet opening 221 in the lower middle position during the rotation of the outwardly leading part 218 arrives, the respective protruding synthetic resin part hits the cutting edge 226 and is cut off by this. So that the cut t? ' lettuce-shaped Grains is avoided, the jet of compressed air from the tube 227 is directed at this point. The tablets 238,238 ... are therefore forced to a certain direction of the case. They are then placed in a suitable place, such as a cooling bath, not shown in the figure. "

Since, as can be seen from the above explanations, an extrusion screw, as used in the previously customary extrusion devices, is not used, the molecules of the molten synthetic resin do not break down. The present device can therefore also be used for the granulation of synthetic resins which contain inorganic fillers and sands or similar substances. In addition, the material is in any form except in tablet form

⁴⁸⁷⁶ 10 9 8 18/1899 bad original

can be supplied directly, there is no need for pretreatment, such as crushing or the like.

The present device also enables simple degassing and a great plasticizing efficiency is obtained The present device is also directly connected to a manufacturing device connect for synthetic resin polymerization. She can too as a novel device for the plasticizing granulation of resin material. Finally it is possible the present To use apparatus for the regeneration of granular wastes of synthetic resin products which are irregular in shape and contain liquid.

In Fig. 37, a vertical rolation plasticizing device is shown. A rotating container 239 has an opening 240 in its upper part. The rotating vessel 239 contains an internal wall 241 whose diameter gradually increases in the downward direction and a lower opening portion 242 whose diameter is greater than the 240 of the upper opening at the upper part of the rotating vessel 239 Halterungsleile 248.249 are attached. The lower part of the rotating container 239 is supported by bearings 244, 245 and the layers 246 and 247. The bearings are hammered onto a frame 243 of the device. The rotating container is stored in such a way that it can rotate. The rotatable container 239 is set in rotation by a chain 253. The chain 253 extends between a sprocket 250 which is securely attached to the top of the rotating container 239 and another sprocket 252 which is fixedly attached to the shaft of an electric drive motor 251. The electric motor 251 is mounted on the frame 243. A loading opening 254 is also fixedly mounted in the frame 243. A lower exit of the loading opening

10 9 8 18/1899 bad original

protrudes with a small piece into the ehe ce opening 240 of the rotating container 239. Heating devices 2555.256 smr! attached to Kef-'igneten places. These heat Ie ¹ .- ■ • otK-renden. Tray 2--9. Furthermore, guide members 257, 258, which are designed like a screen (shade shape), are attached in the device, ie one end of these guide members is firmly connected to the inner wall of the rotating container 239. The guide members are further configured such that it erau Lv is km in the radial direction of the rotating container, the · edges of these guide members are brackets at 259.260 uelt-UEU ^ which at equal intervals protrude outward. The guide members 257, 258 therefore perform a common and uniform rotary movement with the rotating container 239. The device also contains a funnel-shaped outlet member 261, the open upper part of which is arranged around the lower opening 242 of the rotating container 239 261 includes. The axes of a straight, cylindrical discharge part 263 and those of the funnel-shaped outlet member 216 coincide with the longitudinal axis of the rotating container 239. Furthermore, heating devices 264, 265 are provided which heat the funnel-shaped outlet member 261. A connecting part 266 is attached to the straight cylindrical part 263 of the outlet member 261. The just be f

Written embodiment is intended for the case in which the plasticized Resin is recovered in the form of a film. For this purpose, a gear pump 267 is provided, which both a removes a constant amount of resin, as well as serves to generate the necessary output pressure. This part also contains the Device includes a guide tube 268, a spray head 269 and a stretching and cooling device 270. When using the above described device is synthetic resin material a, such as synthetic resin waste, which has a different shape such as a film shape

⁴⁸⁷⁶ 109818/1899

CD ORiGiMAL

or lump form, into the rotating container 239 through the loading opening 254 closed. Diedk.n Materiai is used once in the middle part of the guide line 257. That accumulated there Material is gradually moving towards the inner wall 241 of the rotating container 239 due to the rotation of the Guide member 257 generated centrifugal force conveyed. During this Process, the material ^ in the heated rotating container 239 heated. The heated material is further heated and melted by being pressed against the inner wall of the rotating container 239, since this wall is suitably heated. The material treated in this way is then passed down through a small area, which is formed between the inner wall 241 of the rotating container 239 and the outer edge of the guide member 257.

The melting process of the material is also carried out between the guide member 258 and the rotating container 239 in a second stage as in FIG the first stage continued. The material then falls onto the plate which forms part of the outlet member 261 from the lower opening 242 of the rotating container 239. Since the outlet member 261 is also heated by the heater, the molten synthetic resin d gradually drips downward without deteriorating its fluidity. Once the liquid resin is deposited it becomes over the rectilinear cylindrical portion 263 is removed from the gear pump 267 and fed to the nozzle 269 where it is extruded and pressed.

Since the device described in the figure is used for the production of films, the film e extruded from the nozzle 269 passes through the drawing and cooling device 270. Among the materials continuously fed in this way, the small pieces melt first, while the large pieces only later melt. However, if these materials enter the outlet member 261 through the lower opening 242 of the rotor

4876, na "1 _fl / iB _Q Q BAD original

109818/1899

animal container «239. V (} nnfs> i '»<> They MeIi All Melted To Dom Synthetic resin d.

In the present case it is preferable to leave the rotieictren B-IiM ¹ IeJ-239 at one-speed umLo.itMi; .n, Λ. ·. ciin ^ euirJi'ugalUiaft vmi of an order of magnitude of 5 n is exerted on the material ο which rotates together in contact with the inner wall 2-11 of the rotating container 239.

39 and 40 show a modified form of that described above Contraption. The panel-like guide parts 257 and 258 were, as can be seen from Fig. 37 and 38, designed so that they of the rotating container 239 are carried and thus uniform with circumnavigate this. In the embodiment shown in Figs support rods 271, 271 ... are used that extend from the outlet member stand up. The support links 257 and 258 are attached to these support rods 271,271 ... attached.

Furthermore, protruding hook-shaped parts 272, 272 ... are provided, those at the same distance on the inner wall 241 of the rotating container 239 are attached and slope upwards. The upper endun the same form free ends. Unmelted substances through the narrow area between the inner wall 241 of the rotatable container 239 and the outer edge of the guide members 257 and 258 go down, are caught by these protruding hooks 272, 272 .... These larger related substances have been at this point heated and melted.

In the present case, the production of a film was in the after Process steps of the synthetic resin carried out through the outlet member have been described. However, if the melted and

4876

10 9 8 18/1899 ^BAD ORIGINAL

KuneUiarz discharged from the outlet member on a small molding press is fed you can press parts, such as cylindrical Hold pressed parts, specially shaped goods, otter shaped goods. A casting process can of course also be used to create lumpy shapes Products and molded products such as resin blocks and the like obtain.

The present method is particularly suitable for a firewall Treatment of waste from synthetic resin products. Because the A! » can be regenerated to shaped objects after this treatment, there is an extremely significant possibility, the effectiveness in the further processing of synthetic resin waste products to increase.

41 at 43 is a vertical rotary plasticizing device shown, which is particularly suitable for the plasticization of plastic resins during the admixture of compounding materials, such as Stabilizers, suitable to the synthetic resin materials.

A rotating container 274 of truncated conical shape is round its longitudinal axis 273, which is arranged vertically, rotatably mounted in a frame. A retainer 276 is on the upper end portion of the outside of the rotatable container 274 is arranged. Another holding part 277 is attached to the lower end part on the outside of the same. The holding parts 276 and 277 are rotatably mounted at their outer ends by bearings 280, 281, 282 and 283, which on the webs 278 and 279 of the frame 275 are attached. The webs have such a spacing

,that

from one another, / it corresponds to that of the holding parts 276 and 277. The rotatable one At its end with the smaller diameter 284, the container 274 forms an annular part 285. A part 287 adjoins this

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with a reduced diameter at _i which has an opening at its upper F '<d < ^i. A mixed and Sireu / orrii ι iii ^ thii t-ii-dvou laltearmen 288, 288 ... worn. The oU: -uu ends of the hultearine are attached to the inner surface of the annular member 285. The mixing and spreading device 289 contains a portion 290 of the £ 01 * 111 emcd lm everted bowl, deep rim attached to the central portion of each of the holding arms 288, 288. The inner surface of the part 290 contains a number of mixing vanes 291, 291 and an upper part 2u3 which forms an opening 292 in its central part. The mixing and firing device 289 further includes a cup-shaped part 294, the edge of which is connected to the lower ends of each of the holding arms 288, 288. A number of mixing blades 295, 295. The outermost edge of the mixing blades 291, 291 ..., 295, 295 ... protrudes less outward than the edge of the part 290 and the part 294. The upper part of a support rod 297 is in the middle of the inner surface of the cup-shaped part 294 of the lower part 296 attached. The lower end of this support rod 297 is attached to the upper part of a dome-shaped part 298. The inner wall 299 of the rotatable container 274 forms the outer wall of a truncated cone. The cone gradually opens down from the small diameter end portion 294 to a large diameter end portion 300. An annular discharge port 301 is defined by the large diameter portion 300 and the outer surface of the lower end of the dome-shaped portion 298.

Furthermore, hopper 304 and 305 are provided in the arrangement, of which channels 302 and 303 to an opening 286 in the small diameter portion 287 of the upper end of the rotatable container 274 to lead. The lower ends of these channels are directed towards the opening 292 in the upper part 293 of the mixing and spreading device 289. A

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Mouthpiece 306 is also arranged ₍ facing the dispensing opening 301 of the rotating container 274. This forms an outlet opening 307 of the mouthpiece 306 in an annular shape for extrusion of cylindrical articles.

The drive mechanism for the rotating container 274 is from a chain wheel 308 is formed which surrounds the rotating container 274 in a ring-like manner in its upper edge region. This sprocket will Connected via a chain 311 to a further chain wheel 310 which is fastened on the axis of a drive electric motor 309. The electric motor 309 is attached to the web 278. In this way, when the electric motor 309 is switched on, the rotating container 274 can become a Rotary movement about its vertical axis are caused.

The apparatus also includes a heating arrangement that is of the Heating elements 312,313 and 314 is formed. This heating arrangement

causes the upper part, the middle part and the lower part of the rotating container 274 to be heated.

The operation of the device described above can be as follows take place.

Turning on the electric motor 309 starts the rotation of the rotating container 274. Meanwhile, the resin material J: in the hopper 304 and the additive material for the compound Ji in the hopper 305 in a certain mixing ratio supplied to the rotatable container 274. Since the lower ends of the channels 302 and 303 from the hopper 304 and 305 to the opening 292 of the upper part 293 are directed in the mixing and scattering device 289, the synthetic resin material j [and the added substances h in the lower part 296 entered through the opening 292. The two substances

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are mixed well with each other there !, without; da (· »ine AnhävJung arises on the lower part 296. The mixture .-. ινά vou dci. Mischtchau feln 291,291 ..., 29S, 295 ... through the ^f: i ^; a;, which is uniformly l.nt dem rotating vessel 274 rotate jf the resin material and di. additive materials h,'ll \ here in the direction of arrow i due to the Li ₁ ei "tr IFU galkraft outwardly, in particular in the radial direction and perpendicular to the axis 273 of the rotating vessel 274 * gesehleudeit so that they strike the inner wall 299. The mixture of the synthetic resin material j: and the additives h is therefore subjected together with the rotating container 274 to a rotary movement in which it is pressed against the inner wall due to the centrifugal force.

Since the inner wall 299 of the rotating container 274 has the shape of a Has a truncated cone, causes the exercise on the inner wall 299 wi Centrifugal force a pressing against the same as well as a propulsive force in the downward direction along said inner wall 299. Since the rotating container 274 has already been heated to a certain temperature of the heating elements 312, 313 and 314 is heated, the mixture on the inner wall 299 of the rotating container 274 is melted. That Melting material j experiences a downward propulsive force along the inner wall 299, while there is a film of more uniform Thickness forms.

From the above it can be seen that the mixture of the synthetic resin material £ and the additives h added from the hoppers 304 and 305 gradually flow downward and thereby melted and is pressed against the inner wall 299 of the rotating container 274. The mixing ratio of the synthetic resin material f. And the Additives h can therefore be kept uniform as a whole. The melting resin then flows on the inner wall 299 of the rotating Container 274 downward without causing an accumulation of the

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same comes. It is then fed to the annular dispensing opening 301, which between the dome-shaped T *> il 298 and the end part 300 is formed with a large diameter. bit *. * size of the discharge opening 301 is preferably determined by considering the ratio of the amount to be infected and the plasticization rate to the rate of rotation of the rotating vessel 274 and the domed Part 278 that rotates together with this set such that the melting resin j for a very short period of time in

301
the dispensing opening / lingers. In the illustrated embodiment according to the invention, the mouthpiece 306 has an annular outlet opening 307 which corresponds to the dispensing opening 301. The pouting synthetic resin j therefore flows from the discharge port 301 and is immediately extruded through the mouthpiece 306 and then drawn off by a drawing device not shown in the figure while it is being cooled, whereby the cylindrical products can be manufactured.

The rotating container 274 is preferably rotated at such a rotational speed driven so that the synthetic resin material is subjected to a centrifugal force which is at least 5 g or more in the mean Area of the rotating container.

The device is designed so that on the side with the smaller Diameter of the rotating container, which has the shape of a truncated cone, a mixing and scattering device is arranged. That Resin material is poured into the rotating container while this rotates and is heated. It is pressed against the inner wall of the rotatable container and the mixing and spreading device melted. The molten materials gradually flow down along the inner wall, so that when a stabilizer and the like is added to the synthetic resin material and then a plasticization takes place, it is particularly suitable, cotton waste, asbestos, diatomaceous earth

109818/1899 ^BAD or _IGINal

and to seal clay to the synthetic resin material. It goes without saying also possible, a plasticization of only the synthetic resin material perform.

The degree of plasticization in the device described is for that entire material completely uniform. In particular, reinforcement materials are not broken or fragmented, so that a uniform Compound of materials can be produced. For a mass plasticization this is particularly cheap.

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Claims (1)

Claims 11.j Process for the plasticization of thermoplastic synthetic resins, characterized in that a Kunstharzmnterial the inner wall a container is supplied, melted and plasticized, the container having a substantially frustoconical inner surface has, the diameter of which gradually increases, that the container is heated and rotated, that the molten Resin is released from the part with the larger diameter of the inner wall of the container by a further conveyance to the outside, for which purpose the molten resin with a, pressing force and a propelling force on the inner wall, which are based on the centrifugal force generated by the rotation of the container. 2. Process for the plasticization of thermoplastic synthetic resins, thereby characterized in that a synthetic resin material from an upper inlet opening a container is supplied that the container has a substantially truncated cone ig designed inner wall gradually increasing Has diameter that the container is heated and subjected to a rotation that the synthetic resin material on the inner wall pressed by guide members mounted in the container and is then melted that the thus melted synthetic resin to the outside from a large-diameter portion of the inner wall of the container is conducted by advancing the molten resin with a pressing force and a propelling force takes place on the inner wall, which are based on the centrifugal force caused by the rotational movement of the container. 3. A method for plasticizing thermoplastic synthetic resins, characterized in that a synthetic resin material is fed to a container from an opening provided on the upper part , that the container has a 4876 10 9 8 18/1899 2Ö5 1253 Has an inner surface substantially in the shape of a truncated cone, whose diameter gradually increases, dar -Wm-! -. h-. hall he heated and is set in rotation that the i'Up.dUhrie material through »;.;. e Mixing and spreading device, which in a part of the container he 3 with small diameter is arranged to the) nnt; mv: iiulung gepiui * and is then melted, and that the melted synthetic resin of wnfcm Part with a large inner diameter is passed out of the container, what by conveying the molten resin with a pressing force and propulsive force on the inner wall, which u through the centrifugal force caused by the rotation of the container, be ^ will act. 4. Rotatable plasticizing device, characterized by a horizontally rotatable container, the inner wall of which is essentially identical has the shape of a truncated cone and in which the surface is gradual increases from the small inner diameter area to the large inner diameter area by a heater for heating the container, in that the container is covered with plastic .which resin material can be loaded / on the inner wall of the Small diameter area arrives while the container is heated and rotated, further transporting the resin material is caused by the pressing force on the inner wall and the propulsion force, which is caused by the rotation of the container evoked centrifugal force creates vsdsn, causing melting and plasticizing the synthetic resin material, which is then discharged to the outside via the large-diameter part of the inner wall will. 5. RotationsplastifiZierungsvorrichtung according to claim 4, characterized in that that a stamp insert-like part is mounted in the container, so that an annular passage between the inner wall ⁴⁸⁷⁶ 109818/1899 BATH ORIGINAL of the container and the outer wall of the stamp insert-like part arises to thereby cause a jam of the synthetic resin material in the neighborhood of the part with a small inner diameter. 6. Rotation platification device according to claim 4, characterized in that that a collection and discharge device is attached to the edge of the large diameter part and that a punch insert-like Part is arranged in the container and the collection and outlet part so that an annular passage between the inner surface of the container and the outer surface of the stempeleinsat z-like part and another annular passage between the inner wall the collection and outlet device and the outer surface of the stamp insert-like part to avoid jams of the Resin can be formed. 7. Rotary plasticizing device according to claim 4, characterized in that that a collection and outlet device is arranged in the region of the part with a larger diameter and that a stamp insert-like Part in the collection and outlet device is provided around an annular passage between the inner wall of the Collection and discharge device and the outer surface of the punch insert-like To form part in order to generate a normal pressure to increase the output pressure. 8. Rotary plasticizing device according to claim 4, characterized in that that in the area of the large diameter part a collection and discharge device is attached and that a device to increase the output pressure in the container and the collecting and discharge means are arranged to thereby increase the discharge pressure. BATH ORIGINAL ⁴⁸⁷⁶ 1098 18/1899 9. Rotation plasticizing device according to claim 4, characterized in that that a collection and outlet device in the area of Part with a large diameter is attached and that within the collection and discharge device an arrangement for increasing the discharge pressure is attached, which axially with a Zubriuger-S (-meekenwelle a feeding device for the synthetic resin material is aligned. 10. Rotation plastification device according to claim 4, characterized in that that projections are provided on the inner wall of the container to increase the kneading effect on the melted synthetic resin are. 11. Rotation plastification device according to claim 4, characterized in that that a foreign matter separating device is provided in the region of the large diameter part of the container, so that the further conveyance of the molten synthetic resin takes place after the foreign matter has been removed therefrom. 12. Rotation plasticizing device according to claim 4, characterized in that one indicates that between the rotating container and / connecting link a rotatable seal assembly is attached. 13. Rotation plasticizing device according to claim 4, characterized in that that in the region of the part with a large diameter of the container an outwardly leading part is attached and that in the vicinity of outlet openings of the part leading to the outside, a separation device is attached, so that from the leading to the outside Part discharged and then hardened synthetic resin is cut off by the separating device for producing tablets. bad c ~; c ;;! AL ⁴⁸⁷⁶ 10 9 8 18/1899 14. Rotation plastification device according to claim 4, characterized in that that a rotating metal mold is provided which is designed such that the molten and from the part Resin material supplied with a large diameter to the rotating container is supplied thereto and pressurized in this metal mold is cooled by the centrifugal force resulting from the rotation of the metal mold, so that synthetic resin products with a large thickness can be produced. 109818/1899