CN111244428B - 一种高循环性能和高安全性能的锂离子电池 - Google Patents
一种高循环性能和高安全性能的锂离子电池 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910001416 lithium ion Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium ion Chemical compound [Li+] HBBGRARXTFLTSG-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 27
- 229910011328 LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 22
- PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium oxide Inorganic materials [O-2].[O-2].[O-2].[Al+3].[Al+3] PNEYBMLMFCGWSK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910052593 corundum Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 229910001845 yogo sapphire Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 239000003792 electrolyte Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 16
- WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N Lithium Chemical compound [Li] WHXSMMKQMYFTQS-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 229910052744 lithium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000011259 mixed solution Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 12
- 239000010405 anode material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 7
- -1 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 6
- 239000010439 graphite Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 229910002804 graphite Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 5
- 239000004698 Polyethylene Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 229920000573 polyethylene Polymers 0.000 claims abstract description 4
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims description 42
- 239000011572 manganese Substances 0.000 claims description 19
- 238000000576 coating method Methods 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000000243 solution Substances 0.000 claims description 14
- 239000011248 coating agent Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 12
- HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M Sodium hydroxide Chemical compound [OH-].[Na+] HEMHJVSKTPXQMS-UHFFFAOYSA-M 0.000 claims description 12
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 10
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000975 co-precipitation Methods 0.000 claims description 10
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 9
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- OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N Carbon Chemical compound [C] OKTJSMMVPCPJKN-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 8
- 229910013716 LiNi Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 8
- 238000002156 mixing Methods 0.000 claims description 8
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- SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium isopropoxide Chemical compound [Al+3].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] SMZOGRDCAXLAAR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 6
- 238000001914 filtration Methods 0.000 claims description 6
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Chemical compound O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N N-Methylpyrrolidone Chemical compound CN1CCCC1=O SECXISVLQFMRJM-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N [Mn].[Co].[Ni] Chemical compound [Mn].[Co].[Ni] KFDQGLPGKXUTMZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
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- 241000080590 Niso Species 0.000 claims description 3
- MAZJFWHKKPFVND-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminum propan-2-ol propan-2-olate Chemical compound [Al+3].CC(C)O.CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-].CC(C)[O-] MAZJFWHKKPFVND-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910010293 ceramic material Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 229910000357 manganese(II) sulfate Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
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- 230000014759 maintenance of location Effects 0.000 abstract description 8
- 229910003002 lithium salt Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 3
- 159000000002 lithium salts Chemical class 0.000 abstract description 3
- 229910013872 LiPF Inorganic materials 0.000 abstract description 2
- 101150058243 Lipf gene Proteins 0.000 abstract description 2
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical compound [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 20
- 238000007599 discharging Methods 0.000 description 15
- 238000012360 testing method Methods 0.000 description 8
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 7
- 229910002991 LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 6
- 238000002441 X-ray diffraction Methods 0.000 description 6
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- 238000002149 energy-dispersive X-ray emission spectroscopy Methods 0.000 description 5
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- 230000001351 cycling effect Effects 0.000 description 4
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- VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ammonium hydroxide Chemical compound [NH4+].[OH-] VHUUQVKOLVNVRT-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
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- 238000003917 TEM image Methods 0.000 description 2
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- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052681 coesite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 239000000377 silicon dioxide Substances 0.000 description 2
- VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N silicon dioxide Inorganic materials O=[Si]=O VYPSYNLAJGMNEJ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 229910052682 stishovite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
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- 229910052905 tridymite Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 229910002483 Cu Ka Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N Manganese Chemical compound [Mn] PWHULOQIROXLJO-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000005253 cladding Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910017052 cobalt Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000010941 cobalt Substances 0.000 description 1
- GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N cobalt atom Chemical compound [Co] GUTLYIVDDKVIGB-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
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- 238000002955 isolation Methods 0.000 description 1
- XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L lithium carbonate Chemical compound [Li+].[Li+].[O-]C([O-])=O XGZVUEUWXADBQD-UHFFFAOYSA-L 0.000 description 1
- 229910052748 manganese Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 239000012528 membrane Substances 0.000 description 1
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- 241000894007 species Species 0.000 description 1
- 239000011029 spinel Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052596 spinel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000000638 stimulation Effects 0.000 description 1
- 229910001428 transition metal ion Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910001868 water Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006525 α-NaFeO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 229910006596 α−NaFeO2 Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
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- H01M10/00—Secondary cells; Manufacture thereof
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种高循环性能和高安全性能的锂离子电池,以Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2为正极材料,以石墨为负极材料,以多孔聚乙烯膜为隔膜,以含1.0mol/L锂盐LiPF6的DMC/EC/EMC混合溶液为电解液制得。本发明锂电池在1C充放电倍率下(2.5~4.3V),2500次循环后容量保持率为84.62%,电池的循环性能和安全性高。
Description
(一)技术领域
本发明涉及一种高循环性能和高安全性能的锂离子电池。
(二)背景技术
锂离子电池是一种二次电池,主要依靠锂离子在电池的正极和负极之间迁移来工作。在充放电过程中,Li+在两个电极之间往返嵌入和脱嵌。在关键技术不断突破、产业政策红利等多重因素刺激下,动力电池和储能电池业务以燎原之势增长,我国锂电行业呈现出欣欣向荣的态势。对高能量和高安全性锂离子电池(LIBs)的需求不断增长,激发了人们对锂离子电池正极材料的巨大研究兴趣。用于下一代锂离子电池的正极材料需具备更高的能量密度、更长的循环寿命,并且在电动汽车和固定式储能应用中需要具有更好的安全性能。
在镍钴锰三元材料体系中,镍含量越高,材料的能量密度越高,然而,较高的镍含量会引起材料的不可逆相变,导致材料的循环性能及安全性能变差。主要原因有高镍正极材料在高温下循环时通常经历从层状相到尖晶石状相和岩盐相的结构降解。该结构变化是由过渡金属离子在充电和放电过程中迁移到锂层中引起的,这些相变伴随着晶格常数和体积的变化,其从晶格释放氧气,导致热不稳定和结构不稳定。此外,特别是在高电压下充电时,具有强氧化性质的Ni4+离子物种在电解液中的溶解度增加,导致安全问题和电化学性能恶化。
(三)发明内容
为解决上述问题,本发明提供了一种高循环性能和高安全性能的锂离子电池。
本发明采用的技术方案是:
一种高循环性能和高安全性能的锂离子电池,以Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2为正极材料,以石墨为负极材料,以多孔聚乙烯膜为隔膜,隔膜表面涂覆陶瓷材料(α-Al2O3:SiO2重量比65%~96%:35%~4%),以含1.0mol/L锂盐LiPF6的DMC/EC/EMC混合溶液为电解液制得。
所述锂电池包括:正极,是利用烷氧基铝化合物易与羟基发生反应的特性,制得的表面面包覆Al2O3的高镍三元材料LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2,Al2O3在高镍材料表面上的面包覆能有效地防止活性材料和电解质之间的直接接触,改善材料的结构和表面稳定性,改善材料的循环性能和安全性能;负极,所述负极的负极材料为石墨;隔离膜;电解液,所述电解液为DMC/EC/EMC=1:1:1(体积比),含1.0mol/L锂盐LiPF6。
Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料作为锂离子电池正极材料,可以保护材料主体结构免受HF的侵蚀并抑制电极和电解质之间的副反应,目的是为了提高锂离子电池的循环性能和安全性能。
所述锂离子电池的正极按如下方法制得:Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2与导电剂乙炔黑以及粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯按质量比80:10:10混合,加入溶剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮制成浆料,将浆料涂覆于厚度为12μm的铝箔上,120℃真空干燥,辊压成片,作为锂离子电池正极。
本发明采用表面包覆来提高高镍正极材料的结构稳定性和电化学性能。表面包覆可以保护材料主体结构免受HF的侵蚀并抑制电极和电解质之间的副反应,提高了高镍正极材料的结构稳定性和电化学性能。
所述Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2由如下方法制备获得:
(1)将异丙氧基铝溶于无水异丙醇中,配制成浓度为0.5~2wt%的稀溶液;
(2)将LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料置于异丙氧基铝-异丙醇稀溶液中,加以氮气保护,在常温下搅拌8~12小时后,停止氮气保护,通入空气,使之发生水解反应;
(3)过滤并烘干,并在400~600℃下热处理8~12h,得到所述Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2。
步骤(2)中所述异丙氧基铝用量以铝元素计为LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料质量的0.5~5%。
优选的,所述LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料由如下方法制得:
(1)称取化学计量比为6:2:2的NiSO4、CoSO4和MnSO4,加入蒸馏水中配成浓度为2.0mol/L的混合溶液;
(2)将步骤(1)中的混合溶液缓慢加入惰性气体保护的共沉淀反应釜中,配制4.0mol/L NaOH溶液作为沉淀剂和3mol/L NH3·H2O溶液作为螯合剂,并依次加入反应釜中进行共沉淀;加料速度控制在0.8~1L/h,搅拌速率控制在200~300r/min,控制温度为55±2℃,pH值为10.5,液相共沉淀产物陈化时间为8h;
(3)过滤、洗涤和干燥步骤(2)中的共沉淀反应产物,得到了镍钴锰复合氢氧化物前驱体[(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)](OH)2;
(4)将步骤(3)中的前驱体与Li2CO3放入研钵中研磨均匀,先在空气中预烧结5h,然后进行12h的高温煅烧,最终制得LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2三元材料。
步骤(4)中[(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)](OH)2和Li2CO3中Li:(Ni+Co+Mn)物质的量之比为1.12:1。
本发明的有益效果主要体现在:本发明采用面包覆Al2O3的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2为正极材料,在1C充放电倍率下(2.5~4.3V),2500次循环后容量保持率为84.62%,电池的循环性能和安全性高。
(四)附图说明
图1为本发明Al2O3面包覆的NCM622材料结构示意图。
图2为实施例1制得各样品的X射线衍射图;(a)PC-NCM622,SC-NCM622和PC-NCM523的X射线衍射图;(b)PC-NCM622;(c)SC-NCM622;(d)PC-NCM523。
图3为PC-NCM523,PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622样品的TEM图像和EDS图像;(a)PC-NCM523;(b)PC-NCM622;(c)SC-NCM622。
图4为在25℃、1C充放电倍率下,样品在2.5~4.3V之间的循环性能;
图5为所制备样品在室温下的倍率性能。(a),以1C的倍率充电,分别以1C,2C,2.5C的倍率放电,在2.5~4.3V范围内进行充放电测试;(b),分别以1C,2C,2.5C的倍率充电,以1C的倍率放电,在2.5~4.3V范围内进行充放电测试。
图6为在不同温度下三种材料首次放电容量随温度的变化以及循环性能曲线;(a),在所示各温度下,三种材料首次放电容量随温度的变化;(b),(c)和(d)分别是PC-NCM523,PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622样品在25℃和45℃条件下的循环性能曲线(1C,2.5~4.3V)。
图7为分别在0℃,25℃和45℃的环境温度下,以PC-NCM523,PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622三种材料为正极材料的电池的充放电欧姆内阻和充放电脉冲功率随10%~90%DOD的变化曲线。(a)、(c)、(e),不同电池的充放电欧姆内阻;(b)、(d)(f),充放电脉冲功率。
图8为以PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622为正极材料的电池过充性能实验结果;(a)、(b),SC-NCM622、PC-NCM622的过充电压和温度曲线;(c)、(d),SC-NCM622、PC-NCM622的穿透电压和温度曲线。
(五)具体实施方式
下面结合具体实施例对本发明进行进一步描述,但本发明的保护范围并不仅限于此:
实施例1:
一、锂离子电池正极材料的制备:
制备[(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)](OH)2前驱体:
分别称取化学计量比(5:2:3)的NiSO4、CoSO4和MnSO4,加入蒸馏水中,配成浓度2.0mol/L的混合溶液。配制1mol/L NH3·H2O溶液和4.0mol/L NaOH溶液,将混合溶液通入共沉淀反应釜中,同时,添加4.0mol/L NaOH溶液和1mol/L NH3·H2O溶液作为螯合剂(NaOH和NH3·H2O摩尔比为2:1),保持反应釜温度恒定,控制搅拌速度。加料速度控制在0.8~1L/h,搅拌速率控制在300r/min左右,控制温度为55±2℃,pH值为10.5,最终的液相共沉淀产物陈化时间确定为8h,制得镍钴锰复合氢氧化物[(Ni0.5Co0.2Mn0.3)](OH)2;按照上述方法制备[(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)](OH)2。分别过滤、洗涤并且干燥上述化合物,获得氢氧化物前驱体。
将上述前驱体分别和Li2CO3(Li:(Ni+Co+Mn)=1.12:1)放入研钵中研磨均匀,将混合物首先在500℃空气中预烧结5h,然后在840℃进行12h的高温煅烧,最终制得LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2和LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2三元材料。
分别称取所需的Al(NO3)3·9H2O和LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2,用去离子水分别配成0.02mol/L的Al(NO3)3溶液和50g/L的LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2悬浊液,Al(NO3)3溶液与LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2悬浊液在剧烈的搅拌下混合均匀。用0.5mol/L的氨水把PH值调节到9.0,反应过程控制氨水的流量,反应时间4h,陈化2h后过滤,用去离子水洗涤3次,100℃下恒温5h,得到包覆Al(OH)3的LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2。再将其500℃下恒温10h,即得到Al2O3点包覆的LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2,得到的样品标记为PC-NCM523。
Al2O3点包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2制备方法与之相同,所得样品标记为PC-NCM622。
Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2的制备方法:
(1)将异丙氧基铝溶于异丙醇(预先除水)中,配制成浓度为1wt%的稀溶液;
(2)将上述制备的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料置于异丙氧基铝-异丙醇稀溶液中(异丙氧基铝用量以铝元素计为LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料质量的1%),加以氮气保护,在常温下搅拌8小时,然后,停止氮气保护,通入空气,使之发生水解反应;
(3)过滤并烘干,并在500℃下热处理10h,从而得到表面面包覆Al2O3的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料(Al元素包覆量约为1%),所得样品标记为SC-NCM622。
制备的样品的晶体结构通过Cu Kα辐射的粉末X射线衍射(XRD)分析,收集XRD数据的2θ范围为10~90°,步长为4°/min。用透射电子显微镜(TEM)结合能量色散X射线光谱(EDS)观察粉末的形貌和元素的种类。
各样品的X射线衍射图如图2所示。从XRD结果看,图中所有的衍射峰基于六方α-NaFeO2层状结构指示,空间群为R-3m,无明显杂质和次生相。所有样品的(006)/(102)和(108)/(110)峰的明显分裂,表明这些材料具有良好的层状结构。这表明NCM晶体结构不受Al2O3包覆的影响。此外,所有样品的相应晶格参数由Rietveld精修计算并列于表1中。峰强度比I003/I104始终是确定材料阳离子混合程度的参数,一般来说,当比值大于1.2时,I003/I104比值越高,阳离子混合程度越低,材料具有良好的层状结构,电化学性能相对较好。由表1可知,Al2O3面包覆的NCM622样品具有最大的I003/I104,因此其阳离子混排程度降低,有利于提高其电化学性能。
表1:样品的相应晶格参数
PC-NCM523,PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622样品的TEM图像和EDS图像显示在图3中。由TEM结合EDS可以看出:图3(a)和(c)中,Al2O3颗粒不均匀地分布在LiNi0.5Co0.2Mn0.3O2和LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2颗粒的表面上,是点包覆的表现;在图3(b)中,LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2颗粒的表面,Al2O3呈均匀分布,是面包覆的表现。
二、正极片的制备:
将正极材料、导电剂乙炔黑以及粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)在N-甲基吡咯烷酮(NMP)溶剂中搅拌制成正极浆料,正极浆料中固体成分中正极材料、导电剂乙炔黑和聚偏氟乙烯(PVDF)的质量比为80:10:10。将浆料涂覆于厚度为12μm的铝箔上,然后在120℃真空干燥,辊压成片。
三、锂电池组装:
利用上述正极片与石墨负极片(148×199mm),多孔聚乙烯膜隔膜(隔膜表面涂有一层陶瓷材料,陶瓷材料中α-Al2O3:SiO2重量比为70%:30%),以及由1mol/L的LiPF6与碳酸乙烯酯(EC)、碳酸二甲酯(DMC)和碳酸甲乙酯(EMC)(体积比为1:1:1)的混合液构成的电解液,在Ar气氛中组装成52Ah锂离子电池全电池。
使用自动恒电流充放电装置(LAND CT2001A电池测试仪)研究电化学性能。电池的高低温性能测试在高温和低温测试室中进行:测试电池首先以1℃的温度和25℃的温度激活,然后以恒定电流充电至4.3V。在相同条件下,接着是4.3V的恒定电压放电,截止电流是恒定电流的1/20。最后,设定不同的温度并以恒定电流(以1C的速率)放电到2.5V。采用HPPC(Hybrid Pulse Power Characterization)方法,在0℃,25℃和45℃下测试了电池的内阻和脉冲功率性能。
图4显示了在25℃,1C充放电倍率下,样品在2.5~4.3V之间的循环性能。PC-NCM523,PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622三种材料在1C下的初始容量分别为45.92Ah,52.36Ah和52.60Ah,显示出循环过程中容量的逐渐衰减,三种材料在2500次循环后,仍有80%以上的容量,容量保持率依次为81.72%,82.84%和84.62%。经历2500次的循环之后,SC-NCM622材料表现出更高的放电容量和更好的容量保持率,因此具有更好的循环性能。
图5显示了所制备样品在室温下的倍率性能。图5(a)以1C的倍率充电,分别以1C,2C,2.5C的倍率放电,在2.5~4.3V范围内进行充放电测试。图5(b)分别以1C,2C,2.5C的倍率充电,以1C的倍率放电,在2.5~4.3V范围内进行充放电测试。从图5(a)的数据可以知道,随着充电倍率的加大,锂离子电池容量的衰降速度也在增加。在2.5C的充电倍率下,PC-NCM523,PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622样品的容量分别为1C时的86.84%,88.91%,90.07%
SC-NCM622样品具有更好的充电倍率性能。从图5(b)看出,随着放电电流密度的增大,与1C时相比,各样品的放电容量先减小后有所增大,而其中SC-NCM622样品具有更少的放电容量降低,具有更好的放电倍率性能。循环性能和倍率性能提高的原因与充电/放电过程中界面处的Li+扩散有关。一方面,颗粒表面上的均匀Al2O3包覆有效地防止活性材料和电解质之间的直接接触,有利于改善材料的结构和表面稳定性,抑制氧气产生和HF侵蚀。另一方面,表面包覆Al2O3可以通过在材料表面引入强Al-O键来降低活性材料的活性,从而降低活性材料与高电位电解质的表面反应性并抑制电解质的分解。
图6(a)显示在如图所示各温度下,三种材料首次放电容量随温度的变化。由图可知,随着温度的升高,电池放电容量逐渐增加;各温度条件下,SC-NCM622样品具有最高的放电容量。图6(b),6(c)和6(d)分别是PC-NCM523,PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622样品在25℃和45℃条件下的循环性能曲线(1C,2.5~4.3V)。由图可知,与25℃下的循环性能相比,在45℃的温度下,各样品的循环性能明显降低。经过1400次循环后,PC-NCM523,PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622三种样品的容量保持率依次为78.78%,79.59%和80.56%,由此可知SC-NCM622样品在45℃温度下的循环性能更好,即SC-NCM622样品具有更好的高温循环性能。
图7是分别在0℃,25℃和45℃的环境温度下,以PC-NCM523,PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622三种材料为正极材料的电池的充放电欧姆内阻和充放电脉冲功率随10%~90%DOD的变化曲线。不同电池的充放电欧姆内阻分别总结于图7(a),(c)和(e),充放电脉冲功率分别总结于图7(b),(d)和(f)。综合图7可知,在每个温度下,在每一放电深度下,三种样品中SC-NCM622样品的充放电内阻相对较小且充放电脉冲功率相对较大。此外,各样品的电池欧姆内阻随着温度的升高而降低,这可以归因为当环境温度较高时,锂离子电池内部的电解液对锂离子的溶解性增大,锂离子在电解液中的扩散速率加快,从而引起电池欧姆内阻的降低,欧姆内阻的降低有利于电池容量的增加。这与图6(a)的结果相吻合。
为了研究Al2O3面包覆对锂离子电池正极材料安全性能的影响,对电池进行过充和针刺实验,图8(a)和(b)分别显示了以PC-NCM622和SC-NCM622为正极材料的电池过充性能实验结果。
结论:
本发明通过Al2O3面包覆的改性,LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料的循环性能和倍率性能得到明显改善。采用Al2O3面包覆的材料作为正极的锂电池具有52.60Ah的初始放电容量,并且2500次循环(25℃,2.5~4.3V,1C)后容量保持率为84.62%,高于采用Al2O3点包覆的材料作为正极的锂电池在相同条件下的容量保持率(82.84%)。同样,在25℃、2.5~4.3V测试条件下,本发明锂电池在3C的倍率下放电具有更好的容量保持率,表现出最佳的倍率性能。由此可见,Al2O3面包覆可以有效地防止活性材料和电解质之间的直接接触,有利于改善材料的结构和表面稳定性,从而提高锂离子电池正极的电化学性能。
Claims (5)
1.一种高循环性能和高安全性能的锂离子电池正极材料的制备方法,锂离子电池以Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2为正极材料,以石墨为负极材料,以多孔聚乙烯膜为隔膜、隔膜表面涂覆陶瓷材料,以含1.0 mol/L锂盐LiPF6的DMC/EC/EMC混合溶液为电解液;所述Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2由如下方法制备获得:
(1)将异丙氧基铝溶于无水异丙醇中,配制成浓度为0.5~2wt%的稀溶液;
(2)将LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料置于异丙氧基铝-异丙醇稀溶液中,加以氮气保护,在常温下搅拌8~12小时后,停止氮气保护,通入空气,使之发生水解反应;
(3)过滤并烘干,并在400~600℃下热处理8~12 h,得到所述Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2。
2.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于正极按如下方法制得:Al2O3面包覆的LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2与导电剂乙炔黑以及粘结剂聚偏氟乙烯按质量比80:10:10混合,加入溶剂N-甲基吡咯烷酮制成浆料,将浆料涂覆于厚度为12 µm的铝箔上,120 ℃真空干燥,辊压成片,作为锂离子电池正极。
3.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于步骤(2)中所述异丙氧基铝用量以铝元素计为LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料质量的0.5~5%。
4.如权利要求1所述的方法,其特征在于所述LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2材料由如下方法制得:
(1)称取化学计量比为6:2:2的NiSO4、CoSO4和MnSO4,加入蒸馏水中配成浓度为2.0mol/L的混合溶液;
(2)将步骤(1)中的混合溶液缓慢加入惰性气体保护的共沉淀反应釜中,配制4.0 mol/L NaOH溶液作为沉淀剂和3 mol/L NH3·H2O溶液作为螯合剂,并依次加入反应釜中进行共沉淀;加料速度控制在0.8~1 L/h,搅拌速率控制在200~300 r/min,控制温度为55±2 ℃,pH值为10.5,液相共沉淀产物陈化时间为8 h;
(3)过滤、洗涤和干燥步骤(2)中的共沉淀反应产物,得到了镍钴锰复合氢氧化物前驱体[(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)](OH)2;
(4)将步骤(3)中的前驱体与Li2CO3放入研钵中研磨均匀,先在空气中预烧结5 h,然后在840℃下进行12 h的高温煅烧,最终制得LiNi0.6Co0.2Mn0.2O2三元材料。
5.如权利要求4所述的方法,其特征在于[(Ni0.6Co0.2Mn0.2)](OH)2和Li2CO3中Li:(Ni+Co+Mn)物质的量之比为1.12 : 1。
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