CN111836037A - 3D automatic image adjusting display system and method for micro display - Google Patents
3D automatic image adjusting display system and method for micro display Download PDFInfo
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/332—Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD]
- H04N13/344—Displays for viewing with the aid of special glasses or head-mounted displays [HMD] with head-mounted left-right displays
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- H—ELECTRICITY
- H04—ELECTRIC COMMUNICATION TECHNIQUE
- H04N—PICTORIAL COMMUNICATION, e.g. TELEVISION
- H04N13/00—Stereoscopic video systems; Multi-view video systems; Details thereof
- H04N13/30—Image reproducers
- H04N13/398—Synchronisation thereof; Control thereof
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Abstract
The invention discloses a 3D automatic adjustment image display system and a method for a Micro-display, wherein the 3D automatic adjustment image display system for the Micro-display comprises a 3D image system, wherein the Micro-display comprises various known AMFT, LCOS, Micro OLED, AMOLED, DMD display technologies and future developed Micro display technologies, the system also comprises a first Micro display controller, a second Micro display controller, a first Micro-display and a second Micro-display, and the 3D image system is connected with the first Micro display controller and the second Micro display controller through a plurality of communication signals. Has the advantages that: the method can quickly judge the abnormal synchronous signal and the control signal of the 3D double-screen display image with the torn picture and immediately switch to replace the auxiliary signal or restart the image transmission system, thereby avoiding the discomfort of a user in the sense of view and effectively improving the entertainment experience of a viewer.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of 3D display application, in particular to a system and a method for automatically adjusting an image display of a micro-display in a 3D mode.
Background
Virtual Reality (VR) is a Virtual three-dimensional space simulated by computer equipment, and then immersive head-mounted equipment is used to provide visual, auditory and tactile feedback to a user. Augmented Reality (AR), English is abbreviated as AR, directly projects or superposes the picture to the real environment through the computer, no longer needs immersive virtual experience, but directly projects to under the real life scene, and need not carry out effectual interaction with the picture of projecting with the help of other interactive equipment.
At present, the applications of AR/VR are more or less 3D stereoscopic applications, and Micro OLED can provide enjoyment with high resolution and high image quality in 3D applications, so that users can be immersed in experience close to reality. In response to 3D display, system application vendors and display module manufacturers have developed many synchronization schemes to ensure the best 3D display.
However, when the microdisplay is used in 3D applications, the system end uses a high-speed transmission interface to transmit high-resolution images, and there is a chance that the images will be torn due to discontinuity of images caused by system operations or other factors during transmission, and if one of the left and right images has discontinuity of images, the user will feel uncomfortable, and the user will not enjoy the superior performance of 3D applications.
An effective solution to the problems in the related art has not been proposed yet.
Disclosure of Invention
The present invention provides a system and a method for 3D automatically adjusting image display of a microdisplay, which overcome the above-mentioned problems of the related art by communicating with an image transmission and processing unit in the system through a built-in controller of the microdisplay module, and feeding back and processing the displayed problems in real time.
Therefore, the invention adopts the following specific technical scheme:
according to an aspect of the present invention, there is provided a 3D auto-adaptive image display system of a Micro-display, comprising a 3D image system, wherein the Micro-display comprises various known amft, LCOS, Micro OLED, AMOLED, DMD display technologies and future developed Micro display technologies, the system further comprises a first Micro display controller, a second Micro display controller, a first Micro-display and a second Micro-display, and the 3D image system is connected to the first Micro display controller and the second Micro display controller via a plurality of communication signals;
furthermore, a microcontroller, a first signal transmitter and a second signal transmitter are arranged in the 3D image system, a first signal decoder is arranged in the first miniature display controller, and a second signal decoder is arranged in the second miniature display controller.
Further, the communication signal includes a first horizontal synchronization signal, a first vertical synchronization signal, a first interrupt notification signal, a first auxiliary signal, a second horizontal synchronization signal, a second vertical synchronization signal, a second interrupt notification signal, and a second auxiliary signal;
the first signal decoder is in communication connection with the first signal transmitter through the first horizontal synchronization signal and the first vertical synchronization signal, and the first signal decoder is also in communication connection with the 3D image system through the first interrupt notification signal;
the second signal decoder is in communication connection with the second signal transmitter through the second horizontal synchronization signal and the second vertical synchronization signal, and the second signal decoder is also in communication connection with the 3D image system through the second interrupt notification signal;
the first horizontal synchronization signal and the first vertical synchronization signal are communicatively connected with the second horizontal synchronization signal and the second vertical synchronization signal through the first auxiliary signal, and the first auxiliary signal is further communicatively connected with the microprocessor and the first signal decoder;
the second horizontal synchronization signal and the second vertical synchronization signal are communicatively coupled to the first horizontal synchronization signal and the first vertical synchronization signal via the second auxiliary signal, and the second auxiliary signal is further communicatively coupled to the microprocessor and the second signal decoder.
Further, the 3D imaging system may be any one of an augmented reality AR system, a virtual reality VR system, a mixed reality MR system, and an augmented reality XR system.
Furthermore, the first auxiliary signal and the second auxiliary signal are controlled by a detection circuit, the detection circuit is used for detecting a signal with a fixed continuous period and detecting whether a synchronous signal interval of the image changes, when the synchronous signal interval changes, the detection circuit processes the signals uniformly and switches the signals to the auxiliary signals, and meanwhile, the first auxiliary signal and the second auxiliary signal can be set to be multiple.
According to another aspect of the present invention, there is provided a method for displaying a 3D auto-adaptive image on a microdisplay, the method comprising:
s1, the image transmission unit transmits video data to the first micro-display and the second micro-display;
s2, the first micro-display receives the video data of the image transmission unit;
s3, the first signal decoder monitors and determines whether the vertical synchronization signal maintains the same period, if yes, go to step S4, otherwise, go to step S8;
s4, the first signal decoder monitors and determines whether the horizontal synchronization signal maintains the same period again, if yes, the vertical synchronization signal and the horizontal synchronization signal are monitored repeatedly and continuously, otherwise, step S5 is executed;
s5, judging whether the second micro-display sends out interrupt request at the same time, if yes, the second signal decoder sends out asynchronous interrupt request to the image transmission unit and executes S6, if no, the second signal decoder sends out asynchronous interrupt request to the image transmission unit and the second micro-display and executes step S6;
s6, the image transmission unit receives the abnormal synchronous signal and compares the abnormal synchronous signal, and at the same time, judges whether the transmission is abnormal, if not, the image transmission unit restarts, if yes, the first micro-display vertically and synchronously switches and uses the vertical synchronous signal of the second micro-display, and judges whether the interruption is repeated all the time, if yes, the image transmission unit restarts, if not, the interruption is not repeated for a period of time, and the first micro-display vertically and synchronously resumes use;
s8, the first signal decoder monitors and determines whether the horizontal synchronization signal maintains the same period, if yes, step S9 is executed, if no, it is determined whether the second microdisplay simultaneously issues an interrupt request, if yes, step S9 is executed, otherwise, the second signal decoder issues an asynchronous interrupt request to the video transmission unit and the second microdisplay and step S10 is executed;
s9, the second signal decoder sends out asynchronous interrupt request to the video transmission unit and executes step S10;
s10, the image transmission unit receives the abnormal synchronous signal and compares, at the same time, judges whether the transmission is abnormal, if not, the image transmission unit restarts, if yes, the first micro-display switches the horizontal synchronous signal of the second micro-display vertically and horizontally, and judges whether the interruption is repeated all the time, if yes, the image transmission unit restarts, if not, the interruption is not repeated for a period of time, and the first micro-display recovers the use of the horizontal synchronization.
Further, the image transmission unit includes any one of the first signal transmitter and the second signal transmitter.
The invention has the beneficial effects that: the tearing effect can be avoided by applying a mode defined by a non-use standard transmission interface MIPI, so that under the monitoring effect of a controller in a display, the abnormal synchronous signal and the control signal of a 3D double-screen image with a torn picture can be rapidly judged, and an auxiliary signal is immediately switched or an image transmission system is restarted, so that the discomfort of a user in the sense of view is avoided, and the entertainment experience of a viewer is effectively improved.
Drawings
In order to more clearly illustrate the embodiments of the present invention or the technical solutions in the prior art, the drawings needed in the embodiments will be briefly described below, and it is obvious that the drawings in the following description are only some embodiments of the present invention, and it is obvious for those skilled in the art to obtain other drawings without creative efforts.
FIG. 1 is a block diagram of a 3D display system with a micro display according to an embodiment of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of normal and continuous transmission of periodic signals and image data in a microdisplay 3D automatically adaptive image display system according to an embodiment of the invention;
FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of a micro-display 3D automatic adaptive image display system according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which abnormal periods occur in the horizontal synchronization interval;
FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of a micro-display 3D automatic adaptive image display system according to an embodiment of the present invention, in which periodic discontinuous signals appear in continuously transmitted frames;
fig. 5 is a flowchart illustrating a method for displaying a 3D auto-adaptive image on a microdisplay according to another embodiment of the invention.
Detailed Description
For further explanation of the various embodiments, the drawings which form a part of the disclosure and which are incorporated in and constitute a part of this specification, illustrate embodiments and, together with the description, serve to explain the principles of operation of the embodiments, and to enable others of ordinary skill in the art to understand the various embodiments and advantages of the invention, and, by reference to these figures, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which are not to scale and wherein like reference numerals generally refer to like elements.
According to an embodiment of the invention, a system and a method for 3D automatically adapting image display of a micro-display are provided.
Referring to the drawings and the detailed description, as shown in fig. 1, according to an embodiment of the present invention, a 3D adaptive image display system for a micro-display is provided, in which a detection circuit of an image stream is incorporated in a control receiver of the micro-display, when the detection circuit detects discontinuity of an image, the detection circuit sends an interrupt signal and discontinuity information to notify another existing micro-display and image system processing unit, and when the system unit knows an interrupt request and discontinuity information, the system unit enters a processing loop for re-transforming a transmitted image and re-synchronizes two or more micro-display control units to ensure synchronization and continuity of the image.
A3D automatic adjustment image display system of a Micro-display comprises a 3D image system, wherein the Micro-display comprises various known AMFT, LCOS, Micro OLED, AMOLED, DMD display technologies and future developed Micro-display technologies, the system further comprises a first Micro-display controller, a second Micro-display controller, a first Micro-display and a second Micro-display, and the 3D image system is connected with the first Micro-display controller and the second Micro-display controller through a plurality of communication signals.
Specifically, the 3D imaging system may be any one of an augmented reality AR system, a virtual reality VR system, a mixed reality MR system, and an augmented reality XR system. The mixed reality MR includes an augmented reality AR and an augmented virtual VR, and refers to a new visualization environment generated by combining real and virtual worlds. Physical and digital objects coexist in the new visualization environment and interact in real time. The virtual reality technology is further developed, and by introducing real scene information into a virtual environment, an interactive feedback information loop is built among a virtual world, the real world and a user so as to enhance the sense of reality of user experience; the extended reality XR refers to a real and virtual combined human-machine interactive environment generated by computer technology and wearable devices. The augmented reality XR is a generic term, and includes augmented reality AR, virtual reality VR, and mixed reality MR. The augmented reality XR is divided into multiple levels, from a virtual world entered through a limited sensor to a fully immersive virtual world.
The 3D image system is provided with a microcontroller, a first signal transmitter and a second signal transmitter, a first signal decoder is arranged inside the first miniature display controller, and a second signal decoder is arranged inside the second miniature display controller;
the communication signal comprises a first horizontal synchronization signal, a first vertical synchronization signal, a first interrupt notification signal, a first auxiliary signal, a second horizontal synchronization signal, a second vertical synchronization signal, a second interrupt notification signal and a second auxiliary signal;
specifically, the first signal decoder is in communication connection with the first signal transmitter through the first horizontal synchronization signal and the first vertical synchronization signal, and the first signal decoder is also in communication connection with the 3D video system through the first interrupt notification signal;
the second signal decoder is in communication connection with the second signal transmitter through the second horizontal synchronization signal and the second vertical synchronization signal, and the second signal decoder is also in communication connection with the 3D image system through the second interrupt notification signal;
the first horizontal synchronization signal and the first vertical synchronization signal are communicatively connected with the second horizontal synchronization signal and the second vertical synchronization signal through the first auxiliary signal, and the first auxiliary signal is further communicatively connected with the microprocessor and the first signal decoder;
the second horizontal synchronization signal and the second vertical synchronization signal are communicatively coupled to the first horizontal synchronization signal and the first vertical synchronization signal via the second auxiliary signal, and the second auxiliary signal is further communicatively coupled to the microprocessor and the second signal decoder.
Specifically, the first auxiliary signal and the second auxiliary signal are controlled by a detection circuit, the detection circuit is configured to detect a signal with a fixed continuous period and detect whether a synchronous signal interval of the image changes, when the synchronous signal interval changes, the detection circuit processes the signals uniformly and switches the signals to the auxiliary signals, and meanwhile, the first auxiliary signal and the second auxiliary signal can be set to be multiple signals. A detection loop is added in a control processor of the micro-display, which has the function of detecting whether the synchronous signal interval of the image changes, when the cycle time of the synchronous signal changes, an interrupt notification is started to inform a system processing unit and more than one other micro-display controller, and discontinuous information is synchronously transmitted for the image processing loop in the system end to carry out unified processing and control.
In order to facilitate understanding of the above technical solutions of the present invention, the following compares the normal and continuous signals with the abnormal and discontinuous signals with reference to fig. 2-4. The method comprises the following specific steps:
as shown in fig. 2, which is a schematic diagram showing a normal and continuous transmission of periodic signals and image data, it can be known from fig. 2 that a Frame (Frame) in the specification of the display transmission signal includes a vertical synchronization signal (Vsync). In the time domain of a vertical synchronization signal (Vsync), a plurality of horizontal synchronization signals (Hsync), a plurality of Data Enable signals (DE) and image Data are included;
as shown in fig. 3, the signal indicating that an abnormal period occurs in the horizontal synchronization interval is shown, and the time difference between the normal period and the abnormal period is shown;
as shown in fig. 4, it is indicated that the vertical synchronization signal with discontinuous periods appears in the continuously transmitted frames (frames), and the time difference between the normal period and the abnormal period is marked.
According to another embodiment of the present invention, as shown in fig. 4, there is also provided a method for displaying a 3D auto-adaptive image on a micro-display, including a display method starting with a first micro-display or a second micro-display, and the micro-display is simply referred to as a display unit, where the display method starting with the first micro-display is mainly described, and the method includes the following steps:
s1, the image transmission unit transmits video data to the first micro-display and the second micro-display;
s2, the first micro-display receives the video data of the image transmission unit;
s3, the first signal decoder monitors and determines whether the vertical synchronization signal maintains the same period, if yes, go to step S4, otherwise, go to step S8;
s4, the first signal decoder monitors and determines whether the horizontal synchronization signal maintains the same period again, if yes, the vertical synchronization signal and the horizontal synchronization signal are monitored repeatedly and continuously, otherwise, step S5 is executed;
s5, judging whether the second micro-display sends out interrupt request at the same time, if yes, the second signal decoder sends out asynchronous interrupt request to the image transmission unit and executes S6, if no, the second signal decoder sends out asynchronous interrupt request to the image transmission unit and the second micro-display and executes step S6;
s6, the image transmission unit receives the abnormal synchronous signal and compares the abnormal synchronous signal, and at the same time, judges whether the transmission is abnormal, if not, the image transmission unit restarts, if yes, the first micro-display vertically and synchronously switches and uses the vertical synchronous signal of the second micro-display, and judges whether the interruption is repeated all the time, if yes, the image transmission unit restarts, if not, the interruption is not repeated for a period of time, and the first micro-display vertically and synchronously resumes use;
s8, the first signal decoder monitors and determines whether the horizontal synchronization signal maintains the same period, if yes, step S9 is executed, if no, it is determined whether the second microdisplay simultaneously issues an interrupt request, if yes, step S9 is executed, otherwise, the second signal decoder issues an asynchronous interrupt request to the video transmission unit and the second microdisplay and step S10 is executed;
s9, the second signal decoder sends out asynchronous interrupt request to the video transmission unit and executes step S10;
s10, the image transmission unit receives the abnormal synchronous signal and compares, at the same time, judges whether the transmission is abnormal, if not, the image transmission unit restarts, if yes, the first micro-display switches the horizontal synchronous signal of the second micro-display vertically and horizontally, and judges whether the interruption is repeated all the time, if yes, the image transmission unit restarts, if not, the interruption is not repeated for a period of time, and the first micro-display recovers the use of the horizontal synchronization.
Preferably, the image transmission unit includes any one of the first signal transmitter and the second signal transmitter.
For the convenience of understanding the technical scheme of the invention, the following detailed description is about the theoretical basis of the invention in the practical process.
The theory is as follows:
typically, small-sized displays use MIPI (mobile industry processor interface) transport protocols to communicate with front-end systems.
The MIPI DSI protocol standard supports two modes: command (CMD for short) mode and Video mode.
The Command mode can only be used when the LCD (liquid Crystal display) panel is provided with a display controller and a frame buffer. The format of the data transfer is typically pixel data followed by command parameters (if any) and commands. The host side can read and write the contents of the registers and frame buffers of the LCD controller.
The time when each frame starts to transmit can be controlled by a TE (tearing effect) signal (output by the LCD panel) or its external pin can be used, the TE line or TE trigger information directly transmitted through the DSI interface.
To use the CMD mode, the LCD panel needs to have a built-in timing controller and buffer memory space (typically RAM). To prevent the occurrence of a Tearing Effect LCD screen, it is necessary to transmit its timing event information to the host side. The transmission of such timing events in CMD mode can be achieved in 3 ways:
automatic mode: software STARTs transferring data when the TE _ START bit of the DSI _ VC _ TE _ i [31] register is set to 0x1 (in which case the DSI _ VC _ TE _ i [30], TE _ EN bit, must be set to 0x 0). The TE _ START bit is automatically cleared by hardware once the data transfer is complete. This mode allows the transfer of data to be controlled manually by a software application or using TE interrupts. If the data transfer does not match the TE signal, screen cut or split may occur.
DSI physical TE flip-flop: the MIPI DSI standard defines a TE trigger packet from the screen to the host. Upon receipt of such a packet, the pixel data of Host automatically starts to be transferred.
CMOS TE line: this approach is not part of the MIPI DSI standard, but OMAP supports it. This approach uses a separate signal line (GPIO) to transmit the TE signal, and data transfer begins when the signal on the TE cmos line comes. Two TE lines are supported on OMAP. One TE line may control one or more virtual channels
When the electronic device does not have the MIPI transmission mode, the data source continuously provides the image on the display, but when the display receives data in a non-real time manner and causes delay or interruption, the image presents a tearing condition.
If a display electronics has an image tearing effect correction circuit that provides a tearing effect signal (TE) to a video data source that provides frame data to the electronic display device, the image discontinuity is avoided.
However, if the display electronic device does not have the image tearing effect correction circuit, the invention can be used for correcting more than one display unit processing periodic synchronous signal in the application field of the micro-display to avoid the generation of the tearing image.
In summary, according to the above technical solution of the present invention, the tearing effect can be avoided by applying the method defined by the non-standard transmission interface MIPI, so that under the monitoring action of the controller in the display, the situation that one of the displays of the 3D dual-screen display is in discontinuous image during use can be processed in real time, the abnormal synchronization signal and the control signal of the image with the torn picture displayed on the 3D dual-screen display can be quickly determined, and the substitute auxiliary signal can be switched in real time or the image transmission system can be restarted, thereby avoiding the uncomfortable feeling of the user in the viewing sense, and effectively improving the entertainment experience of the viewer.
The above description is only for the purpose of illustrating the preferred embodiments of the present invention and is not to be construed as limiting the invention, and any modifications, equivalents, improvements and the like that fall within the spirit and principle of the present invention are intended to be included therein.
Claims (7)
1. A3D automatic adjustment image display system of a micro display is characterized by comprising a 3D image system, a first micro display controller, a second micro display controller, a first micro display and a second micro display, wherein the 3D image system is connected with the first micro display controller and the second micro display controller through a plurality of communication signals.
2. The system as claimed in claim 1, wherein a micro-controller, a first signal transmitter and a second signal transmitter are disposed in the 3D image system, a first signal decoder is disposed in the first micro-display controller, and a second signal decoder is disposed in the second micro-display controller.
3. The system of claim 2, wherein the communication signal comprises a first horizontal synchronization signal, a first vertical synchronization signal, a first interrupt notification signal, a first auxiliary signal, a second horizontal synchronization signal, a second vertical synchronization signal, a second interrupt notification signal, and a second auxiliary signal;
the first signal decoder is in communication connection with the first signal transmitter through the first horizontal synchronization signal and the first vertical synchronization signal, and the first signal decoder is also in communication connection with the 3D image system through the first interrupt notification signal;
the second signal decoder is in communication connection with the second signal transmitter through the second horizontal synchronization signal and the second vertical synchronization signal, and the second signal decoder is also in communication connection with the 3D image system through the second interrupt notification signal;
the first horizontal synchronization signal and the first vertical synchronization signal are communicatively connected with the second horizontal synchronization signal and the second vertical synchronization signal through the first auxiliary signal, and the first auxiliary signal is further communicatively connected with the microprocessor and the first signal decoder;
the second horizontal synchronization signal and the second vertical synchronization signal are communicatively coupled to the first horizontal synchronization signal and the first vertical synchronization signal via the second auxiliary signal, and the second auxiliary signal is further communicatively coupled to the microprocessor and the second signal decoder.
4. The microdisplay 3D automatically adapting 3D display system according to claim 3, wherein the 3D imaging system can be any one of an augmented reality AR system, a virtual reality VR system, a mixed reality MR system and an extended reality XR system.
5. The 3D display system of claim 4, wherein the first auxiliary signal and the second auxiliary signal are controlled by a detection circuit, and the detection circuit is used to detect a signal with a continuous period and a synchronization signal interval of the image is changed, when there is a change, the detection circuit processes the signal uniformly and switches to the auxiliary signal, and the first auxiliary signal and the second auxiliary signal can be set to be plural.
6. A method for displaying a 3D auto-adaptive image on a microdisplay, according to claim 5, wherein the method comprises the following steps:
s1, the image transmission unit transmits video data to the first micro-display and the second micro-display;
s2, the first micro-display receives the video data of the image transmission unit;
s3, the first signal decoder monitors and determines whether the vertical synchronization signal maintains the same period, if yes, go to step S4, otherwise, go to step S8;
s4, the first signal decoder monitors and determines whether the horizontal synchronization signal maintains the same period again, if yes, the vertical synchronization signal and the horizontal synchronization signal are monitored repeatedly and continuously, otherwise, step S5 is executed;
s5, judging whether the second micro-display sends out interrupt request at the same time, if yes, the second signal decoder sends out asynchronous interrupt request to the image transmission unit and executes S6, if no, the second signal decoder sends out asynchronous interrupt request to the image transmission unit and the second micro-display and executes step S6;
s6, the image transmission unit receives the abnormal synchronous signal and compares the abnormal synchronous signal, and at the same time, judges whether the transmission is abnormal, if not, the image transmission unit restarts, if yes, the first micro-display vertically and synchronously switches and uses the vertical synchronous signal of the second micro-display, and judges whether the interruption is repeated all the time, if yes, the image transmission unit restarts, if not, the interruption is not repeated for a period of time, and the first micro-display vertically and synchronously resumes use;
s8, the first signal decoder monitors and determines whether the horizontal synchronization signal maintains the same period, if yes, step S9 is executed, if no, it is determined whether the second microdisplay simultaneously issues an interrupt request, if yes, step S9 is executed, otherwise, the second signal decoder issues an asynchronous interrupt request to the video transmission unit and the second microdisplay and step S10 is executed;
s9, the second signal decoder sends out asynchronous interrupt request to the video transmission unit and executes step S10;
s10, the image transmission unit receives the abnormal synchronous signal and compares, at the same time, judges whether the transmission is abnormal, if not, the image transmission unit restarts, if yes, the first micro-display switches the horizontal synchronous signal of the second micro-display vertically and horizontally, and judges whether the interruption is repeated all the time, if yes, the image transmission unit restarts, if not, the interruption is not repeated for a period of time, and the first micro-display recovers the use of the horizontal synchronization.
7. The method as claimed in claim 6, wherein the image transmission unit includes any one of the first signal transmitter and the second signal transmitter.
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