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CN110964302B - Osteoid 3D printing material and osteoid 3D printing temporal bone model with osteoid structure and neurovascular structure - Google Patents

Osteoid 3D printing material and osteoid 3D printing temporal bone model with osteoid structure and neurovascular structure Download PDF

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CN110964302B
CN110964302B CN201811130214.5A CN201811130214A CN110964302B CN 110964302 B CN110964302 B CN 110964302B CN 201811130214 A CN201811130214 A CN 201811130214A CN 110964302 B CN110964302 B CN 110964302B
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杨军
于江
胡澜也
于浩然
贾欢
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XinHua Hospital Affiliated To Shanghai JiaoTong University School of Medicine
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    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29B9/06—Making granules by dividing preformed material in the form of filamentary material, e.g. combined with extrusion
    • B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
    • B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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    • B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
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    • C08K2003/2241—Titanium dioxide
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    • C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
    • C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
    • C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
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Abstract

The invention relates to a bone-like 3D printing material and a bone-like 3D printing temporal bone model with a bone-like structure and a neurovascular structure. The material is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 39-75% of modified polycarbonate, 24-60% of barium sulfate and 0.1-1% of titanium dioxide. The temporal bone model is provided with a neural blood vessel structure and a bone-like structure printed by the bone-like 3D printing material. The temporalis bone model printed by the material has higher scores in the aspects of model weight, hardness, light sensation under a microscope, drilling and grinding sound, drilling and grinding touch, debris forming condition in the drilling and grinding process and auditory ossicle copying accuracy, is evaluated to have high similarity with the cadaver temporalis bone on the whole, and has high printing success rate and stability, so that the material is a 3D printing material with bone-like property.

Description

Osteoid 3D printing material and osteoid 3D printing temporal bone model with osteoid structure and neurovascular structure
Technical Field
The invention relates to the field of materials for 3D printing, in particular to a bone-like 3D printing material and a bone-like 3D printing temporal bone model with a bone-like structure and a neurovascular structure.
Background
Otologists have historically acquired and enhanced the relevant surgical skills by repeatedly dissecting the temporal bone of a human cadaver. However, the sources of the cadaver heads are limited, the price is high, and the cadaver temporal bone dissection training is difficult to popularize. The 3D printing of the temporal bone model provides an effective way for the skill training of the otology operation. Because the existing 3D printing raw materials in the market do not have bone-like properties, the temporobone model printed by 3D often can not provide the anatomical experience of the prototype temporobone, and the common problems include lower model hardness, model softening during drilling and grinding and the like, thereby limiting the practicability of the temporobone model in the training of the otology operation. It is therefore necessary to prepare a 3D printed temporal bone model that is similar to cadaver temporal bones or can simulate a real surgical experience.
In addition to obtaining sufficient accuracy of the imaging data and performing appropriate image post-processing, materials suitable for 3D printing of bony structures should be used to approximate the texture of the model to the real bone to provide a good drill and grind feel.
A paper "3-D temporalis bone model making and application" published in China journal of China's otology journal of 2015, volume 13, journal of 2, is characterized in that high-resolution CT is used for obtaining tomography images of living temporalis bones (2 normal persons and 2 chronic otitis media patients), data is imported into Mimics software for image segmentation and temporalis bone three-dimensional reconstruction, gypsum powder is used as a raw material, a powder accumulation rapid prototyping technology is used for printing the temporalis bone model, important anatomical structures and tissues (auditory bone chain, facial nerve, position listener, inflammatory exudation, cholesteatoma and the like) are printed in different colors, and operation rehearsal is performed under a microscope. However, the hardness of the bone substance in the specimen is slightly lower than that of the bone substance on the surface of the specimen in the grinding process under a microscope, and the viscosity of the bone powder generated by grinding is higher than that of the bone powder of a normal human, so that the bone powder needs to be flushed by water and cleaned by a suction apparatus.
The Suzhou university Shuo doctor thesis 'establishment and primary application of a temporal bone 3D digital model based on spiral CT' firstly determines the optimal temporal bone CT scanning parameters, scans the corpse head, obtains layer thickness DICOM data of 0.1mm, utilizes medical reconstruction software Mimics16.0 to segment each anatomical structure in the temporal bone, establishes a temporal bone three-dimensional geometric model, introduces the model into 3-Matic, carries out grid smoothing and optimization processing, and then further modifies, designs and operates in Geomagic studio 2013 to obtain a satisfactory 3D digital geometric model. The 3D digital model respectively prints a gypsum solid model and an ABS solid model by using a 3D color ink-jet printing technology and a selective laser sintering technology, and the simulation operation of the solid model is carried out and compared with a cadaver head. As a result: the physical model has good anatomical hand feeling and is close to the cadaver head; but the reduction degree of the anatomical microstructure is not good enough, and the ABS model effect is better than that of a gypsum model; the solid model essentially reflects the anatomy of the cadaver head, but due to the presence of the supporting powder, the dissection is performed with great influence.
Patent document CN105963788A, published japanese patent No. 2016.09.28, discloses an artificial bone material for 3D printing, which is composed of the following components in parts by weight: 40-60 parts of biological metal powder, 30-40 parts of non-metal powder, 20-32 parts of polycarbonate, 305-8 parts of povidone K, 0.5-0.7 part of nicotinic acid and 0.02-0.1 part of dopamine. The artificial bone material has high strength, and the reaction such as decomposition, absorption, precipitation and the like of a multi-skeleton joint interface is realized through the action of dopamine, nicotinic acid, povidone K30 and other materials in the components, so that the artificial bone material can be firmly combined with bones, the fatigue and the abrasion are prevented, the technical problem of the reduction of the stress of the material caused by the easy joint activity and the influence of an acid medium in a body in the existing material is solved under the condition of not increasing the weight of a unit material, and the stress of the material is improved. However, this material is not a temporal bone model for simulating a real surgical experience.
In summary, there is a need for an osteoid material suitable for 3D printing, and a 3D printed temporal bone model that is similar to a cadaver temporal bone or can simulate a real surgical experience.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a bone-like 3D printing material and a bone-like 3D printing temporal bone model with a bone-like structure and a neurovascular structure aiming at the defects in the prior art.
In a first aspect, the invention provides a bone-like 3D printing material, which is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 39-75% of modified polycarbonate, 24-60% of barium sulfate and 0.1-1% of titanium dioxide.
As a preferred example, the material is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 49-60% of modified polycarbonate, 39-50% of barium sulfate and 0.1-1% of titanium dioxide.
As another preferred example, the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is 1.5-2.
As another preferable example, it further contains calcium carbonate, talc, a toughening agent or a dispersing agent.
In a second aspect, the invention provides a preparation method of the bone-like 3D printing material, comprising the following steps:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire by using a single-screw extrusion process.
In a third aspect, the invention provides the use of an osteoid 3D-printed material as described in any of the above in the preparation of a temporal bone model.
In a fourth aspect, the invention provides a bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model, wherein the bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model has a bone-like structure, and the bone-like structure is made of any one of the bone-like 3D printed materials.
As a preferred example, the bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model further has a neurovascular structure.
As another preferred example, said neurovascular structure is selected from the group consisting of sigmoid sinus, jugular glomus, jugular vein, internal carotid artery and facial nerve.
In a fifth aspect, the invention provides a method for printing a temporal bone model by 3D bone-like printing, which comprises the step of printing a bone-like structure by using the bone-like 3D printing material as described in any one of the above.
The invention has the advantages that:
1. according to the invention, polycarbonate is used as a master batch, barium sulfate is used as a powder additive, and a small amount of toughening agent acrylate rubber is added, so that the model printed out from the composite material has no softening phenomenon in the drilling and grinding process, the chips are fully formed, the chips subjected to drilling and grinding can simulate the powder feeling of bone powder, no obvious material residue exists in cavity structures such as an external auditory canal, an internal auditory canal and the like, a fused ossicle can be dissected, the weight and hardness performance are excellent, the light sensation under a microscope is close to that of a real temple, and the drilling and grinding touch feeling and sound are good, so that the model has higher scores in the aspects of weight, hardness, light sensation under the microscope, drilling and grinding sound, drilling and grinding touch feeling, chip forming condition in the drilling and grinding process and ossicle reproduction accuracy, and is evaluated to have high similarity with the temple. And the printing success rate and the stability are high. The composite material of the invention is shown to be a 3D printing material with bone-like properties.
2. The bone-like 3D printing temporal bone model with the bone-like structure and the neurovascular structure has high similarity between physical characteristics of the model and a cadaver temporal bone, can copy important anatomical structures in the temporal bone, can be used for otological operation training, and has certain educational value. The bone-like 3D printing temporal bone model with the bone-like structure and the nerve-like vascular structure has practicability in otology operation training and can be used as an auxiliary training tool outside a cadaver temporal bone.
Drawings
In the figures 1 and 2, the acquired CT image is imported into three-dimensional image processing software Mimics16.0, and the three-dimensional reconstruction of the temporal bony structure and the neurovascular structure is completed by processing the iconography data by the computer aided design technology.
Fig. 3 a 3D printer of the Raise3D N series with dual jets is printing a three-dimensional reconstructed temporal bone model.
Fig. 4 a hollow blood vessel was filled with liquid watercolor pigment, the vessel was colored with propylene pigment, and the sigmoid sinus, jugular glomus and jugular vein were colored blue and the internal carotid artery was colored red.
Fig. 5 is a finished bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model.
Fig. 6 no material residue was seen in the external auditory canal of the bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model of example 1.
Fig. 7 no material residue was seen in the auditory canal in the bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model of example 1.
Fig. 8 bone powder is generated during drilling and grinding of the bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model of example 1.
Figure 9 bone-like 3D printing of example 1 mixture formed after bone powder washing during drilling and milling of temporal bone model.
Detailed Description
The following detailed description of the present invention will be made with reference to the accompanying drawings.
In the following examples, acrylate rubbers are available from nippon, model AR 71.
Example 1 osteoid 3D-printing material (a) of the invention
The composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 54.7 percent of modified polycarbonate, 45 percent of barium sulfate and 0.3 percent of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 34.7:20.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Example 2 osteoid 3D printing material (ii) of the invention
The composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 49% of modified polycarbonate, 50% of barium sulfate and 1% of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 29.4:19.6.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Example 3 osteoid 3D printing Material (III) of the invention
The composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 60% of modified polycarbonate, 39% of barium sulfate and 1% of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 40:20.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Example 4 osteoid 3D printing Material of the Invention (IV)
The composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 56% of modified polycarbonate, 43.9% of barium sulfate and 0.1% of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 36:20.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Example 5 osteoid 3D printing Material of the invention (V)
The composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 39% of modified polycarbonate, 60% of barium sulfate and 1% of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 26:13.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Example 6 osteoid 3D printing Material (VI) of the invention
The composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 75% of modified polycarbonate, 24% of barium sulfate and 1% of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 45:30.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Example 7 osteoid 3D printing Material (VII) of the invention
The composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 45% of modified polycarbonate, 54.5% of barium sulfate and 0.5% of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 30:15.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Example 8 osteoid 3D printing Material (eight) of the invention
The composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 65% of modified polycarbonate, 34.9% of barium sulfate and 0.1% of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 39:26.
The preparation method comprises the following steps:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Example 9 preparation and evaluation of a type bone 3D-printed temporal bone model
1. Preparation of
(1) Acquiring an image and performing image post-processing: a64-row spiral CT is adopted to scan the living temporal bone thin layer of 1 normal person (the scanning layer thickness is 0.6mm), and a CT image in a DICOM format is obtained. The temporal bone was dissected normally and mastoid qi was well-distributed. And importing the acquired CT image into three-dimensional image processing software Mimics16.0, and processing the iconography data by using a computer aided design technology to complete the three-dimensional reconstruction of the temporal bone bony structure and the neurovascular structure. And storing the three-dimensional reconstructed CAD model into a standard file type STL file format applied by the 3D printing system.
(2)3D printing: A3D printer of a Raise3D N series with double spray heads is selected, the diameter of a nozzle is 0.4mm, and a three-dimensional reconstructed temporal bone model is printed by utilizing a fused deposition manufacturing technology. Printing a bone structure of the three-dimensional reconstructed temporal bone model by using the first nozzle by using any wire of the embodiments 1 to 8; and the second spray head uses a yellow Thermoplastic polyurethane elastomer (TPU) wire to print a neurovascular structure, wherein the vascular structure is printed into a hollow tube cavity with one end being a blind end.
(3) Model post-processing: and (5) disassembling the support by using pliers after the model is printed. Blue liquid watercolor is injected into the hollow vein, and red liquid watercolor is injected into the artery. The blood vessel port is filled with waterproof mud to close the two ends of the blood vessel and the lumen is filled with liquid. The vessels were stained with propylene pigment, and the sigmoid sinuses, jugular glomus and jugular vein were colored blue, and the internal carotid artery was colored red.
2. Evaluation of physical and mechanical properties of osteoid 3D printing material
The prepared material is injection molded into a standard sample strip for testing according to standard size, and physical and mechanical properties are tested. The results are shown in Table 1. The Young modulus of the composite material in the embodiment 1 is 3829 +/-520 MPa, which is higher than that of the PC material and the PLA material which are commonly on the market (e.g. polymaker PLA material has the elastic modulus of 1879 +/-109 MPa, and the Young modulus of PC is 2307 +/-60 MP). Young's modulus may measure the stiffness of a material, the magnitude of which may affect the stiffness of a 3D printed model. The softening temperature of the composite of example 1 was 115 ℃. The composites of examples 2-8 were also tested for their superior physical and mechanical properties.
Table 1 osteoid 3D printing material of example 1 physical and mechanical properties
Figure BDA0001813348360000071
3. Evaluation of physical characteristics of bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model
10 otorhinolaryngology doctors with abundant experience of the past autopsy heads dissect the model in a mode of dissecting the temporal bones of the autopsy, fill a semi-structural questionnaire with a Likert 5 sub-sheet (Likert scale) as an option after dissection is completed, and score the weight, the hardness, the light sensation of the model under the microscope, the drilling and grinding sound, the drilling and grinding touch, the chip formation condition in the drilling and grinding process, the auditory ossicle replication accuracy and the overall similarity with the temporal bones of the autopsy by using the temporal bones of the autopsy as reference objects and 3D printing. Score 1 represents "completely unlike", score 2 reflects "low similarity", score 3 represents "fair similarity", score 4 represents "high similarity", and score 5 represents "almost equivalent". The results are shown in Table 2. The physical characteristics of the 3D printed temporal bone model were evaluated to be highly similar to the cadaver temporal bone, and this was particularly excellent in terms of debris formation. During the use of the power system and the electric drill anatomical model, the formation of the debris is sufficient, the drill-milled debris can simulate the powdery feel of the bone powder (see fig. 8), and the mixture formed after flushing is also very similar to the actual anatomical situation (see fig. 9).
TABLE 2 score of class bone 3D printed temporal bone model*
Figure BDA0001813348360000072
Figure BDA0001813348360000081
No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 5 are all similar.
Other experimental groups of inventors during the study:
comparative example 1: a temporalis bone model printed by using plaster as a raw material.
Comparative example 2: a temporal bone model printed using the following composite material: the composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 54.7 percent of modified polycarbonate, 45 percent of calcium carbonate and 0.3 percent of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 34.7:20. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process; (2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Comparative example 3: a temporal bone model printed using the following composite material: the composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 39% of modified polycarbonate, 60% of barium sulfate and 1% of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is as follows: 32.5:6.5. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process; (2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
Comparative example 4: a temporal bone model printed using the following composite material: the composition is prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 54.7 percent of modified polycarbonate, 45 percent of barium sulfate and 0.3 percent of titanium dioxide. Wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by fluororubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the fluororubber is as follows: 34.7:20. The preparation method comprises the following steps: (1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process; (2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire rod with a circular section and an average diameter of about 1.75mm by using a single-screw extrusion process.
4. Evaluation of 3D printing temporal bone model anatomical structure of bone-like body
In terms of anatomical structure, the external auditory meatus, styloid process, mastoid process, internal auditory meatus, facial nerve, sigmoid sinus, and internal carotid artery of this model were evaluated to have high similarity to the cadaver temporal bone, where no significant material remains in the external and internal auditory meatus, and the sigmoid sinus is elastic and clearly distinguished from bony structures (see table 3).
Table 3 bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model anatomical structure score printed with bone-like 3D printed material of example 1
Figure BDA0001813348360000091
No. 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, and 5 are all similar.
5. Evaluation of 3D printing temporal bone model of bone-like for training practicability of otology operation
The model is capable of performing all surgery-related anatomical exercises. The model provides a satisfactory training experience in practicing open mastoid radical surgery, complete mastoid radical surgery, posterior tympanotomy, sigmoid sinus decompression, and cranial fovea dura mater lamina decompression. The limited simulation of the model by the semicircular canal and vestibule limits its utility for practicing labyrinthine resection. According to the evaluation results, the model was not highly practical for practicing cochlear fenestration, which is related to the failure of accurate replication of intracochlear fine structures (see table 4).
Table 4 scoring of osteoid 3D printed temporal bone model printed with osteoid 3D printed material of embodiment 1 for otological surgery training practicality
Figure BDA0001813348360000092
Figure BDA0001813348360000101
The above description is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, several modifications and additions can be made without departing from the method of the present invention, and these modifications and additions should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.

Claims (9)

1. The bone-like 3D printing material is characterized by being prepared from the following components in percentage by weight: 39-75% of modified polycarbonate, 24-60% of barium sulfate and 0.1-1% of titanium dioxide, wherein the modified polycarbonate is modified by acrylate rubber, and the weight ratio of the polycarbonate to the acrylate rubber is 1.5-2.
2. The osteoid 3D printing material according to claim 1, characterized in that it is made of the following components in weight percentage: 49-60% of modified polycarbonate, 39-50% of barium sulfate and 0.1-1% of titanium dioxide.
3. The osteoid 3D printing material according to claim 1, further comprising calcium carbonate, talc, a toughening agent or a dispersing agent.
4. The method for preparing an osteoid 3D-printed material according to any of claims 1 to 3, characterized in that:
(1) physically mixing the components according to the weight percentage, drying, and preparing master batch by using a double-screw extrusion process;
(2) and drying the prepared master batch, and processing the master batch into a wire by using a single-screw extrusion process.
5. Use of the osteoid 3D-printed material according to any of claims 1 to 3 for the preparation of a temporal bone model.
6. A bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model, characterized in that the bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model has a bone-like structure, and the bone-like structure is made of the bone-like 3D printed material according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
7. The bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model of claim 6, wherein the bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model further has a neurovascular structure.
8. The bone-like 3D printed temporal bone model of claim 7, wherein the neurovascular structure is selected from sigmoid sinus, jugular glomus, jugular vein, internal carotid artery, and facial nerve.
9. A method for printing a temporal bone model by 3D-like bone printing, comprising the step of printing a bone-like structure using the bone-like 3D printing material according to any one of claims 1 to 3.
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