CN114518468B - Constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method - Google Patents
Constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method Download PDFInfo
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- CN114518468B CN114518468B CN202210194557.8A CN202210194557A CN114518468B CN 114518468 B CN114518468 B CN 114518468B CN 202210194557 A CN202210194557 A CN 202210194557A CN 114518468 B CN114518468 B CN 114518468B
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- 238000000691 measurement method Methods 0.000 title claims abstract description 13
- 239000002184 metal Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 claims abstract description 36
- 239000000523 sample Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 21
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims abstract description 11
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N Nickel Chemical group [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 8
- 238000005259 measurement Methods 0.000 abstract description 25
- 230000017525 heat dissipation Effects 0.000 description 9
- 238000009826 distribution Methods 0.000 description 4
- 230000000694 effects Effects 0.000 description 4
- 230000009286 beneficial effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000001419 dependent effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 230000007613 environmental effect Effects 0.000 description 2
- 238000002474 experimental method Methods 0.000 description 2
- 230000005855 radiation Effects 0.000 description 2
- 108010053481 Antifreeze Proteins Proteins 0.000 description 1
- 238000012271 agricultural production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 125000003275 alpha amino acid group Chemical group 0.000 description 1
- 150000001875 compounds Chemical class 0.000 description 1
- 230000007547 defect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000012530 fluid Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009776 industrial production Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000003993 interaction Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012544 monitoring process Methods 0.000 description 1
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000011160 research Methods 0.000 description 1
- 230000035945 sensitivity Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000004088 simulation Methods 0.000 description 1
- 238000010183 spectrum analysis Methods 0.000 description 1
Classifications
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P5/00—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft
- G01P5/10—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring thermal variables
- G01P5/12—Measuring speed of fluids, e.g. of air stream; Measuring speed of bodies relative to fluids, e.g. of ship, of aircraft by measuring thermal variables using variation of resistance of a heated conductor
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- G—PHYSICS
- G01—MEASURING; TESTING
- G01P—MEASURING LINEAR OR ANGULAR SPEED, ACCELERATION, DECELERATION, OR SHOCK; INDICATING PRESENCE, ABSENCE, OR DIRECTION, OF MOVEMENT
- G01P1/00—Details of instruments
- G01P1/006—Details of instruments used for thermal compensation
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- Y—GENERAL TAGGING OF NEW TECHNOLOGICAL DEVELOPMENTS; GENERAL TAGGING OF CROSS-SECTIONAL TECHNOLOGIES SPANNING OVER SEVERAL SECTIONS OF THE IPC; TECHNICAL SUBJECTS COVERED BY FORMER USPC CROSS-REFERENCE ART COLLECTIONS [XRACs] AND DIGESTS
- Y02—TECHNOLOGIES OR APPLICATIONS FOR MITIGATION OR ADAPTATION AGAINST CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A—TECHNOLOGIES FOR ADAPTATION TO CLIMATE CHANGE
- Y02A90/00—Technologies having an indirect contribution to adaptation to climate change
- Y02A90/10—Information and communication technologies [ICT] supporting adaptation to climate change, e.g. for weather forecasting or climate simulation
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- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Aviation & Aerospace Engineering (AREA)
- Investigating Or Analyzing Materials Using Thermal Means (AREA)
Abstract
The invention discloses a constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method, which comprises the following steps: 1. establishing a function relation between the current in the hot wire probe and the wind speed in the wind field to be measured under the constant pressure condition; 2. constructing a spiral type hot wire probe, wherein the preferable material of the hot wire probe is metallic nickel; 3. the two heat exchange intensity coefficients are respectively measured for different temperatures, humidity and air pressure by a least square method, and parameters matched with the current environment are called during measurement; 4. the applied voltage at two ends of the metal wire has M gears, and the gears are switched by judging the current. The invention can adjust the measurement parameters according to the ambient temperature, humidity and air pressure, reduce the influence of the environment on measurement, adjust the voltage according to the current and enlarge the measurement range.
Description
Technical Field
The invention relates to a method for measuring wind speed, in particular to a method for measuring wind speed by a constant-pressure type thermal anemometer.
Background
In industrial and agricultural production and scientific research, environmental wind speed is often required to be measured, and in the fields of aerospace, atmosphere monitoring and the like, extremely high requirements are put forward on the accuracy of wind speed measurement. Common anemometers are classified into Ultrasonic Anemometers (UA), cup anemometers, laser flowmeters (LDV), thermal anemometers (HWFA), and the like. The ultrasonic anemometer measures wind speed by utilizing the time difference effect of ultrasonic waves, and has high measurement precision but poor anti-interference performance; the wind cup anemometer measures wind speed by utilizing interaction between a flow field and a wind cup, has wide application range and low cost, but has low measurement accuracy, needs larger starting wind speed and is not beneficial to accurate measurement of low wind speed; the laser flowmeter measures wind speed by utilizing Doppler effect of light, has high measurement accuracy, complex spectrum analysis and high preparation cost; the hot wire anemometer is an instrument for measuring wind speed based on the principles of heat conduction and heat dissipation, and compared with other types of anemometers, the hot wire anemometer can accurately analyze characteristics of a flow field, is low in cost, and has great superiority in low-speed flow and low-turbulence fields. The hot wire anemometer has the characteristics of high measurement sensitivity, wide measurement range, strong environmental adaptability and capability of simultaneously measuring constant parameters such as density, temperature and the like of fluid, and is widely applied.
The thermal anemometer has two working modes of constant temperature type and constant current type. The constant-current type thermal anemometer has thermal hysteresis effect when working, and the subsequent products mostly adopt electronic compensation to eliminate the influence caused by hysteresis, so far, the problem can not be completely solved. The constant temperature hot wire anemometer has the characteristic of small hysteresis effect, but in the aspect of improving the width of the frequency response range, a plurality of limiting factors need to be considered, and the implementation is quite difficult. Constant pressure type is simple and easy to realize, but the measurement range is narrow because of limited and unable automatic feedback.
Disclosure of Invention
The invention aims to solve the defects in the prior art, and provides a constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method which can realize automatic feedback of voltage to expand the measurement range and automatically adjust heat exchange coefficient parameters according to the ambient temperature, humidity and temperature so as to reduce the influence of the environment on measurement.
In order to achieve the aim of the invention, the invention adopts the following technical scheme:
the invention relates to a constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method which is characterized by comprising the following steps:
Step 1, selecting a material which satisfies the linear relation between the resistance and the temperature at 150 ℃ to prepare a metal wire and using the metal wire as a hot wire probe;
Step 2, placing the metal wire in a wind field to be tested and applying a voltage U to two ends of the metal wire;
step 3, under the condition that the voltage U is unchanged, converting a functional relation between the temperature of the metal wire and the wind speed in the wind field to be tested into a relation between current and wind speed;
Step 4, measuring the current I on the metal wire, and calculating the wind speed v in the wind field to be measured by using the formula (1):
In the formula (1), mu is the air viscosity coefficient, ρ is the air density, d is the diameter of the hot wire probe, α is the temperature coefficient of resistance, R 0 is the resistance of the wire at room temperature, Is the emissivity of the metal surface, σ is the Stoffe Boltzmann constant, C 1 is the heat exchange intensity coefficient under windless conditions, C 2 is the heat exchange intensity coefficient under forced convection, l is the length of the wire, and S is the cross-sectional area of the wire.
The constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method is also characterized in that two heat exchange intensity coefficients C 1 and C 2 are respectively measured by a least square method according to different temperatures, humidity and air pressure to form a database for matching and inquiring the real-time temperatures, humidity and air pressure acquired in a wind field to be measured.
The hot wire probe is a spiral coil.
The material of the hot wire probe is metallic nickel.
The voltage applied to the two ends of the metal wire is provided with a plurality of gears, and the gears are switched according to the following steps:
Step a, setting the voltage applied to two ends of the metal wire to comprise M gears, wherein the maximum critical current of any ith gear is T i_max, and the minimum critical current of any ith gear is T i_min; when i=1; let T i_min = 0; let T i_max = infinity when i=m; i is E [1, M ];
step b, at start-up, let i=1;
step c, applying voltage of the ith gear to two ends of the metal wire and measuring current of the metal wire;
And d, if the current is greater than T i_max, assigning i+1 to i, returning to the step c for sequential execution, and if the current is less than T i_min, assigning i-1 to i, returning to the step c for sequential execution until the current is kept between T i_min and T i_max.
Compared with the prior art, the invention has the beneficial effects that
1. The invention solves the problem that the temperature of a hot wire probe of the conventional constant-pressure type thermal anemometer is too low at high wind speed by designing the voltage feedback condition method based on the current, thereby expanding the range.
2. According to the invention, on the basis of application of a theoretical formula, two heat exchange intensity coefficients C 1 and C 2 are provided, and different temperatures, humidity and air pressure can be measured respectively through a least square method, so that the influence of the current thermal anemometer on the measurement from the environment is reduced, and the measurement accuracy of the thermal anemometer in different scenes is improved.
Detailed Description
In this embodiment, a constant pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method is performed according to the following steps:
Step 1, selecting a material which satisfies the linear relation between the resistance and the temperature at 150 ℃ to prepare a metal wire and using the metal wire as a hot wire probe;
Step 2, placing the metal wire in a wind field to be tested and applying a voltage U to two ends of the metal wire;
step 3, under the condition that the voltage U is unchanged, converting a functional relation between the temperature of the metal wire and the wind speed in the wind field to be tested into a relation between current and wind speed;
Step 4, measuring the current I on the metal wire, and calculating the wind speed v in the wind field to be measured of the environment by using the following deduction formula (1):
The heat exchange comprises three modes of heat convection, heat conduction and heat radiation, and the temperature of a hot wire is not higher than 300 ℃ in general, so that the hot wire anemometer analysis only considers the influence of heat convection and heat conduction on heat dissipation. Here, to improve the theoretical accuracy of the instrument, the heat dissipation generated by the heat radiation is also taken into consideration, so that the heat dissipation capacity of the metal wire:
Q＝πdhlΔT+ζσ(T+ΔT)4。 (1)
the heat dissipation under the forced convection of the metal wire obeys the King formula:
in the formula (2), C 1 and C 2 are constants reflecting the natural convection heat dissipation intensity and the forced convection heat dissipation intensity, Is Reynolds numberTo the noose number, the exotherm coefficient h is obtained after bringing it in:
the heat release coefficient h is brought back to the heat dissipation expression to obtain:
when the temperature is less than 150 degrees celsius, the resistance of metallic nickel follows a linear relationship with temperature. Thus, at constant pressure, joule heat generated by the wire:
when the system is in steady state, the heat dissipation is equal to the generated joule heat, and the equation can be derived:
The solution is as follows:
In formula (7), μ is an air viscosity coefficient, ρ is an air density, d is a diameter of a hot wire probe, α is a temperature coefficient of resistance, R 0 is a wire resistance at room temperature, Is the emissivity of the metal surface, σ is the Stoffe Boltzmann constant, C 1 is the heat exchange intensity coefficient under windless conditions, C 2 is the heat exchange intensity coefficient under forced convection, l is the length of the wire, and S is the cross-sectional area of the wire.
The hot wire probe used in the invention is a spiral coil, and the preferable material is metallic nickel. The reason for adopting the spiral coil in the invention is that: the straight hot wire and the spiral hot wire with the same length have obvious difference in temperature gradient distribution when heated, the simulation can obviously find that the axial temperature distribution of the spiral hot wire is more uniform, and the temperature distribution of the straight hot wire is obviously uneven along the axial direction, because the diameter ratio of the filament wire is obviously increased after the spiral hot wire is straightened, the length of the filament wire can be extended in a limited space, and the temperature distribution of the filament wire is more accurate under the same length. Thus, a spiral filament pattern is selected for use in the present invention.
The invention comprises two heat exchange intensity coefficients C 1 and C 2, which change along with the change of the ambient temperature and humidity, so that the measurement of C 1 and C 2 under different temperature, humidity and air pressure conditions is needed in a laboratory. The probe is fixed at the tail end of the wind tunnel, and the current flowing in the metal wire at the wind speed is recorded. The resulting data of current and wind speed obey the formula (1), i.eAfter being deformed, the material can be obtained:
Order the As the independent and dependent variables, the linear relationship of x and y, y=kx+b, is obtained, and the least squares method can be used to determine:
in the formula (9), the amino acid sequence of the compound, The average value of the measured values representing the variable x can be calculated to obtain the heat exchange intensity coefficients C 1 and C 2. The invention respectively measures two heat exchange intensity coefficients C 1 and C 2 by a least square method aiming at different temperatures, humidity and air pressure to form a database for matching and inquiring the real-time temperatures, humidity and air pressure acquired in the wind field to be tested.
In the invention, during measurement, the voltage applied to the two ends of the metal wire is provided with a plurality of gears, and the gears are switched according to the following steps:
Setting the voltage applied to the two ends of the metal wire to comprise M gears, wherein in the specific implementation, five gears of 1.5v, 1.8v, 2.5v, 3.3v and 5v are arranged; let the maximum critical current of any i-th gear be T i_max and the minimum critical current be T i_min; when i=1; let T i_min = 0; let T i_max = infinity when i=m; i is E [1, M ];
step b, at start-up, let i=1;
step c, applying voltage of the ith gear to two ends of the metal wire and measuring current of the metal wire;
And d, if the current is greater than T i_max, assigning i+1 to i, returning to the step c for sequential execution, and if the current is less than T i_min, assigning i-1 to i, returning to the step c for sequential execution until the current is kept between T i_min and T i_max.
Examples:
Nickel wires with the length of 30cm and the diameter of 0.2mm are selected, and spiral coils with the length of 30mm and the diameter of 6mm are wound to be used as hot wire probes. Constant parameters C 1 and C 2 in formula (7) can be determined by selecting a constant voltage of 3.3V to be applied to both ends of the probe, and measuring data as shown in Table I and through formula (8) and formula (9).
TABLE one determination of constant parameters C 1 and C at higher wind speeds of 3.3v 2
In the table IThe independent and dependent variables are obtained, and the linear relation of x and y, y=kx+b, is obtained by the formula (9)The values of the constant parameters C 1 and C 2 can be calculated. WhereinAverage value of measured value representing variable x, from which constant parameter λpi lC 1 = 0.0334 and/>, under the condition can be calculatedAt this time, because the unknown constant parameters are already measured, the function expression is also fixed, and the following table data still demonstrates the measurement accuracy of the constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method provided by the invention.
Table II relative error at higher wind speeds of 3.3v
In the second table, the values of the constant parameters C 1 and C 2 are measured by the least square method, and the relative error is calculated, so that the theoretical analysis is relatively fit with the experiment, the maximum relative error is only 1.4%, and the fitting goodness and the measuring precision are relatively high.
At this time, the values of the constant parameters C 1 and C 2 are already measured, and the corresponding values of the parameters are burnt into the singlechip to complete the debugging of the instrument. During measurement, the hot wire probe is placed in a wind field to be measured, a temperature and humidity sensor is arranged on the shell and is connected with the control circuit, a singlechip in the control circuit collects data of the temperature and humidity sensor and then selects proper constant parameters C 1 and C 2 through a burnt program, and real-time wind speed under the current condition is obtained through the functional relation of wind speed and current in the formula (7).
A nickel wire with the length of 30cm and the diameter of 0.2mm is selected below, and a spiral coil with the length of 20mm and the diameter of 6mm is wound to be used as a hot wire probe. A constant voltage of 2.5V was chosen to be applied across the probe, at which time already by earlier measurements λpi lC 1 =0.288,The measured data are shown in a third table, and the theoretical wind speed can be obtained by measuring the current through the formula (7), and the theoretical wind speed is compared with the actual wind speed, and the theoretical wind speed is shown in the third table.
Table III shows the accuracy of wind speed measurement at 2.5v voltage
Note that: measuring the temperature in the environment: 27.2-27.4 ℃, humidity: 44.1-46.7%, atmospheric pressure: 1003.2-1003.5hPa
The measurement uncertainty in the data shown in Table three is less than 4% and the average uncertainty is 2.0%. Therefore, the constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method provided by the invention has higher accuracy. All parameters of the anemometer are kept unchanged, and a plurality of experimental experiments are carried out to verify the stability of the wind speed measurement, and the measured data are shown in a table IV.
Wind speed measurement accuracy display at four-meter 2.5v voltage
Note that: measuring the temperature in the environment: 27.3-27.7 ℃, humidity: 42.1-44.7%, atmospheric pressure: 1003.2-1003.4hPa
The data shown in Table four measured relative uncertainties of less than 0.5% and an average uncertainty of 0.29%. Therefore, the constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method provided by the invention has higher precision. The combination of table three and table four can be considered to have higher accuracy.
Claims (4)
1. The constant-pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method is characterized by comprising the following steps of:
Step 1, selecting a material which satisfies the linear relation between the resistance and the temperature at 150 ℃ to prepare a metal wire and using the metal wire as a hot wire probe;
Step 2, placing the metal wire in a wind field to be tested and applying a voltage U to two ends of the metal wire;
step 3, under the condition that the voltage U is unchanged, converting a functional relation between the temperature of the metal wire and the wind speed in the wind field to be tested into a relation between current and wind speed;
Step 4, measuring the current I on the metal wire, and calculating the wind speed v in the wind field to be measured by using the formula (1):
(1)
In the formula (1), μ is an air viscosity coefficient, ρ is an air density, d is a diameter of a hot wire probe, α is a temperature coefficient of resistance, R 0 is a resistance of the wire at room temperature, ϛ is a metal surface emissivity, σ is a stonevan boltzmann constant, C 1 is a heat exchange intensity coefficient under windless conditions, C 2 is a heat exchange intensity coefficient under forced convection, l is a length of the wire, and S is a cross-sectional area of the wire;
For different temperatures, humidity and air pressure, two heat exchange intensity coefficients C 1 and C 2 are respectively measured by a least square method to form a database for matching and inquiring the real-time temperatures, humidity and air pressure acquired in the wind field to be measured.
2. The constant pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the hot wire probe is a spiral coil.
3. The constant pressure type thermal wind speed measurement method according to claim 1, wherein the material of the hot wire probe is metallic nickel.
4. The constant voltage type thermal wind speed measuring method according to claim 1, wherein the voltage applied to both ends of the wire has a plurality of shift positions, and each shift position is switched as follows:
Step a, setting the voltage applied to two ends of the metal wire to comprise M gears, wherein the maximum critical current of any ith gear is T i_max, and the minimum critical current of any ith gear is T i_min; when i=1; let T i_min = 0; let T i_max = infinity when i=m; i is [1, M ];
Step b, at start-up, let i=1;
step c, applying voltage of the ith gear to two ends of the metal wire and measuring current of the metal wire;
And d, if the current is greater than T i_max, assigning i+1 to i, returning to the step c for sequential execution, and if the current is less than T i_min, assigning i-1 to i, returning to the step c for sequential execution until the current is kept between T i_min and T i_max.
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| GB719105A (en) * | 1952-03-25 | 1954-11-24 | Napier & Son Ltd | Improvements in or relating to hot wire anemometers |
| US5710380A (en) * | 1996-06-07 | 1998-01-20 | Talley; Robert Lee | Anemometer |
| US5854425A (en) * | 1998-06-09 | 1998-12-29 | Tao Of Systems Integration, Inc. | Method for measurement and compensation of a time constant for a constant voltage anemometer |
| US7051599B2 (en) * | 2004-11-01 | 2006-05-30 | Board Of Trustees Operating Michigan State University | Thermal transient anemometer having sensing cell assembly |
| FR2940434B1 (en) * | 2008-12-19 | 2011-01-21 | Commissariat Energie Atomique | DEVICE FOR CONTROLLING A WIRED ANEMOMETER |
| JP5458820B2 (en) * | 2009-11-16 | 2014-04-02 | 富士通株式会社 | Method for converting measured value of temperature-sensitive resistance element into wind speed and wind speed sensor system |
| US9176163B2 (en) * | 2011-11-14 | 2015-11-03 | Linear Technology Corporation | Anemometer detecting thermal time constant of sensor |
| CN102681033B (en) * | 2012-04-27 | 2013-12-18 | 哈尔滨工程大学 | Sea surface wind measurement method based on X-band marine radar |
| CN103678835A (en) * | 2014-01-15 | 2014-03-26 | 三峡大学 | Modeling method of motor in electromagnetic field-flow field-temperature field coupling calculation |
| CN104360100A (en) * | 2014-10-31 | 2015-02-18 | 苏州宏瑞净化科技有限公司 | High-precision anemograph |
| CN110174527A (en) * | 2019-07-01 | 2019-08-27 | 哈尔滨理工大学 | A kind of hot type fiber grating wind speed wind direction sensor and detection method |
| CN215116339U (en) * | 2021-05-28 | 2021-12-10 | 南京信息工程大学 | Wind speed and direction measuring device based on NTC thermistor |
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