CN115096710B - Near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush disaster variation experimental system - Google Patents
Near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water inrush disaster variation experimental system Download PDFInfo
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- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 title claims abstract description 112
- 238000009412 basement excavation Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 68
- 239000011435 rock Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 28
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 58
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 29
- 230000008569 process Effects 0.000 claims abstract description 27
- 238000002844 melting Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 8
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- 239000003921 oil Substances 0.000 claims description 37
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- 238000010998 test method Methods 0.000 claims description 3
- 230000008859 change Effects 0.000 claims description 2
- 230000009172 bursting Effects 0.000 abstract description 9
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 abstract description 2
- 238000000926 separation method Methods 0.000 abstract 1
- 235000019738 Limestone Nutrition 0.000 description 3
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 3
- 239000006028 limestone Substances 0.000 description 3
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- 238000004458 analytical method Methods 0.000 description 2
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- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N3/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
- G01N3/08—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces
- G01N3/10—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress by applying steady tensile or compressive forces generated by pneumatic or hydraulic pressure
- G01N3/12—Pressure testing
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- B33Y—ADDITIVE MANUFACTURING, i.e. MANUFACTURING OF THREE-DIMENSIONAL [3-D] OBJECTS BY ADDITIVE DEPOSITION, ADDITIVE AGGLOMERATION OR ADDITIVE LAYERING, e.g. BY 3-D PRINTING, STEREOLITHOGRAPHY OR SELECTIVE LASER SINTERING
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- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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- G01N2203/0048—Hydraulic means
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01N—INVESTIGATING OR ANALYSING MATERIALS BY DETERMINING THEIR CHEMICAL OR PHYSICAL PROPERTIES
- G01N2203/00—Investigating strength properties of solid materials by application of mechanical stress
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Abstract
The invention relates to the technical field of underground engineering disaster model experiments, in particular to a near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water bursting disaster variation experimental system; the device comprises a base, an upper cross beam, an upright post, an experiment cabin, a guide rail, a tunnel excavation device and an experiment control system; by arranging the tunnel excavation device, the traditional manual excavation experiment system is replaced, and the step-by-step excavation of the tunnel is realized; injecting water into the hidden karst cave mould through 3D printing, condensing the water in the hidden karst cave mould into ice through low-temperature treatment, embedding the ice into a physical model, forming effective support for rock mass around the ice, melting ice blocks in the hidden karst cave through heating, and finally forming the hidden karst cave which is consistent with the actual shape and has certain pressure water; real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process is realized through a camera inside the tunnel mould; the deformation and damage of the front side surface of the physical model are directly observed through the integral separation of the front side plate and the experimental cabin.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to the technical field of underground engineering disaster model experiments, in particular to a near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water bursting disaster transformation experimental system.
Background
In China, the limestone with different areas is distributed in almost all provinces, the total area of the exposed surface is about 130 ten thousand square kilometers, the total area of the exposed surface is about 13.5% of the total area of the whole country, and the limestone is more widely buried underground, so that the limestone is a common hydrogeological environment in the tunnel construction process. Karst is used as a product of the erosion effect and the erosion effect, the development is changeable, the size is variable, the shape is different, the tunnel excavation disturbance breaks through the original mechanical balance state of surrounding rock, and under the superposition effect of stress and water pressure, new cracks are initiated and original cracks are expanded to enable pressurized water in the karst to quickly enter the tunnel along a crack channel, so that water burst disasters are caused. If the position, scale and form of the karst can be accurately judged before the karst is disclosed, the stability of the karst in the tunnel construction process is analyzed, and then scientific and reasonable disposal measures are selected, so that the occurrence of water inrush disasters can be avoided. Therefore, the research on the evolution characteristics of surrounding rock cracks in the near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation is of great significance in revealing the karst cave water bursting disaster causing mechanism.
The existing relatively effective near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock fracture evolution and water burst research means mainly comprise theoretical analysis, numerical simulation, field experiments, physical model experiments and the like; because of the complexity of geological conditions, theoretical analysis and numerical simulation methods have certain limitations and are also deficient in guiding the excavation of specific projects; the field experiment environment is bad, the period is long, and the cost is high.
In the prior art, the physical model is excavated by adopting a manual excavation mode, the stepwise excavation of the tunnel is difficult to realize, and in the tunnel excavation process, broken rock blocks falling off possibly prevent the tunnel from being excavated smoothly; the physical model real-time camera system is arranged outside the tunnel, and the capability of capturing effective information is limited; the karst cave shape in the physical model experiment has larger difference from the actual shape, and the shape is often simplified; the physical model experiment cabin has the problem of inconvenient laying and dismantling; real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process inside the tunnel is difficult to realize.
Therefore, the invention provides a near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water bursting disaster variation experimental system for solving the problems.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to provide a near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water bursting disaster variation experimental system so as to solve the problems in the background technology.
In order to achieve the above purpose, the present invention provides the following technical solutions: the experimental system for surrounding rock crack evolution and water bursting disaster transformation of the near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation comprises a base, an upper beam, an upright post, an experimental cabin, a guide rail, a tunnel excavation device and an experimental control system;
The base is symmetrically provided with upright posts, one ends of the upright posts are inserted into the base, and the other ends of the upright posts penetrate through the upper cross beam to form a reaction frame.
Preferably, the experimental cabin consists of a bottom plate, a front side plate, a rear side plate, a left side plate, a right side plate and a top plate; the experimental cabin bottom plate is directly placed on the base, the front side plate and the rear side plate are symmetrically arranged on one symmetrical side of the base, and the left side plate and the right side plate are symmetrically arranged on the other symmetrical side of the base; tunnel excavation openings are symmetrically arranged in the middle of the front side plate and the rear side plate, and the shape of the tunnel excavation openings can be set according to the actual shape of a tunnel; equidistant mounting grooves are symmetrically formed in the left side plate and the right side plate and are used for mounting a lateral loading oil cylinder, a lateral loading pressure head is mounted on the loading oil cylinder, and the lateral loading pressure head directly provides lateral load for a physical model in the experimental cabin; the top plate consists of vertical loading pressure heads which are arranged in a centered, symmetrical and equidistant manner and are connected with vertical loading oil cylinders, and the vertical loading pressure heads directly provide vertical loads for the physical model in the experimental cabin; the vertical loading oil cylinder is arranged on the upper cross beam; in the process of simultaneously carrying out lateral loading and vertical loading on the physical model, in order to avoid mutual extrusion of a lateral loading pressure head and a vertical loading pressure head, the left and right direction size of the vertical loading pressure head is smaller than the left and right direction size of the experimental cabin, but in order to improve the overall tightness of the experimental cabin, a sealing baffle is additionally arranged above the inner sides of the left and right side plates and is fixed on the left and right side plates through bolts.
Preferably, the guide rails are divided into an inner guide rail and an outer guide rail, the inner guide rail is used for the integral movement of the experiment cabin, and the outer guide rail is used for the independent movement of the front side plate of the experiment cabin; the two groups of guide rails are symmetrically and fixedly arranged on two sides of the base, wherein the inner guide rail is provided with a movable lifting wheel which is symmetrically fixed on the bottom plate of the experiment cabin, when the experiment cabin needs to be integrally moved, a lifting hydraulic cylinder above the movable lifting wheel is started to integrally lift the experiment cabin from the base 1 by three to five millimeters, at the moment, the experiment cabin is completely supported by the movable lifting wheel, a horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder is started, and the integral horizontal movement of the experiment cabin can be realized by means of the extension and retraction of the horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder; the outer guide rail is provided with common moving wheels, the common moving wheels are symmetrically fixed at the bottom end of the triangular portal, the triangular portal is fixed at the left side and the right side of the front side plate through bolts, and after a physical model experiment is completed, the front side plate can be driven to be separated from the experiment cabin by moving the common moving wheels under the condition of not damaging the physical model, so that the direct observation of the front side surface of the physical model is realized; in order to avoid the problem of misalignment of the ram during vertical loading that may occur due to the movement of the test chamber back and forth, preferably, a stop is provided on the base for positioning of the test chamber.
Preferably, the tunnel excavation device comprises a movable base, a hydraulic telescopic cylinder and a tunnel mould; universal wheels are symmetrically arranged at the bottom of the movable base, so that the position of the tunnel excavating device can be freely adjusted; the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder is horizontally fixed above the movable base, is connected with the tunnel mould through a connecting piece, and has the same shape as the tunnel excavation opening, but has a smaller size than the tunnel excavation opening, and the tunnel mould can freely enter and exit under the traction of the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder; the tunnel mould is hollow, and the camera can extend into the tunnel excavation space from the outside of the experiment cabin, so that real-time image acquisition is carried out on the whole tunnel excavation process.
Preferably, the experiment control system comprises a servo system and a control center; the servo loading system comprises a load displacement double-control servo system and a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system; the load displacement double-control servo system can realize double control of load and displacement, and the vertical loading oil cylinder and the lateral loading oil cylinder are controlled by the load displacement double-control servo system, so that the load is provided for the vertical direction and the lateral direction of the physical model in the experimental cabin, and the requirements of different simulation environments are met; the water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system can realize double control of water pressure and water quantity, can provide stable water flow supply for the karst cave in the physical model, and can also maintain constant water pressure in the karst cave in the physical model; the control center can realize the automatic control of the servo system in the whole course, and the real-time monitoring and collection of displacement, load, water pressure and water flow, and the data collection frequency can be set according to the actual requirement; in addition, the monitoring elements such as a pore water pressure sensor, a soil pressure sensor, a displacement sensor and the like can be additionally arranged in the physical model according to experimental requirements.
A test method of a near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water bursting disaster variation experimental system comprises the following steps:
S1: and obtaining lithology, thickness and physical and mechanical parameters of each stratum according to the stratum comprehensive histogram and the physical and mechanical test result of each stratum. Determining the geometric dimensions and the spatial positions of tunnels and hidden karst caves in the model and the geometric dimensions and the proportions of similar materials of all strata according to the geometric similarity ratio and the stress similarity ratio, wherein the similar materials are a mixture of a plurality of hydrophobic materials;
S2: starting a lifting hydraulic cylinder above the movable lifting wheel, lifting the whole experimental cabin from the base by three to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder, horizontally moving the whole experimental cabin out of the reaction frame, and closing the lifting hydraulic cylinder to enable the experimental cabin to fall back onto the guide rail, so that the weight of the experimental cabin and the physical model is borne by the guide rail, and the safety of the experimental cabin and the physical model in the model laying process is improved;
S3: in the experimental cabin, adopting similar materials to carry out model paving on the stratum; based on the geometric dimensions and the spatial positions of the tunnel and the hidden karst cave, the shapes, the dimensions and the positions of the tunnel mold and the hidden karst cave mold are designed, and the tunnel mold and the hidden karst cave mold are arranged in the model in the laying process; the manufacturing process of the hidden karst cave mold is as follows: copying the hidden karst cave by using a 3D printer according to the shape and the size of the hidden karst cave, filling water into the cavity of the die after copying, placing the die in a low-temperature cabinet to condense into ice, removing ice cubes from the die to show the same shape and the same size as the hidden karst cave, placing the die in the hidden karst cave according to the space position of the hidden karst cave, and simultaneously connecting a pressure-bearing water pipe to a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system for regulating the water pressure and the water quantity in the hidden karst cave; the ice blocks in the shape of the hidden karst cave form effective support for rock mass around the ice blocks, so that collapse in the process of laying a model is avoided; to prevent melting of ice cubes, it is preferable that the temperature at which the mold is laid should be lower than 0 ℃;
S4: starting a lifting hydraulic cylinder above the lifting wheel, lifting the whole experimental cabin laid by the completed model from the guide rail by three to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder, horizontally moving the whole experimental cabin back to the inside of the reaction frame, and then closing the lifting hydraulic cylinder to enable the experimental cabin to fall back to the base; starting a load displacement double-control servo system, applying preset vertical and lateral loads to the physical model, and simulating an original stress environment of a stratum; in order to reduce the damage of the physical model caused by load loading, preferably, the vertical and side loads are carried out in a graded loading mode;
s5: starting a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system, providing preset water pressure for the hidden karst cave and keeping the water pressure unchanged, then adjusting the temperature of the environment where the experiment cabin is positioned to be more than 0 ℃ so as to facilitate the melting of ice cubes in the hidden karst cave, and forming the hidden karst cave which is consistent with the actual shape and is full of water with certain pressure after the ice cubes are completely melted, wherein the water body with pressure in the hidden karst cave effectively supports rock masses around the hidden karst cave;
S6: starting a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder on the tunnel excavation device, dragging a tunnel mould out of a physical model according to a preset speed so as to simulate the step-by-step excavation of a tunnel, and simultaneously, extending the outside of an experiment cabin into the tunnel excavation space through a camera which can freely enter and exit and rotate from the inside of the tunnel mould so as to realize the real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process;
s7: along with the approach of the tunnel face and the hidden karst cave distance, under the superposition of the surrounding rock stress and the water pressure in the hidden karst cave, the new cracks are initiated and original cracks are expanded, and the pressurized water in the hidden karst cave is endowed with the possibility of entering the tunnel along the crack channel quickly, so that the water burst disaster is initiated;
s8: when the tunnel is completely excavated, the hydraulic water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system is controlled, the water quantity supply is stopped, the load displacement double-control servo system is controlled, the lateral loading oil cylinder and the lateral loading oil cylinder are reset, the front side plate of the experiment cabin is detached from the experiment cabin, the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder is started, the front side plate is integrally separated from the experiment cabin, the direct observation of deformation and damage of the front side surface of the physical model can be realized, and the section cutting observation can be carried out on the physical model according to the experiment requirement.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that:
The invention provides a near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock crack evolution and water bursting disaster transformation experimental system and an experimental method, wherein a tunnel excavation device is arranged to replace manual excavation of a physical model, so that the step-by-step excavation of a tunnel is realized, and the problem that broken rock falling down blocks obstruct smooth excavation of the tunnel is effectively avoided; the method comprises the steps of utilizing 3D printing to form a hidden karst cave mould, effectively utilizing the characteristics that water is solidified into ice below 0 ℃ and is melted into water above 0 ℃, injecting the water into the hidden karst cave mould, condensing the water into ice through low-temperature treatment and embedding the ice into a physical model, effectively supporting rock mass around the ice, avoiding collapse in the model laying process, melting ice cakes in the hidden karst cave through heating treatment, and finally forming the hidden karst cave which is consistent with the actual shape and is full of water with certain pressure; the camera which can freely enter and exit and rotate from the inside of the tunnel mould stretches into the tunnel excavation space from the outside of the experiment cabin, so that real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process is realized; the front side plate is integrally separated from the experiment cabin, so that the deformation and damage of the front side surface of the physical model are directly observed, and the physical model can be subjected to section cutting observation according to experiment requirements.
Drawings
FIG. 1 is a top plan view of the structure of the present invention;
FIG. 2 is a left side view of the structure of the present invention;
fig. 3 is a right side view of the structure of the present invention.
In the figure: the device comprises a base 1, an upper cross beam 2, an upright post 3, a bottom plate 4, a front side plate 5, a rear side plate 6, a left side plate 7, a right side plate 8, a top plate 9, a tunnel excavation opening 10, a side loading oil cylinder 11, a vertical loading oil cylinder 12, an inner guide rail 13, an outer guide rail 14, a movable lifting wheel 15, a horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder 16, a common movable wheel 17, a triangular portal 18, a limiter 19, a movable base 20, a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder 21 and a tunnel mould 22.
Detailed Description
The technical solutions in the embodiments of the present invention will be clearly and completely described below. Embodiments of the present invention are intended to be within the scope of the present invention as defined by the appended claims.
Referring to fig. 1 to 3, the present invention provides a technical solution: the invention discloses an experimental system for surrounding rock crack evolution and water bursting disaster change in the excavation of a near-hidden karst cave tunnel, which comprises a base 1, an upper cross beam 2, a stand column 3, an experimental cabin, a guide rail, a tunnel excavation device and an experimental control system;
the base 1 is symmetrically provided with upright posts 3, one end of each upright post 3 is inserted and arranged in the base 1, and the other end of each upright post penetrates through the upper cross beam 2 to form a reaction frame.
The experimental cabin consists of a bottom plate 4, a front side plate 5, a rear side plate 6, a left side plate 7, a right side plate 8 and a top plate 9; the experimental cabin bottom plate 4 is directly placed on the base 1, the front side plate 5 and the rear side plate 6 are symmetrically arranged on one symmetrical side of the base 1, and the left side plate 7 and the right side plate 8 are symmetrically arranged on the other symmetrical side of the base 1; tunnel excavation openings 10 are symmetrically arranged in the middle of the front side plate 5 and the rear side plate 6, and the shape of the tunnel excavation openings can be set according to the actual shape of a tunnel; equidistant mounting grooves are symmetrically formed in the left side plate 7 and the right side plate 8 and are used for mounting a lateral loading oil cylinder 11, a lateral loading pressure head is mounted on the loading oil cylinder, and the lateral loading pressure head directly provides lateral load for a physical model in the experimental cabin; the top plate 9 is composed of vertical loading pressure heads which are arranged in a centered, symmetrical and equidistant manner and are connected with vertical loading oil cylinders 12, and the vertical loading pressure heads directly provide vertical loads for a physical model in the experimental cabin; the vertical loading oil cylinder 12 is arranged on the upper cross beam 2; in the process of simultaneously carrying out lateral loading and vertical loading on the physical model, in order to avoid mutual extrusion of a lateral loading pressure head and a vertical loading pressure head, the left and right direction size of the vertical loading pressure head is smaller than the left and right direction size of the experimental cabin, but in order to improve the overall tightness of the experimental cabin, a sealing baffle plate is additionally arranged above the inner sides of the left side plate 7 and the right side plate 8, and is fixed on the left side plate 7 and the right side plate 8 through bolts.
The guide rails are divided into an inner guide rail and an outer guide rail, the inner guide rail 13 is used for the integral movement of the experimental cabin, and the outer guide rail 14 is used for the independent movement of the front side plate 5 of the experimental cabin; the two groups of guide rails are symmetrically and fixedly arranged on two sides of the base 1, wherein the inner guide rail 13 is provided with a movable lifting wheel 15, the movable lifting wheel 15 is symmetrically fixed on the bottom plate 4 of the experiment cabin, when the experiment cabin needs to be integrally moved, a lifting hydraulic cylinder above the movable lifting wheel 15 is started to integrally lift the experiment cabin from the base 1 by three to five millimeters, at the moment, the experiment cabin is completely supported by the movable lifting wheel 15, a horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder 16 is started, and the integral horizontal movement of the experiment cabin can be realized by means of the extension and retraction of the horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder 16; the outer guide rail 14 is provided with common moving wheels 17, the common moving wheels 17 are symmetrically fixed at the bottom end of the triangular portal 18, the triangular portal 18 is fixed at the left side and the right side of the front side plate 5 through bolts, and after a physical model experiment is completed, the front side plate 5 can be driven to be separated from an experiment cabin by moving the common moving wheels 17 under the condition that the physical model is not damaged, so that the direct observation of the front side surface of the physical model is realized; in order to avoid the problem of misalignment of the ram during vertical loading that may occur due to the movement of the test chamber back and forth, a stop 19 is preferably provided on the base 1 for positioning of the test chamber.
The tunnel excavation device comprises a movable base 20, a hydraulic telescopic cylinder 21 and a tunnel mould 22; universal wheels are symmetrically arranged at the bottom of the movable base 201, so that the position of the tunnel excavating device can be freely adjusted; the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder 21 is horizontally fixed above the movable base 20, is connected with the tunnel mould 22 through a connecting piece, and the tunnel mould 22 is consistent with the tunnel excavation opening 10 in shape, but slightly smaller than the tunnel excavation opening 10 in size, and the tunnel mould 22 can freely enter and exit under the traction of the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder 21; the tunnel mold 22 is hollow, and the camera can extend into the tunnel excavation space from the outside of the experiment cabin, so that real-time image acquisition is carried out on the whole tunnel excavation process.
The experiment control system comprises a servo system and a control center; the servo loading system comprises a load displacement double-control servo system and a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system; the load displacement double-control servo system can realize double control of load and displacement, and the lateral loading oil cylinder 12 and the lateral loading oil cylinder 11 are controlled by the load displacement double-control servo system, so that the load is provided for the vertical direction and the lateral direction of the physical model in the experimental cabin, and the requirements of different simulation environments are met; the water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system can realize double control of water pressure and water quantity, can provide stable water flow supply for the karst cave in the physical model, and can also maintain constant water pressure in the karst cave in the physical model; the control center can realize the automatic control of the servo system in the whole course, and the real-time monitoring and collection of displacement, load, water pressure and water flow, and the data collection frequency can be set according to the actual requirement; in addition, the monitoring elements such as a pore water pressure sensor, a soil pressure sensor, a displacement sensor and the like can be additionally arranged in the physical model according to experimental requirements.
The experimental process comprises the following steps:
And obtaining lithology, thickness and physical and mechanical parameters of each stratum according to the stratum comprehensive histogram and the physical and mechanical test result of each stratum. Determining the geometric dimensions and the spatial positions of tunnels and hidden karst caves in the model and the geometric dimensions and the proportions of similar materials of all strata according to the geometric similarity ratio and the stress similarity ratio, wherein the similar materials are a mixture of various hydrophobic materials; starting a lifting hydraulic cylinder above the movable lifting wheel 15, lifting the whole experimental cabin from the base 1 by three to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder 16, horizontally moving the whole experimental cabin out of the counter-force frame, and closing the lifting hydraulic cylinder to enable the experimental cabin to fall back onto the guide rail, so that the weight of the experimental cabin and the physical model is borne by the guide rail, and the safety of the experimental cabin and the physical model in the model laying process is improved;
In the experimental cabin, adopting similar materials to carry out model paving on the stratum; based on the geometric dimensions and the spatial positions of the tunnel and the hidden karst cave, the shapes, the dimensions and the positions of the tunnel mold 22 and the hidden karst cave mold are designed and placed in the model in the laying process; the hidden karst cave mould manufacturing process is as follows: copying the hidden karst cave by using a 3D printer according to the shape and the size of the hidden karst cave, filling water into the cavity of the die after copying, placing the die in a low-temperature cabinet to condense into ice, removing ice cubes from the die to show the same shape and the same size as the hidden karst cave, placing the die in the hidden karst cave according to the space position of the hidden karst cave, and simultaneously connecting a pressure-bearing water pipe to a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system for regulating the water pressure and the water quantity in the hidden karst cave; the ice blocks in the shape of the hidden karst cave form effective support for rock mass around the ice blocks, so that collapse in the process of laying a model is avoided; to prevent melting of ice cubes, it is preferable that the temperature at which the mold is laid should be lower than 0 ℃; starting a lifting hydraulic cylinder above the lifting wheel 15, lifting the whole experimental cabin laid by the completed model from the guide rail by three to five millimeters, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder 16, horizontally moving the whole experimental cabin back to the inside of the reaction frame, and then closing the lifting hydraulic cylinder to enable the experimental cabin to fall back onto the base 1; starting a load displacement double-control servo system, applying preset vertical and lateral loads to the physical model, and simulating an original stress environment of a stratum; in order to reduce the damage of the physical model caused by load loading, preferably, the vertical and side loads are carried out in a graded loading mode;
Starting a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system, providing preset water pressure for the hidden karst cave and keeping the water pressure unchanged, then adjusting the temperature of the environment where the experiment cabin is positioned to be more than 0 ℃ so as to facilitate the melting of ice cubes in the hidden karst cave, and forming the hidden karst cave which is consistent with the actual shape and is full of water with certain pressure after the ice cubes are completely melted, wherein the water body with pressure in the hidden karst cave effectively supports rock masses around the hidden karst cave; starting a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder 21 on the tunnel excavation device, dragging a tunnel mould 22 out of a physical model according to a preset speed so as to simulate the step-by-step excavation of a tunnel, and simultaneously, extending the tunnel mould 22 from the outside into the tunnel excavation space through a camera capable of freely moving in and out and rotating from the inside of the tunnel mould 22, so that real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process is realized; along with the approach of the tunnel face and the hidden karst cave distance, under the superposition of the surrounding rock stress and the water pressure in the hidden karst cave, the new cracks are initiated and original cracks are expanded, and the pressurized water in the hidden karst cave is endowed with the possibility of entering the tunnel along the crack channel quickly, so that the water burst disaster is initiated;
When the tunnel is completely excavated, the hydraulic water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system is controlled, the water quantity supply is stopped, the load displacement double-control servo system is controlled, the lateral loading oil cylinder 12 and the lateral loading oil cylinder 11 are reset, the front side plate 5 of the experimental cabin is detached from the experimental cabin, the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder 16 is started, the front side plate 5 is integrally separated from the experimental cabin, the deformation and damage of the front side surface of the physical model can be directly observed, and the profile cutting observation can be carried out on the physical model according to experimental requirements.
Although embodiments of the present invention have been shown and described, it will be understood by those skilled in the art that various changes, modifications, substitutions and alterations can be made therein without departing from the principles and spirit of the invention, the scope of which is defined in the appended claims and their equivalents.
Claims (2)
1. Near hidden karst cave tunnel excavation country rock crack evolution and abrupt flood change experimental system, its characterized in that: the device comprises a base (1), an upper cross beam (2), an upright post (3), an experiment cabin, a guide rail, a tunnel excavation device and an experiment control system;
The base (1) is symmetrically provided with upright posts (3), one ends of the upright posts (3) are inserted into the base (1), and the other ends of the upright posts penetrate through the upper cross beam (2) to form a reaction frame;
The experimental cabin consists of a bottom plate (4), a front side plate (5), a rear side plate (6), a left side plate (7), a right side plate (8) and a top plate (9); the experimental cabin bottom plate (4) is directly placed on the base (1), the front side plate (5) and the rear side plate (6) are symmetrically arranged on one symmetrical side of the base (1), and the left side plate (7) and the right side plate (8) are symmetrically arranged on the other symmetrical side of the base (1); tunnel excavation openings (10) are symmetrically arranged in the middle of the front side plate (5) and the rear side plate (6), and the shape of the tunnel excavation openings can be set according to the actual shape of a tunnel; equidistant mounting grooves are symmetrically formed in the left side plate (7) and the right side plate (8) and are used for mounting a lateral loading oil cylinder (11), a lateral loading pressure head is mounted on the loading oil cylinder, and the lateral loading pressure head directly provides lateral load for a physical model in an experimental cabin; the top plate (9) is formed by a vertical loading pressure head which is arranged in the middle, symmetrical and equidistant and is connected with a vertical loading oil cylinder (12), and the vertical loading pressure head directly provides vertical load for a physical model in the experimental cabin; the vertical loading oil cylinder (12) is arranged on the upper cross beam (2); in the process of simultaneously carrying out lateral and vertical loading on the physical model, in order to avoid mutual extrusion of a lateral loading pressure head and a vertical loading pressure head, the left and right direction dimensions of the vertical loading pressure head are smaller than those of an experimental cabin, but in order to improve the overall tightness of the experimental cabin, a sealing baffle plate is additionally arranged above the inner sides of a left side plate (7) and a right side plate (8), and is fixed on the left side plate (7) and the right side plate (8) through bolts;
The guide rails are divided into an inner guide rail and an outer guide rail, the inner guide rail (13) is used for integrally moving the experiment cabin, and the outer guide rail (14) is used for independently moving the front side plate (5) of the experiment cabin; the two groups of guide rails are symmetrically and fixedly arranged on two sides of the base (1), wherein the inner guide rail (13) is provided with a movable lifting wheel (15), the movable lifting wheel (15) is symmetrically fixed on the bottom plate (4) of the experiment cabin, when the experiment cabin needs to be integrally moved, a lifting hydraulic cylinder above the movable lifting wheel (15) is started to integrally lift the experiment cabin away from the base (1) by 3mm-5mm, at the moment, the experiment cabin is completely supported by the movable lifting wheel (15), a horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder (16) is started, and the integral horizontal movement of the experiment cabin can be realized by means of the extension and retraction of the horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder (16); the outer guide rail (14) is provided with common moving wheels (17), the common moving wheels (17) are symmetrically fixed at the bottom end of the triangular portal frame (18), the triangular portal frame (18) is fixed at the left side and the right side of the front side plate (5) through bolts, and after a physical model experiment is finished, the front side plate (5) can be driven to be separated from an experiment cabin by moving the common moving wheels (17) under the condition that the physical model is not damaged, so that the front side surface of the physical model is directly observed; in order to avoid the problem of the misalignment of the pressure head in the vertical loading process which may occur due to the back and forth movement of the experiment cabin, a limiter (19) is arranged on the base (1) for positioning the experiment cabin;
The tunnel excavation device comprises a movable base (20), a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder (21) and a tunnel mould (22); universal wheels are symmetrically arranged at the bottom of the movable base (20), so that the position of the tunnel excavating device can be freely adjusted; the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder (21) is horizontally fixed above the movable base (20), is connected with the tunnel mould (22) through a connecting piece, and the tunnel mould (22) is consistent with the tunnel excavation opening (10) in shape, but slightly smaller than the tunnel excavation opening (10) in size, and the tunnel mould (22) can freely enter and exit under the traction of the hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder (21); the tunnel mould (22) is hollow, and the camera can extend into the tunnel excavation space from the outside of the experiment cabin to collect real-time images of the whole tunnel excavation process;
The experiment control system comprises a servo system and a control center; the servo loading system comprises a load displacement double-control servo system and a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system; the load displacement double-control servo system can realize double control of load and displacement, and the vertical loading oil cylinder (12) and the lateral loading oil cylinder (11) are controlled by the load displacement double-control servo system, so that the load is provided for the vertical direction and the lateral direction of a physical model in an experimental cabin, and the requirements of different simulation environments are met; the water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system can realize double control of water pressure and water quantity, can provide stable water flow supply for the karst cave in the physical model, and can also maintain constant water pressure in the karst cave in the physical model; the control center can realize the automatic control of the servo system in the whole course, and the real-time monitoring and collection of displacement, load, water pressure and water flow, and the data collection frequency can be set according to the actual requirement; in addition, pore water pressure sensor, soil pressure sensor and displacement sensor monitoring element are additionally arranged in the physical model according to experimental requirements.
2. The test method of the near-hidden karst cave tunnel excavation surrounding rock fracture evolution and water inrush disaster variation experimental system as set forth in claim 1, wherein the test method comprises the following steps:
s1: obtaining lithology, thickness and physical mechanical parameters of each stratum according to the stratum comprehensive histogram and the physical mechanical test result of each stratum; determining the geometric dimensions and the spatial positions of tunnels and hidden karst caves in the model and the geometric dimensions and the proportions of similar materials of all strata according to the geometric similarity ratio and the stress similarity ratio, wherein the similar materials are a mixture of a plurality of hydrophobic materials;
S2: starting a lifting hydraulic cylinder above a movable lifting wheel (15), lifting the whole experimental cabin to be 3-5 mm away from a base (1), starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder (16), horizontally moving the whole experimental cabin out of a reaction frame, and closing the lifting hydraulic cylinder to enable the experimental cabin to fall back onto a guide rail, so that the weight of the experimental cabin and a physical model is borne by the guide rail, and the safety of the experimental cabin and the physical model in the model paving process is improved;
S3: in the experimental cabin, adopting similar materials to carry out model paving on the stratum; based on the geometric dimensions and the spatial positions of the tunnel and the hidden karst cave, the shapes, the dimensions and the positions of the tunnel mould (22) and the hidden karst cave mould are designed and are arranged in the laying process of the model; the manufacturing process of the hidden karst cave mold is as follows: copying the hidden karst cave by using a 3D printer according to the shape and the size of the hidden karst cave, filling water into the cavity of the die after copying, placing the die in a low-temperature cabinet to condense into ice, removing ice cubes from the die to show the same shape and the same size as the hidden karst cave, placing the die in the hidden karst cave according to the space position of the hidden karst cave, and simultaneously connecting a pressure-bearing water pipe to a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system for regulating the water pressure and the water quantity in the hidden karst cave; the ice blocks in the shape of the hidden karst cave form effective support for rock mass around the ice blocks, so that collapse in the process of laying a model is avoided; to prevent melting of ice cubes, the temperature should be below 0 ℃ when the mold is laid;
S4: starting a lifting hydraulic cylinder above the lifting wheel (15), lifting the whole experimental cabin from the guide rail by 3-5 mm, starting a horizontal pushing hydraulic cylinder (16), horizontally moving the whole experimental cabin back to the inside of the reaction frame, and then closing the lifting hydraulic cylinder to enable the experimental cabin to fall back onto the base (1); starting a load displacement double-control servo system, applying preset vertical and lateral loads to the physical model, and simulating an original stress environment of a stratum; in order to reduce the damage of the physical model caused by load loading, the vertical and side loads are carried out in a grading loading mode;
s5: starting a water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system, providing preset water pressure for the hidden karst cave and keeping the water pressure unchanged, then adjusting the temperature of the environment where the experiment cabin is positioned to be more than 0 ℃ so as to facilitate the melting of ice cubes in the hidden karst cave, and forming the hidden karst cave which is consistent with the actual shape and is full of water with certain pressure after the ice cubes are completely melted, wherein the water body with pressure in the hidden karst cave effectively supports rock masses around the hidden karst cave;
s6: starting a hydraulic telescopic oil cylinder (21) on the tunnel excavation device, dragging a tunnel mould (22) out of a physical model according to a preset speed so as to simulate the step-by-step excavation of a tunnel, and simultaneously, extending the outside of an experiment cabin into the tunnel excavation space through a camera capable of freely moving in and out and rotating from the inside of the tunnel mould (22) so as to realize real-time image acquisition of the whole tunnel excavation process;
s7: along with the approach of the tunnel face and the hidden karst cave distance, under the superposition of the surrounding rock stress and the water pressure in the hidden karst cave, the new cracks are initiated and original cracks are expanded, and the pressurized water in the hidden karst cave is endowed with the possibility of entering the tunnel along the crack channel quickly, so that the water burst disaster is initiated;
S8: when the tunnel is completely excavated, the hydraulic water pressure and water quantity double-control servo system is controlled, water supply is stopped, the load displacement double-control servo system is controlled, the vertical loading oil cylinder (12) and the lateral loading oil cylinder (11) are reset, the front side plate (5) of the experimental cabin is detached from the experimental cabin, the horizontal pushing hydraulic oil cylinder (16) is started, the front side plate (5) is integrally separated from the experimental cabin, the deformation and damage of the front side surface of the physical model can be directly observed, and the profile cutting observation is carried out on the physical model according to experimental requirements.
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