CN115768272B - 复合发酵生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法及由此生产的发酵的生咖啡豆 - Google Patents
复合发酵生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法及由此生产的发酵的生咖啡豆 Download PDFInfo
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- CN115768272B CN115768272B CN202180041730.4A CN202180041730A CN115768272B CN 115768272 B CN115768272 B CN 115768272B CN 202180041730 A CN202180041730 A CN 202180041730A CN 115768272 B CN115768272 B CN 115768272B
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Classifications
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Abstract
本发明涉及用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法和由此生产的发酵的生咖啡豆,该方法包括:(A)在‑10℃至‑25℃下冷冻生咖啡豆的步骤;(B)将冷冻的生咖啡豆在水中浸泡3小时至10小时的步骤;(C)取出浸泡在水中的生咖啡豆,除去水并在供应空气的同时让咖啡豆在20℃至30℃下静置5小时至15小时的步骤;(D)将经过静置的生咖啡豆灭菌,然后接种菌株对其进行厌氧发酵的步骤;以及(E)灭菌然后干燥厌氧发酵的生咖啡豆的步骤,当发酵的生咖啡豆被烘焙成咖啡豆时,香气和口感可以得到改善,并且气味可以被去除。
Description
技术领域
本公开涉及用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法和由此生产的发酵的生咖啡豆,所述发酵的生咖啡豆在烘焙成咖啡豆时具有改善的香气和口感并去除了气味。
背景技术
咖啡属于茜草科咖啡属。商业栽培的三个主要品种是阿拉比卡咖啡(Coffeaarabica)、罗布斯塔咖啡(Coffea canephora)和利比里亚咖啡(Coffea liberica)。
其中,阿拉比卡咖啡原产于埃塞俄比亚,因其良好的香气和口感而被视为是品质最好的咖啡。阿拉比卡咖啡在温度为15℃至25℃、海拔500m至1000m的高地上生长良好。阿拉比卡咖啡产于巴西、哥伦比亚、墨西哥、危地马拉和埃塞俄比亚,占全球咖啡总产量的75%。
自9世纪以来,咖啡就已经在埃塞俄比亚作为具有苦味、酸味、甜味、涩味的饮料被栽培。截至2018年,咖啡是交易最多的商品,仅次于石油,其在欧洲交易有264万吨,在美国交易有157万吨,在韩国交易有150000吨。
咖啡是苦味、涩味、酸味、甜味协调良好的代表性饮料。咖啡是世界上最受欢迎的饮料,随着咖啡店的普及和自我消费的增加,韩国的咖啡市场也在不断增长。
众所周知,咖啡含有对阿尔茨海默病、帕金森病、2型糖尿病、胆固醇、心脏病、肝硬化等有优越作用的物质,咖啡的药理作用正在被大量研究。
然而,已知过度的咖啡摄入量会导致咖啡碱中毒诸如焦虑、紧张、睡眠障碍、胃肠道疾病等,并且关于咖啡因对脂肪氧化增加的作用有矛盾的报道,其导致血液中游离脂肪酸、胆固醇和甘油三酯增加,从而导致心血管疾病,特别是冠状动脉疾病。但咖啡摄入量与心血管疾病之间的相关性仍存在争议。
咖啡的代表成分包括咖啡因、绿原酸、烟酸、钾、葫芦巴碱、氨基酸等。其中,咖啡的主要成分咖啡因是无气味、味苦的生物碱化合物。其在水中溶解良好。过度的咖啡因摄入量可以通过促进胃酸分泌和降低食管括约肌压力而导致胃食道反流和胃酸。此外,由于咖啡因可以导致失眠、紧张、焦虑和骨质疏松,因此其对咖啡有负面影响。
发酵是指通过微生物诸如酵母、细菌等所具有的酶的作用来降解有机物质的过程。生物体从食物摄取中不仅获得能量,还获得用于消化和维持新陈代谢的酶。
作为获得发酵的咖啡的现有技术,韩国专利公布第2003-0071740号公开了“发酵咖啡米含有发酵米中的发酵咖啡成分”,以及韩国专利公布第2014-0055202号公开了“使用咖啡提取物和浓缩物制备发酵咖啡的方法”。然而,从生咖啡豆中获得萌发的咖啡豆并通过用培养的菌株接种萌发的咖啡豆而获得发酵的生咖啡豆的方法尚未可知。
发明内容
技术问题
本公开涉及提供用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法,所述发酵的生咖啡豆在烘焙成咖啡豆时具有改善的香气和口感并去除了气味。
本公开还涉及提供通过上述方法生产的发酵的生咖啡豆。
技术方案
根据本公开的用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法可以包括:(A)在-10℃至-25℃下冷冻生咖啡豆的步骤;(B)将冷冻的生咖啡豆在水中浸泡3小时至10小时的步骤;(C)取出浸泡在水中的生咖啡豆,除去水并在供应空气的同时让咖啡豆在20℃至30℃下静置5小时至15小时的步骤;(D)将生咖啡豆灭菌,然后接种菌株以对其进行厌氧发酵的步骤;以及(E)灭菌然后干燥厌氧发酵的生咖啡豆的步骤。
该方法还可以包括,在步骤(C)之后,通过在每100重量份生咖啡豆中添加0.05重量份至1重量份的酶对生咖啡豆进行酶处理的步骤。
酶可以是多半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶酶、半纤维素酶、纤维素酶、或其混合物。当使用混合物时,可以顺序使用或同时使用几种酶。
在步骤(A)中,可以将生咖啡豆冷冻3小时至24小时。
在步骤(B)中,水的温度可以为20℃至27℃。
在步骤(B)中,在从水中取出生咖啡豆之前的10分钟至20分钟,可以向每100重量份的水中添加0.05重量份至0.1重量份的氧化钙或发酵粉和盐的混合物。
在步骤(D)中,菌株可以为乳酸乳球菌、乳脂乳球菌、双乙酰乳球菌、肠膜明串珠菌、短乳杆菌、或其混合物。
在步骤(D)中,在液体中培养菌株至1.0x105cfu/g至1.0x1015cfu/g后,可以在35℃至41℃下进行厌氧发酵20小时至40小时。
此外,可以通过根据本公开的方法生产发酵的生咖啡豆。
有益效果
当烘焙本公开的发酵的生咖啡豆时,咖啡因的含量减少,GABA、异黄酮、总多酚和维生素的含量增加,香气、口感和颜色得到改善,并且感官特性由于气味被去除而提高。
具体实施方式
本公开涉及用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法,和由此生产的发酵的生咖啡豆,所述发酵的生咖啡豆在烘焙成咖啡豆时具有改善的香气、口感和颜色并去除了气味。
在本公开中,考虑到生咖啡豆的特性,通过浸水和供应氧气对生咖啡豆的内部进行内部萌发,并通过接种菌株对生咖啡豆的表面进行发酵。内部萌发是指处理至出芽前的状态。
在下文中,详细描述本公开。
根据本公开的生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法可以包括:(A)在-10℃至-25℃下冷冻生咖啡豆的步骤;(B)将冷冻的生咖啡豆在水中浸泡3小时至10小时的步骤;(C)取出浸泡在水中的生咖啡豆,除去水并在供应空气的同时让咖啡豆在20℃至30℃下静置5小时至15小时的步骤;(D)将生咖啡豆灭菌,然后接种菌株以对其进行厌氧发酵的步骤;以及(E)灭菌然后干燥厌氧发酵的生咖啡豆的步骤。
该方法还可以包括,在步骤(C)之后,通过在每100重量份生咖啡豆中添加0.05重量份至1重量份的酶对生咖啡豆进行酶处理的步骤。
首先,在步骤(A)中,生咖啡豆可以在-10℃至-25℃,具体地在-15℃至-20℃下冷冻3小时至24小时,具体地冷冻4小时至12小时,更具体地冷冻6小时至7小时。
在本公开中,将生咖啡豆冷冻,然后对内部进行内部萌发,对表面进行厌氧发酵。如果不进行冷冻,则内部萌发和表面发酵可能无法如期望的那样进行。
如果生咖啡豆的冷冻温度和冷冻时间低于下限,则内部萌发和厌氧发酵可能无法进行。并且,如果它们超过上限,则生咖啡豆的品质可能会下降。
接下来,在步骤(B)中,冷冻的生咖啡豆通过在20℃至27℃的水中浸泡3小时至10小时来浸渍。
只有将生咖啡豆浸渍在水中后,内部萌发和厌氧发酵才能很好地进行。
如果浸渍生咖啡豆的浸水温度和浸水时间超出上述范围,则生咖啡豆可能没有被很好地浸渍。
在步骤(B)中,在从水中取出生咖啡豆清洗和灭菌之前的10分钟至20分钟,可以向每100重量份的水中添加0.05重量份至0.5重量份,具体地添加0.1重量份至0.2重量份的氧化钙或发酵粉和盐的混合物。因此,内部萌发和厌氧发酵后的感官特性进一步提高。
接下来,在步骤(C)中,在取出浸泡在水中的生咖啡豆并完全除去生咖啡豆表面的水后,内部萌发进行5小时至15小时,具体地进行7小时至10小时,同时在20℃至30℃下供应空气。
萌发通常分为出芽前的准备步骤和出芽步骤。重要的是,本公开的内部萌发(萌发的准备步骤)在生咖啡豆出芽之前进行,因为养分在出芽后集中在芽上。
当进行本公开的内部萌发时,各种酶、养分和功能成分的活性得到提高,并且烘焙后咖啡的香气、口感和颜色也得到了改善。
在本公开中,内部萌发是通过向浸泡在水中的生咖啡豆供应空气来进行的,具体地无需翻转或移动生咖啡豆。如果在氮气下而不是在空气下进行内部萌发,则咖啡的香气可能会变差,并且由于各种细菌的繁殖咖啡可能会产生强烈的苦味。而且,如果将浸泡在水中的生咖啡豆翻转或移动,则可能不会改善咖啡的香气和口感,因为内部萌发没有如期望的那样进行。
如果内部萌发的温度和时间低于下限,则可能不会发生萌发或感官特性可能会见降低。而且,如果它们超过上限,则养分可能会减少,感官特性可能会由于出芽而显著降低。
接下来,在步骤(C)之后,可以通过按每100重量份的生咖啡豆中添加0.05重量份至1重量份的酶,具体地添加0.1重量份至0.5重量份的酶来对生咖啡豆进行酶处理。
通过对生咖啡豆进行酶处理,可以进一步降低咖啡因的含量,可以增加对身体有益的成分的含量,并且可以去除气味。通过在内部萌发和厌氧发酵之间进行酶处理,可以进一步增强这些效果。如果在步骤(B)之前或步骤(D)之后进行酶处理,则咖啡因的含量可能不会减少,气味可能不会去除,并且感官特性可能会降低。
酶可以是多半乳糖醛酸酶、果胶酶、半纤维素酶、纤维素酶、或其混合物。
当使用混合物时,可以顺序使用或同时使用几种酶。具体地,可以顺序处理2种至4种酶。
接下来,在步骤(D)中,对生咖啡豆(或酶处理的生咖啡豆)进行灭菌,然后通过接种菌株进行厌氧发酵。
将内部萌发的生咖啡豆在120℃至125℃下灭菌1分钟至5分钟后,通过接种菌株对其表面进行发酵。结果,气味被去除,并且由此制备的咖啡变成乳脂状,碳酸味减少。
因为生咖啡豆是活体植物,菌株不能渗入细胞且发酵通常只发生在表面。因此,在本公开中,生咖啡豆的内部首先萌发,然后表面发酵。
菌株可以为乳酸乳球菌、乳脂乳球菌、双乙酰乳球菌、肠膜明串珠菌、短乳杆菌、或其混合物。
在本公开中,菌株可以在液体中培养至1.0x105cfu/g至1.0x1015cfu/g,具体地培养至1.0x106cfu/g至1.0x1010cfu/g。如果细菌的数量低于下限,则发酵可能需要较长时间。而且,如果细菌的数量超过上限,则可能会出现强烈的酸味。
生咖啡豆通过接种菌株在35℃至40℃下厌氧发酵20小时至40小时。
接下来,在步骤(E)中,厌氧发酵的生咖啡豆在90℃至100℃下灭菌,冷却然后在25℃至35℃下干燥10小时至20小时以制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
发明方式
在下文中,给出具体的实施例以帮助理解本公开。然而,以下实施例仅作为本公开的实施例给出,并且对于本领域技术人员来说明显的是,可以在本公开的范围内进行各种改变和修改,并且这些改变和修改包含在所附权利要求的范围内。
制备实施例1.液体培养物的制备:乳酸乳球菌
将100重量份蒸馏水、0.8重量份土豆粉末和4重量份葡萄糖混合后,在100℃下灭菌1分钟,然后冷却至25℃,通过接种0.1%(重量/重量)的乳酸乳球菌(CHN-11,ChristianHansen)并在36℃下培养24小时,制备得到液体培养物。液体培养物的细菌数量为1.0x107cfu/g。
制备实施例2.液体培养物的制备:短乳杆菌
通过使用短乳杆菌代替乳酸乳球菌,以与制备实施例1相同的方式制备液体培养物。液体培养物的细菌数量为1.0x107cfu/g。
制备实施例3.液体培养物的制备:乳酸乳球菌+短乳杆菌
通过使用等量的乳酸乳球菌和短乳杆菌的混合物,以与制备实施例1相同的方式制备液体培养物。液体培养物的细菌数量为1.0x107cfu/g。
对照组1.
使用埃塞俄比亚耶加雪菲(Yirgacheffe)G1生咖啡豆。
实施例1.使用制备实施例1的液体培养物
将洗净的埃塞俄比亚耶加雪菲G1生咖啡豆在-20℃下冷冻8小时,然后将冷冻的生咖啡豆在25℃的水中浸泡6小时。在完全除去水后,取出生咖啡豆并放入容器中。通过供应空气进行内部萌发7小时,同时保持容器温度在25℃,随后灭菌1分钟,将内部萌发的生咖啡豆与制备实施例1中制备的液体培养物混合,然后在36℃下发酵20小时。通过过滤生咖啡豆,在100℃下立即灭菌10秒,用冷水立即冷却然后在30℃的空气中干燥14小时来制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
实施例2.使用制备实施例2的液体培养物
通过使用制备实施例2的液体培养物代替制备实施例1的液体培养物,以与实施例1相同的方式制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
实施例3.使用制备实施例3的液体培养物
通过使用制备实施例3的液体培养物代替制备实施例1的液体培养物,以与实施例1相同的方式制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
实施例4.氧化钙
将生咖啡豆浸水6小时后,通过添加氧化钙(每100重量份的水添加0.1重量份的氧化钙)并将其浸泡在氧化钙水溶液中10分钟,以与实施例1相同的方式来制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
实施例5.酶处理
通过向100重量份的内部萌发的生咖啡豆中添加0.1重量份的聚半乳糖醛酸酶、0.1重量份的果胶酶、0.1重量份的半纤维素酶和0.1重量份的纤维素酶,在50℃下处理30小时,灭菌1分钟然后用制备实施例1中制备的液体培养物发酵,以与实施例1相同的方式来制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
对比例1.省略内部萌发
通过将清洗过的埃塞尔比亚耶加雪菲G1生咖啡豆浸泡在水中后立即进行发酵,以与实施例1中相同的方式制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
对比例2.省略发酵
通过将生咖啡豆浸泡在水中内部萌发,立即灭菌然后干燥,以与实施例1中相同的方式制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
对比例3.用空气出芽代替内部萌发
在萌发期间通过在三波长LED 670mh的条件下喷水一次100分钟而不是供应空气使生咖啡豆完全出芽40小时,以与实施例1相同的方式制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
对比例4.出芽
通过在30℃下供应空气20小时除去水后使生咖啡豆出芽,然后通过用制备实施例1中制备的液体培养物发酵该生咖啡豆进行发酵,以与实施例1相同的方式制备发酵的生咖啡豆。
测试实施例
将上述实施例和对比例中制备的500g发酵的生咖啡豆加入220℃的半旋转流化床焙烧炉(Taehwan Proaster)中,并通过浅度烘焙(第一次爆裂,中度烘焙)、中度微深烘焙(紧接在第二次爆裂之前,中深度烘焙)和深度烘焙(第二次爆裂,极深度烘焙)进行烘焙。将10g发酵的咖啡豆粉碎成0.25mm的颗粒,然后用萃取器(Reneka Viva S)在9个标准大气压和在约90℃下萃取25秒得到30mL咖啡。
测试实施例1.咖啡因、GABA、异黄酮和总多酚的测定
1-1.咖啡因(mg/kg):提取的咖啡通过注射器过滤器过滤并作为样品进行高效液相色谱(HPLC)分析。采用PDA(光电二极管阵列)HPLC系统,装备C18色谱柱(YMC-TriartC18,4.6x250mm)。作为流动相,含有1%乙酸的水和乙腈分别用作溶剂A和溶剂B。溶剂B的浓度从初始8%用40分钟增加至27%,然后用7分钟增加至100%,用于浓度梯度分析。溶剂的流速为1mL/min,检测器波长为280nm,柱温箱温度为30℃。
1-2.GABA(mg/g):准确地将1mL萃取的咖啡加入试管中,然后加入4mL的HPLC级水后,在60℃下水解1小时。水解后,加入2mL 5-磺基水杨酸。将蛋白质沉淀2小时后,仅上清液在60℃下完全蒸发。剩余滤液加入2mL柠檬酸锂缓冲液(pH2.2)和2ml 5-磺基水杨酸溶解后,静置2小时以沉淀蛋白质。然后,离心约3分钟后,仅上清液在60℃减压下完全蒸发。剩余滤液通过加入2mL柠檬酸锂缓冲液(pH2.2)溶解并通过0.45μm膜过滤器过滤后,注入自动化氨基酸分析仪中进行分析。
1-3.异黄酮(非糖苷,mg/100g):UV色谱法在以下条件下进行。UPLC:WaterAcquity超高效液相色谱系统,色谱柱:ACQUITY UPLCBEH C18色谱柱(2.1mm×50mm,1.7μm,40℃),流动相:A;含有0.1%甲酸的水,B;含有0.1%甲酸的乙腈,溶剂梯度体系:A:B(%,0.6mL/min)0分钟至8分钟;90:10,8分钟至10分钟90:10至1:100,10分钟至12分钟0:100,12分钟至12.5分钟1:100至90:10,12.5分钟至15分钟90:10,进样量:3μL。
1-4.总多酚(mg/g):根据改良的Flin-Denis法进行测定。也就是说,在将0.2mL溶解在蒸馏水中的样品加入到试管中并加入5mL蒸馏水后,将混合物在室温静置3分钟。然后,在加入1mL饱和的10% Na2CO3溶液并在室温进行反应1小时后,在700nm处测量上清液的吸光度。以与标准参考相同的方式分析浓度为0μg/mL至100μg/mL的咖啡酸,并根据标准校准曲线计算萃取液的总酚含量。
[表1]
咖啡因 | GABA | 异黄酮 | 总多酚 | |
对照组1 | 5155 | 0.21 | 1.15 | 9.13 |
实施例1 | 2629 | 0.35 | 2.08 | 8.68 |
实施例2 | 4125 | 0.28 | 1.84 | 7.93 |
实施例3 | 2248 | 0.31 | 2.61 | 9.19 |
实施例4 | 2618 | 0.24 | 1.47 | 8.56 |
实施例5 | 1923 | 0.42 | 2.35 | 9.99 |
对比例1 | 5108 | 0.23 | 1.17 | 7.11 |
对比例2 | 5097 | 0.21 | 1.14 | 7.10 |
对比例3 | 4759 | 0.21 | 1.27 | 7.97 |
对比例4 | 5098 | 0.21 | 1.16 | 7.50 |
如表1所示,与对照组和对比例1至对比例4相比,使用根据实施例1至实施例5制备的生咖啡豆制备的咖啡萃取液具有更低的咖啡因含量和更高的GABA、异黄酮和总多酚含量。
测试实施例2.感官测试
由12人组成的专家小组被要求品尝使用在实施例和对比例中制备的发酵的生咖啡豆制备的咖啡萃取液,并根据5分制进行评价。对分数进行平均,并在[表2]中给出。
-酸味、颜色、水果风味和总体偏好:1=很差,9=很好。
-涩味、苦味、气味、恶臭:1=很淡,9=很浓。
[表2]
如表2所示,与对照组和对比例1至对比例4相比,使用根据实施例1至实施例5制备的生咖啡豆制备的咖啡萃取液显示出优异的酸味、颜色、水果风味和总体偏好并降低了涩味、苦味、气味和恶臭。
工业实用性
根据本发明的发酵的生咖啡豆可用于咖啡店中制备的咖啡、速溶咖啡等。
Claims (6)
1.一种用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法,其包括:
(A)在-10℃至-25℃下冷冻生咖啡豆3小时至24小时的步骤;
(B)将冷冻的生咖啡豆在20℃至27℃的水中浸泡3小时至10小时的步骤;
(C)取出浸泡在水中的生咖啡豆,除去水并在供应空气的同时让咖啡豆在20℃至30℃下静置5小时至15小时的步骤;
(D)将生咖啡豆灭菌,然后接种菌株以对其进行厌氧发酵的步骤,其中菌株是乳酸乳球菌、短乳杆菌或其混合物,其中在液体中培养菌株至1.0×105cfu/g~1.0×1015cfu/g后,在35℃至41℃下进行厌氧发酵;和
(E)灭菌然后干燥厌氧发酵的生咖啡豆的步骤。
2.根据权利要求1所述的用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法,其还包括,在步骤(C)之后,通过在每100重量份生咖啡豆中添加0.05重量份至1重量份的酶对生咖啡豆进行酶处理的步骤。
3.根据权利要求2所述的用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法,其中酶是果胶酶、半纤维素酶、纤维素酶、或其混合物。
4.根据权利要求2所述的用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法,其中酶是多半乳糖醛酸酶。
5.根据权利要求1所述的用于生产发酵的生咖啡豆的方法,其中,在步骤(B)中,在从水中取出生咖啡豆之前的10分钟至20分钟,向每100重量份的水中添加0.05重量份至0.1重量份的氧化钙。
6.一种根据权利要求1至权利要求5中任一项所述的方法生产的发酵的生咖啡豆。
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