CN115152559A - Method for growing, controlling and no-tillage intercropping potatoes in young orchard seasonally - Google Patents
Method for growing, controlling and no-tillage intercropping potatoes in young orchard seasonally Download PDFInfo
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G22/00—Cultivation of specific crops or plants not otherwise provided for
- A01G22/25—Root crops, e.g. potatoes, yams, beet or wasabi
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- A—HUMAN NECESSITIES
- A01—AGRICULTURE; FORESTRY; ANIMAL HUSBANDRY; HUNTING; TRAPPING; FISHING
- A01G—HORTICULTURE; CULTIVATION OF VEGETABLES, FLOWERS, RICE, FRUIT, VINES, HOPS OR SEAWEED; FORESTRY; WATERING
- A01G17/00—Cultivation of hops, vines, fruit trees, or like trees
- A01G17/005—Cultivation methods
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C05—FERTILISERS; MANUFACTURE THEREOF
- C05B—PHOSPHATIC FERTILISERS
- C05B1/00—Superphosphates, i.e. fertilisers produced by reacting rock or bone phosphates with sulfuric or phosphoric acid in such amounts and concentrations as to yield solid products directly
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Abstract
The invention provides a method for cultivating potatoes in a juvenile orchard by seasonal grass growing and grass controlling and no-tillage interplanting, and relates to the technical field of crop cultivation. According to the method, by adjusting a mode of changing fruit trees into a mode of building a soil orchard, and adopting a mode of combining seasonal grass control with raw grass, matching furrows and ridge surfaces in a partition mode and mutually fusing barnyard grass and potatoes, the contradiction problem that intercropping and production management are inconvenient to pass is solved, and the problems of orchard weed control, soil moisture conservation of tree trays, no damage to trees during grain production and high cost of coverings during potato sowing are solved, so that the cost is saved, the effect is increased, the innovation is remarkable, and the popularization and application prospects are wide.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of crop cultivation, in particular to a method for cultivating potatoes in a juvenile orchard by seasonal grass growing and grass control and no-tillage intercropping.
Background
In the fruit tree planting process, soil management mainly takes grass growing or clear ploughing as main parts, the comprehensive utilization rate of land is lower, and the labor cost for weeding is high. In the traditional mode of intercropping (interplanting) in young orchards, the intercropping of beans, vegetables, grass and the like is common.
In recent years, partial reports are also given on planting potatoes among rows in an orchard, but a small ridge or furrow sowing mode is mainly adopted among fruit tree rows, so that the problem of inconvenience in traffic of orchard production management is solved, partial fruit tree root systems are easy to damage during sowing and harvesting, and the phenomenon of obviously competing for fertilizer and water is easy to occur between the potatoes and the fruit tree root systems. Meanwhile, the traditional potato intercropping mode has higher production cost, the straw used for covering is inconvenient to come from, and the popularization and application difficulty is high. Therefore, a solution to the problem of inconvenience in intercropping and production management in an orchard is urgently needed.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a method for cultivating potatoes in young orchards by seasonal grass growing and grass controlling and no-tillage interplanting, which solves the problem of inconvenient intercropping and production management passing among orchards, solves the problems of weed control in the orchards, soil moisture conservation of tree trays, no damage to trees during grain production and high cost of covering materials during potato sowing, saves cost, improves efficiency and has wide popularization and application prospects.
In order to achieve the above object, the present invention provides the following technical solutions:
the invention provides a method for cultivating potatoes in a juvenile orchard by seasonal grass growing and controlling and no-tillage intercropping, which comprises the following steps: seeding barnyard grass in furrows of the orchard, timely mowing the barnyard grass, and covering the mowed barnyard grass straw on the ridge surface; the ridge surface is used for planting potatoes in a no-tillage mode, and the planted potatoes are covered with the mown barnyard grass.
In the invention, the rotten fungi residues, the biological organic fertilizer and the calcium superphosphate fertilizer are applied to the orchard base fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 10-12.
In the invention, the application amount of the calcium superphosphate fertilizer is 0.5 to 1 ton/mu.
In the invention, the thickness of the barnyard grass covering the potatoes is 15-25 cm.
In the invention, the compound fertilizer is applied to the ridge surface 40-60 cm away from the fruit tree trunk in a strip-type broadcasting manner along the row direction before the potato is sowed.
In the invention, the application amount of the compound fertilizer is 40-60 kg/mu.
In the invention, the row spacing of the no-tillage potato seeding is 25-35 cm, and the plant spacing is 15-25 cm.
In the invention, after the potatoes are harvested, the orchard tree tray is covered with potato stalks.
In the invention, the barnyard grass is mowed and then nitrogen fertilizer is spread in the furrows according to 3-5 kg/mu.
In the invention, the surfaces of the ridges are covered with flammulina velutipes mushroom dregs or rice husks with the thickness of 10-15 cm.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following beneficial effects:
according to the method, by adjusting a mode of changing fruit trees into the soil and building the garden, and adopting a mode of combining seasonal grass control and grass growth, matching furrows and ridge surfaces in a partition mode and mutually fusing barnyard grass and potatoes, the pH value of surface soil of 0-20 cm on the ridge surfaces is closer to neutral, the content of organic matters is improved by 20%, and the contents of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and quick-acting potassium in the soil are respectively improved by 25.82%, 23.86% and 51.76% compared with the conventional cultivation method. The barnyard grass and the potatoes are mutually fused, a large amount of barnyard grass straws and potato stalks can be produced and returned to the field, compared with the conventional cultivation method of 'furrow opening on ridge surfaces and drilling and covering rice husks with mixed soil', the technical scheme of the invention saves the production cost by over 600 yuan per mu, the yield of the potatoes is increased by 139.55%, the potatoes are extremely convenient to harvest, the fruit surfaces of the harvested potatoes are clean and do not need to be cleaned, the fresh weight of the returned potato straws is increased by 150.62%, and the income is increased by 2569.93 yuan.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a rotary tillage drawing after base fertilizer is spread;
FIG. 2 is a mechanical ridging diagram;
FIG. 3 is a diagram of sowing barnyard grass in rows, the left diagram is conventional clearing ploughing, and the right diagram is planting barnyard grass according to the invention;
FIG. 4 is a slice view of a seed potato;
FIG. 5 is a diagram of plant ash treatment;
FIG. 6 is a view of no-tillage direct seeding on potato ridges;
FIG. 7 is a graph of potato covered with barnyard grass straw;
FIG. 8 is a diagram of new barnyard grass after mowing barnyard grass;
FIG. 9 is a graph of potato growth according to the present invention;
FIG. 10 is a view of a potato harvesting scenario of the present invention;
FIG. 11 is a graph showing the comparison of growth of potatoes, wherein the left graph shows the conventional method and the right graph shows the method of the present invention.
Detailed Description
The invention provides a method for cultivating potatoes in a juvenile orchard by seasonal grass growing and controlling and no-tillage intercropping, which comprises the following steps: seeding barnyard grass in furrows of the orchard, timely mowing the barnyard grass, and covering the mown barnyard grass straw on the ridge surface; the ridge surface is used for planting potatoes in a no-tillage mode, and the planted potatoes are covered with the mown barnyard grass. In the invention, the surface soil gathering, ridging and garden building are carried out on the orchard, the surface soil gathering, ridging and garden building are carried out, specifically, paying-off is carried out according to 1/2 row spacing, 15-25 cm of surface soil in the 1/2 row spacing is stacked on the other 1/2 row spacing by using an excavator, and a tile back-shaped ridge surface with the height of 30-50 cm and the width of 1/2 row spacing and a flat wide ditch with the depth of 30-50 cm, the ratio drop of 3 per thousand and the width of 1/2 row spacing are formed. In the invention, the row spacing of the fruit tree cultivation in the orchard is 3-4.5 m, and the planting spacing is 1.5-2.5 m. In the invention, the ridge surface no-tillage potato planting specifically means that potato tubers are directly scattered on the ridge surface without ditching, barnyard grass covered on the surface can be directly removed for harvesting when the potatoes are harvested, and the green husk phenomenon of the potatoes can be greatly reduced.
In a specific embodiment of the invention, the barnyard grass is preferably of the broadleaf paspalum variety. In the present invention, as an embodiment, when the temperature is raised back to 15 to 20 ℃ in spring, the variety paspalum latifolium having strong resistance, resistance to humidity and heat and fast growth is selected for artificial seeding. As an implementation mode, the surface soil with 0-10 cm of furrows is ploughed and harrowed by a rotary cultivator before barnyard grass is sown. In one embodiment, the seeding amount of the barnyard grass is 7 to 9g/m 2 . As an implementation mode, before the barnyard grass is sowed, seeds and the fine river sand are uniformly mixed according to the weight ratio of 1. As one practical mode, the tare is sowed and watered while maintaining soil water content of 25-30% for 5-10 days to obtain seedling. The barnyard grass is planted in the furrows, extensive management is resisted, vitality and regeneration are strong, breeding of other weeds can be effectively prevented, and when the following potatoes are planted, the barnyard grass can cover the potatoes to achieve the effects of heat preservation and soil moisture conservation due to the fact that the thickness of the barnyard grass is similar to that of the rice straws and the biomass is large.
In the invention, as another mode which can be implemented, when the barnyard grass planted in furrows manually grows to 50-60 cm high, the barnyard grass is mowed by keeping 10-20 cm high, and the barnyard grass straw obtained by mow is directly covered on the ridge surface.
In the invention, the rotten fungi residues, the biological organic fertilizer and the calcium superphosphate fertilizer are applied to the orchard base fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 10-12. Preferably, the mass ratio is 8-10. In the invention, after the base fertilizer is spread, a rotary cultivator is used for ploughing the whole garden by 25-35 cm, so that the soil and the base fertilizer are fully mixed, sufficient nutrients are provided for the planting of fruit trees in the orchard, and main nutrient components are provided for the relay intercropping of potatoes in the later period. In the present invention, the source of the base fertilizer is not particularly limited. In the specific embodiment of the invention, the decomposed fungus dregs come from a Flammulina velutipes pratense planting base in Yujiang Wei city, and the production formula of the decomposed fungus dregs comprises 32.6% of cottonseed hulls, 21.8% of wood chips, 26.2% of wheat bran, 10.8% of corncobs, 2.2% of corn flour and light CaCO 3 1.4%, lime 0.6%, and rice bran 4.4%; the bio-organic fertilizer is derived from Sichuan excellent good products, and is limited in agricultural development, wherein the pH value of the bio-organic fertilizer is 7.8, the organic matter content (calculated on a dry basis) is 45.7%, the water content is 28.5%, the effective viable count (cfu) is more than or equal to 0.24 hundred million/g, and the total nutrient of nitrogen, phosphorus and potassium is 7.2%; the superphosphate fertilizer is purchased in the agricultural goods market of Chengdu city, P 2 O 5 The content was 14.6%.
In the invention, the application amount of the calcium superphosphate fertilizer is 0.5 to 1 ton/mu. Preferably, the application amount of the calcium superphosphate fertilizer is 0.6 to 0.8 ton/mu.
In the invention, the thickness of the barnyard grass covering potatoes is 15-25 cm. Preferably, the barnyard grass covering potatoes are 16-20 cm thick. More preferably, the cover thickness is 18cm. The method has the advantages that the barnyard grass in the garden is used for covering the potatoes, so that the effects of heat preservation and soil moisture preservation can be achieved; meanwhile, the method can promote the seedling emergence and tuber expansion of the potatoes, improve the yield of the potatoes and greatly reduce the green husk phenomenon of the potatoes.
In the invention, before potato seeding, the compound fertilizer is broadcast in a strip mode along the row direction on the ridge surface 40-60 cm away from the fruit tree trunk. According to the invention, the compound fertilizer is applied before potato seeding, so that nutrient substances are provided for the fruit trees and the potatoes, and the phenomenon of fertilizer competition between the potatoes and the root systems of the fruit trees is avoided.
In the invention, the application amount of the compound fertilizer is 40-60 kg/mu. Preferably, the application amount of the compound fertilizer is 45-55 kg/mu. More preferably, the application amount of the compound fertilizer is 50 kg/mu.
In the invention, the row spacing of the potato seeds is 25-35 cm, and the plant spacing is 15-25 cm. In the present invention, the potato variety is not particularly limited. In the embodiment of the invention, the first-grade detoxified breeder seeds 009 in the north with strong disease resistance, good high yield and wide suitability are selected for sowing. In the invention, as an implementation mode, potatoes are sown in autumn at the bottom of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months, and harvested at the beginning of 12 months; the potatoes sowed in winter are sown from late 10 months to early 11 months and harvested from the end of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months in the next year. In an implementation mode, when the potatoes are sowed, seed potatoes are cut into 45-55 g of potato blocks, and the potato blocks are placed into prepared plant ash for seed dressing. As an implementation mode, when the potatoes are sown, the seed potato blocks need to be placed with the cut surfaces facing upwards, and two lines of potatoes are directly sown in a no-tillage mode in a shape like a Chinese character 'pin'. As an implementation mode, the potatoes are weeded for 2-3 times after emergence of seedlings, so that the potatoes are guaranteed to grow quickly, but the potato seeds are prevented from being exposed during weeding, and tubers are prevented from turning green. As an implementation mode, the 80% mancozeb wettable powder is used for preventing and treating late blight by 300-500 times of spraying; as another mode which can be implemented, when central diseased strains of the potato late blight appear in the field, the 3 percent metalaxyl-hymexazol water agent is used for root irrigation by 200 to 400 times, so that the harm of the potato late blight can be effectively controlled.
In the present invention, after the potatoes are harvested, the orchard trays are covered with potato stalks. After covering the orchard, the potato straws can be used as a better organic fertilizer to provide nutrient substances for fruit trees, and play a role in controlling grasses and preserving soil moisture.
In the invention, nitrogen fertilizer is broadcast in the furrows according to 3-5 kg/mu after the barnyard grass is mowed.
In the invention, the ridge surface is covered with flammulina velutipes mushroom dregs or rice husks with the thickness of 10-15 cm. In the specific embodiment of the invention, after the fruit tree seedlings are planted, sufficient root fixing water is poured, 2-4 drip irrigation belts are arranged on the ridges and/or 1-2 drip irrigation belts are respectively arranged on the left side and the right side of the tree, and the ridge surfaces are covered by using needle mushroom dregs or rice husks, so that the effect of controlling grass and preserving soil moisture on the ridge surfaces before barnyard grass straws are mowed to cover the ridge surfaces can be achieved.
The technical solution of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below with reference to the embodiments of the present invention. It is to be understood that the described embodiments are merely exemplary of the invention, and not restrictive of the full scope of the invention. All other embodiments, which can be derived by a person skilled in the art from the embodiments given herein without any inventive step, are within the scope of the present invention.
Example 1
A method for cultivating potatoes in young orchards by seasonal grass growing and controlling and no-tillage intercropping comprises the following steps:
soil gathering and ridging are carried out to improve the civil engineering garden:
the row spacing of fruit tree planting is 3m, the plant spacing is 1.5m, 5 tons/mu of decomposed bacterial slag of base fertilizer is broadcast in the whole garden, 2 tons/mu of biological organic fertilizer and 0.5 ton/mu of calcium superphosphate fertilizer are ploughed in the whole garden by a rotary cultivator for 25cm, the soil and the base fertilizer are uniformly mixed, the soil is distributed according to the 1/2 row spacing, 15cm of surface layer soil in the 1/2 row spacing is stacked on the other 1/2 row spacing by an excavator, and a tile-back-shaped ridge surface with the height of 30cm and the width of 1/2 row spacing and a flat wide ditch with the depth of 30cm, the ratio of 3 per thousand and the width of 1/2 row spacing are formed.
Seasonal zoning grass generation and control:
and (3) after field planting of the fruit tree seedlings, sufficiently watering root fixing water, mounting 2-4 drip irrigation belts on the ridges, and covering the surfaces of the ridges with flammulina velutipes mushroom dregs, wherein the thickness of the flammulina velutipes mushroom dregs is 10cm.
When the air temperature rises to 15 ℃ in 3 months in spring, selecting a broad-leaf paspalum variety with strong resistance, humidity resistance and fast growth for artificial sowing, and ploughing and raking 0-10 cm of surface soil of a furrow by using a rotary cultivator before sowing; according to 7g/m 2 Uniformly mixing the seeds with the fine river sand according to the weight ratio of 1; watering after sowing, keeping the water content of the soil to be 25%, and sprouting can be carried out in 5-10 days.
When the barnyard grass planted in the furrows manually grows to 50cm high, the height of 20cm is reserved for mowing, the barnyard grass straws obtained by mowing are directly covered to the surface of the furrows, and after each mowing, nitrogen fertilizer is spread in the furrows according to 3 kg/mu.
No-tillage cultivation of ridge surface potatoes:
(1) Variety selection: the first-grade detoxification stock seeds in the north 009 with strong disease resistance, good high yield and wide suitability are selected for sowing.
(2) And (3) sowing time: sowing the potatoes in autumn at the bottom of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months, and harvesting at the beginning of 12 months.
(3) Preparation before sowing: cutting seed potatoes into about 40g potato blocks, placing the potato blocks into prepared plant ash for seed mixing, uncovering barnyard grass straws covered on ridge surfaces in the early stage, and broadcasting balanced compound fertilizer 40 kg/mu along the row direction on the ridge surface 40cm away from the fruit tree trunk in a strip mode.
(4) The sowing method comprises the following steps: two rows of potatoes are directly sown on two sides of a fertilizer spreading area in a no-tillage mode according to the line spacing of 25cm, the plant spacing of 15cm and the shape of a Chinese character 'pin'. During sowing, the potato seeds need to be placed with the cut surfaces facing upwards, and are covered with barnyard grass mowed in the current year after sowing, and the thickness is 15cm.
(5) And (3) matching management: weeding is carried out for 2-3 times in time after seedling emergence, but the potato seeds are prevented from being exposed during weeding so as to prevent tubers from turning green. The 80% mancozeb wettable powder is sprayed 300 times to prevent and treat late blight. When late blight central disease plants appear in the field, the 3% metalaxyl-hymexazol aqua is used for root irrigation in 200 times, so that the harm can be controlled.
(6) The harvesting method comprises the following steps: and (4) lifting barnyard grass straws covered on the ridges, directly harvesting the potatoes, and covering the potato straws on the tree tray to control the grass and preserve the soil moisture.
Example 2
Soil gathering and ridging are performed to improve the soil building garden:
the planting row spacing of fruit trees is 4m, the plant spacing is 2m, 5.5 tons/mu of decomposed bacterial residues of base fertilizer are broadcast in the whole garden, 2.5 tons/mu of biological organic fertilizer and 0.55 tons/mu of calcium superphosphate fertilizer are spread in the whole garden, the rotary cultivator is used for ploughing 30cm in the whole garden, the soil and the base fertilizer are uniformly mixed, the line is paid out according to 1/2 row spacing, 20cm of surface layer soil in 1/2 row spacing is stacked on the other 1/2 row spacing by an excavator, and a tile-back-shaped ridge surface with the height of 40cm and the width of 1/2 row spacing and a flat wide ditch with the depth of 40cm, the ratio of 3 per thousand and the width of 1/2 row spacing are formed.
Growing and controlling grass in seasonal subareas:
and (3) after field planting of the fruit tree seedlings, sufficiently watering root fixing water, mounting 2-4 drip irrigation belts on the ridges, and covering the surfaces of the ridges with rice husks, wherein the thickness is 12cm.
When the temperature rises to 18 ℃ in 3 months in spring, the selection has strong resistance,The broad-leaf paspalum variety with humidity resistance, heat resistance and fast growth is sown manually, and the surface soil with 0-10 cm of furrows is ploughed, thinned and raked by a rotary cultivator before sowing; according to 8g/m 2 Uniformly mixing the seeds with the fine river sand according to the weight ratio of 1; watering after sowing, keeping the water content of the soil to be 28%, and sprouting can be carried out in 5-10 days.
When barnyard grass planted in the furrows manually grows to be 55cm high, the furrows are mowed by 15cm high, barnyard grass straws obtained by the mow are directly covered on the surfaces of the furrows, and after each mow, nitrogen fertilizer is spread in the furrows according to 4 kg/mu.
No-tillage cultivation of ridge surface potatoes:
(1) Variety selection: the first-grade detoxification stock seeds in the north 009 with strong disease resistance, good high yield and wide suitability are selected for sowing.
(2) And (3) sowing time: the potatoes sowed in winter are sown from late 10 months to early 11 months and harvested from the end of 4 months to the beginning of 5 months in the next year.
(3) Preparation before sowing: cutting seed potatoes into about 50g potato blocks, placing the potato blocks into prepared plant ash for seed mixing, uncovering barnyard grass straws covered on ridge surfaces in the early stage, and broadcasting balanced compound fertilizer 50 kg/mu along the row direction on the ridge surface 50cm away from the fruit tree trunk in a strip mode.
(4) The sowing method comprises the following steps: two rows of potatoes are sown on two sides of the fertilizer spreading area in a no-tillage mode in a shape of a Chinese character pin with the row spacing of 30cm and the plant spacing of 20cm. During sowing, the seed potato blocks need to be placed with the cut surfaces facing upwards, and are covered with barnyard grass mowed in the current year after sowing, and the thickness is 20cm.
(5) And (3) matching management: weeding is carried out for 2-3 times in time after seedling emergence, but the potato seeds are prevented from being exposed during weeding so as to prevent the tubers from turning green. The 80% mancozeb wettable powder is sprayed 400 times to prevent and treat late blight. When late blight central disease plants appear in the field, 300 times of 3% metalaxyl-hymexazol water is used for root irrigation, so that harm can be controlled.
(6) The harvesting method comprises the following steps: and (4) lifting barnyard grass straws covered on the ridges, directly harvesting the potatoes, and covering the potato straws on the tree tray to control the grass and preserve the soil moisture.
Example 3
The row spacing of fruit tree planting is 4.5m, the plant spacing is 2.5m, 6 tons/mu of decomposed bacterial slag of base fertilizer, 3 tons/mu of biological organic fertilizer and 0.5 ton/mu of calcium superphosphate fertilizer are applied to the whole garden, the whole garden is ploughed by a rotary cultivator for 35cm, the soil and the base fertilizer are uniformly mixed, the soil is paid off according to 1/2 row spacing, 25cm of surface soil in the 1/2 row spacing is stacked on the other 1/2 row spacing by an excavator, and a tile back-shaped ridge surface with the height of 50cm and the width of 1/2 row spacing and a flat wide ditch with the depth of 50cm, the ratio of 3 per thousand and the width of 1/2 row spacing are formed.
Growing and controlling grass in seasonal subareas:
after the fruit tree seedlings are planted, sufficient root fixing water is poured, 2-4 drip irrigation belts are arranged on the ridges, and then rice husks are used for covering the surfaces of the ridges, wherein the thickness of the rice husks is 15cm.
When the temperature rises to 20 ℃ in 3 months in spring, selecting a broad-leaf paspalum variety with strong resistance, humidity resistance and fast growth for artificial sowing, and ploughing and raking 0-10 cm of surface soil of a furrow by using a rotary cultivator before sowing; according to 9g/m 2 Uniformly mixing the seeds with the fine river sand according to the weight ratio of 1; watering after sowing, keeping the water content of the soil at 30%, and sprouting can be carried out in 5-10 days.
When the barnyard grass planted in the furrows manually grows to 60cm high, the height of 10cm is reserved for mowing, the mowed barnyard grass straw is directly covered on the surface of the furrows, and after each mowing, nitrogen fertilizer is spread to 5 kg/mu in the furrows.
No-tillage cultivation of ridge surface potatoes:
(1) Variety selection: the first-grade detoxification stock seeds in the north 009 with strong disease resistance, good high yield and wide suitability are selected for sowing.
(2) And (3) sowing time: sowing potato in autumn at the bottom of 8 months to the beginning of 9 months, and harvesting at the beginning of 12 months.
(3) Preparation before sowing: cutting seed potatoes into about 60g potato blocks, placing the potato blocks into prepared plant ash for seed mixing, uncovering barnyard grass straws covered on ridge surfaces in the early stage, and spreading balanced compound fertilizer 60 kg/mu along the row direction on the ridge surface 60cm away from the fruit tree trunk.
(4) The sowing method comprises the following steps: two rows of potatoes are directly sown on two sides of a fertilizer spreading area in a no-tillage mode according to the line spacing of 35cm, the plant spacing of 25cm and the shape of a Chinese character 'pin'. During sowing, the seed potato blocks need to be placed with the cut surfaces facing upwards, and are covered with barnyard grass mowed in the current year after sowing, and the thickness is 25cm.
(5) And (3) matching management: weeding is carried out for 2-3 times in time after seedling emergence, but the potato seeds are prevented from being exposed during weeding so as to prevent the tubers from turning green. The 80% mancozeb wettable powder is sprayed 500 times to prevent and treat late blight. When late blight central disease plants appear in the field, the 3% metalaxyl-hymexazol aqua is used for root irrigation by 400 times, so that the harm can be controlled.
(6) The harvesting method comprises the following steps: and (4) lifting barnyard grass straws covered on the ridges, directly harvesting the potatoes, and covering the potato straws on the tree tray to control the grass and preserve the soil moisture.
Example 4
And (3) a test base: a family farm in Tianma Zhenjun Sheng Xianguo village in Town Wei city; the area of the kiwi fruit garden is 20 mu.
The kiwi fruit is planted with the row spacing of 3m and the plant spacing of 2m by using the rootstock cutting seedling with calyx resistance.
Spreading decomposed bacterial dregs 5 tons/mu, biological organic fertilizer 2 tons/mu and calcium superphosphate 0.5 tons/mu in 12 months in 2020, ploughing by a rotary cultivator for 30cm, uniformly mixing the soil, the bacterial dregs and the fertilizer, paying off according to 1/2 row spacing, stacking 22cm of surface soil in 1/2 row spacing to the other 1/2 row spacing by an excavator to form a tile-back-shaped ridge surface with the height of 45cm, the width of 1.5m and the length of 50m and a flat wide ditch with the depth of 45cm, the specific reduction of 3 per thousand and the width of 1.5 m. After 2 drip irrigation pipes are arranged on the ridge surface, the ridge surface is covered by rice husks, and the thickness of the drip irrigation pipes is 10cm.
Sowing 8g of broadleaf paspalum in furrows 3 months and 16 days 2021 according to each square meter, mowing once every 6 months and 20 days, mowing once every 9 months and 20 days, and covering the mowed paspalum straws on the ridge surfaces.
And in 22 days 11 months in 2021, spreading balanced compound fertilizer 50 kg/mu in a strip manner along the row direction on the ridge surface about 40cm away from the kiwi fruit trunk, and sowing two rows of northern 009 potato breeder seeds in a delta shape at the two sides of the fertilizer spreading area according to the row spacing of 30cm, the plant spacing of 20cm, and the seed consumption per mu of 142.5kg. After sowing, the seed potatoes are immediately covered with barnyard grass which is mown in furrows and has the thickness of 18cm.
Comparative example 1
The control is ditching and drilling potatoes on ridges and covering the potatoes with rice husks mixed with soil.
5 months and 5 days in 2022, for the testThe field potato yield is measured on site, and the result shows that: comparative 1 sampling area 92m 2 177.8kg of potatoes are actually harvested, the reduced crop yield per mu in an orchard is 736.6kg, the biological fresh weight of returned potato straws is 279.7kg, and the reduced yield per mu is 1158.75kg. Example 4 sample area 53.5m 2 The yield of potatoes is increased by 248.15kg actually, the yield per mu is reduced by 1764.57kg compared with that of the comparative example 1, the yield is increased by 139.55 percent, the fresh weight of the potato straws returned to the field is 408.4kg, the yield per mu is reduced by 2904.1kg, and the yield is increased by 150.62 percent compared with that of the comparative example 1. If the yield per kilogram of potatoes is calculated to be 2.5 yuan/kg, the yield per mu of the example of the invention is increased by (1764.57-736.6) × 2.5=2569.93 yuan compared with the conventional method of the comparative example 1.
And 6, 5 days at 6 months in 2022, collecting soil in a test area, performing physical and chemical index analysis, and investigating the growth condition of kiwi fruit plants, wherein specific investigation data are shown in tables 1-3.
Table 1 main physical and chemical property indexes of soil with 0-20 cm ridge surface
As can be seen from Table 1, compared with the conventional planting method of comparative example 1, by adopting the cultivation method of the embodiment 4 of the invention, as a large amount of barnyard grass straws and potato stalks are returned to the field, the pH value of the surface soil of 0-20 cm on the ridge surface is closer to neutral, the content of organic matters is increased by 20%, and the contents of alkaline hydrolysis nitrogen, available phosphorus and available potassium in the soil are respectively increased by 25.82%, 23.86% and 51.76%. The interplanting cultivation method of the embodiment 4 of the invention can not only improve the yield of the potatoes by 139.55 percent, but also well improve the physical and chemical properties of soil and provide a good soil environment for the growth and development of kiwi fruit plants.
TABLE 2 growth and development of Actinidia chinensis
As can be seen from Table 2, compared with the conventional cultivation method of comparative example 1, the ground diameter, height, diameter 2cm above the grafting opening, number of secondary branches and diameter of the bifurcation of the secondary branches of the macaque picked plant adopting the cultivation method of the invention are respectively improved by 15.09%, 16.67%, 8.19%, 26.47% and 19.72%. The interplanting cultivation method is more beneficial to the growth and development of the selected macaque plants.
TABLE 3 measurement and calculation of economic benefits of interplanting in young orchard of kiwi fruits
As can be seen from Table 3, 3559 yuan in cost saving per mu can be realized by adopting the interplanting cultivation method of the embodiment 4 of the invention, while only 744 yuan can be realized by adopting the conventional interplanting method of the comparative example 1. The invention has outstanding cost-saving and synergistic effects on young orchards and is worthy of large-area popularization and application.
The foregoing is only a preferred embodiment of the present invention, and it should be noted that, for those skilled in the art, various modifications and decorations can be made without departing from the principle of the present invention, and these modifications and decorations should also be regarded as the protection scope of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. A method for cultivating potatoes in a juvenile orchard by seasonal grass growing and controlling and no-tillage intercropping is characterized by comprising the following steps: seeding barnyard grass in furrows of the orchard, timely mowing the barnyard grass, and covering the mowed barnyard grass straw on the ridge surface; the ridge surface is used for planting potatoes in a no-tillage mode, and the planted potatoes are covered with the mown barnyard grass.
2. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the rotten fungi residues, the bio-organic fertilizer and the calcium superphosphate fertilizer are broadcast and applied to the orchard base fertilizer according to the mass ratio of 10-12.
3. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 2, wherein the amount of the calcium superphosphate fertilizer applied is 0.5 to 1 ton/mu.
4. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the thickness of the barnyard grass-covered potato is 15-25 cm.
5. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 1, wherein the compound fertilizer is applied in rows and strips to the ridge surface 40-60 cm away from the fruit tree trunk before the potato is sowed.
6. The cultivation method as claimed in claim 5, wherein the application amount of the compound fertilizer is 40-60 kg/mu.
7. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the row spacing of the no-tillage potato seeding is 25 to 35cm, and the plant spacing is 15 to 25cm.
8. The method of claim 1, wherein the potatoes are harvested and the orchard pots are covered with potato stalks.
9. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein nitrogen fertilizer is broadcast in furrow at 3-5 kg/acre after the barnyard grass is mowed.
10. The cultivation method according to claim 1, wherein the ridge surface is covered with flammulina velutipes mushroom dregs or rice husks with the thickness of 10-15 cm.
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