CN103785860B - 3d打印机用的金属粉末及其制备方法 - Google Patents
3d打印机用的金属粉末及其制备方法 Download PDFInfo
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- 229910052751 metal Inorganic materials 0.000 title claims abstract description 176
- 239000000428 dust Substances 0.000 title claims abstract description 105
- 238000002360 preparation method Methods 0.000 title claims description 15
- 239000000843 powder Substances 0.000 claims abstract description 94
- 239000002002 slurry Substances 0.000 claims description 32
- 238000000889 atomisation Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 238000000034 method Methods 0.000 claims description 20
- 239000007788 liquid Substances 0.000 claims description 18
- 229910045601 alloy Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 13
- 239000000956 alloy Substances 0.000 claims description 13
- 238000005507 spraying Methods 0.000 claims description 12
- LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethanol Chemical compound CCO LFQSCWFLJHTTHZ-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 11
- OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N Methanol Chemical compound OC OKKJLVBELUTLKV-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000000151 deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000008021 deposition Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 238000005469 granulation Methods 0.000 claims description 9
- 230000003179 granulation Effects 0.000 claims description 9
- 239000011230 binding agent Substances 0.000 claims description 5
- PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N nickel Substances [Ni] PXHVJJICTQNCMI-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 5
- KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N Isopropanol Chemical compound CC(C)O KFZMGEQAYNKOFK-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 4
- 238000005229 chemical vapour deposition Methods 0.000 claims description 4
- 239000001856 Ethyl cellulose Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000004372 Polyvinyl alcohol Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920001249 ethyl cellulose Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 235000019325 ethyl cellulose Nutrition 0.000 claims description 3
- 229920002451 polyvinyl alcohol Polymers 0.000 claims description 3
- 239000010936 titanium Substances 0.000 claims description 3
- 229910052719 titanium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 3
- XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N water Substances O XLYOFNOQVPJJNP-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 3
- RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N Copper Chemical compound [Cu] RYGMFSIKBFXOCR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000004411 aluminium Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052782 aluminium Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N aluminium Chemical compound [Al] XAGFODPZIPBFFR-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 claims description 2
- 229910052759 nickel Inorganic materials 0.000 claims description 2
- 239000000126 substance Substances 0.000 claims description 2
- 150000003608 titanium Chemical group 0.000 claims 1
- 239000002923 metal particle Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000013528 metallic particle Substances 0.000 abstract 1
- 239000002245 particle Substances 0.000 description 14
- 239000007921 spray Substances 0.000 description 13
- 238000010146 3D printing Methods 0.000 description 9
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- 239000007787 solid Substances 0.000 description 6
- IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N Atomic nitrogen Chemical compound N#N IJGRMHOSHXDMSA-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 229910001111 Fine metal Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N atomic oxygen Chemical compound [O] QVGXLLKOCUKJST-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 4
- 239000001301 oxygen Substances 0.000 description 4
- 229910052760 oxygen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 4
- 239000002994 raw material Substances 0.000 description 4
- 238000011084 recovery Methods 0.000 description 4
- 229910000906 Bronze Inorganic materials 0.000 description 3
- 239000002253 acid Substances 0.000 description 3
- 239000000203 mixture Substances 0.000 description 3
- 238000005453 pelletization Methods 0.000 description 3
- XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Argon Chemical compound [Ar] XKRFYHLGVUSROY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N Titanium Chemical compound [Ti] RTAQQCXQSZGOHL-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 2
- 239000006185 dispersion Substances 0.000 description 2
- 238000005516 engineering process Methods 0.000 description 2
- 239000007789 gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- 230000010354 integration Effects 0.000 description 2
- 239000000463 material Substances 0.000 description 2
- 229910052757 nitrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 2
- 239000000047 product Substances 0.000 description 2
- 239000002912 waste gas Substances 0.000 description 2
- ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N Ethyl cellulose Chemical compound CCOCC1OC(OC)C(OCC)C(OCC)C1OC1C(O)C(O)C(OC)C(CO)O1 ZZSNKZQZMQGXPY-UHFFFAOYSA-N 0.000 description 1
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- 238000010438 heat treatment Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000001257 hydrogen Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052739 hydrogen Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 125000004435 hydrogen atom Chemical class [H]* 0.000 description 1
- 230000008676 import Effects 0.000 description 1
- 239000007769 metal material Substances 0.000 description 1
- 229910052756 noble gas Inorganic materials 0.000 description 1
- 230000001681 protective effect Effects 0.000 description 1
- 238000012827 research and development Methods 0.000 description 1
- 239000002893 slag Substances 0.000 description 1
- 238000009628 steelmaking Methods 0.000 description 1
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Abstract
本发明公开了一种3D打印机用的金属粉末。其金属粉末是由许多亚微米级的金属颗粒通过造粒工艺团聚成10-50微米的金属粉末。由于本金属粉末是由亚微米金属颗粒组合,它的熔点低和熔融速度快,可以提高金属3D打印机的打印速度以及打印构件的精度。同时金属粉末的平均粒径又与现有的3D打印机用的雾化金属粉相当,具有良好的分散性和输送性,可以适用于现有的3D打印机设备。
Description
技术领域:
本发明涉及3D打印机所有原料技术领域,具体涉及一种用于3D打印机用的金属粉末及其制备方法。该金属粉末是由许多亚微米级的金属粒子组成的平均粒径为10-50微米的金属粉末。
背景技术:
3D打印技术目前已成为全球最关注的新兴技术之一。这种新型的生产方式与其他数字化生产模式一起将推动第三次工业革命的实现。制约3D打印技术迅速发展的其中一大瓶颈是打印材料,特别是金属打印材料。研发和生产性能更好和通用性更强的金属材料是提升3D打印技术的关键。在高性能金属构件直接采用3D打印技术制造方面,需要粒径细、粒径均匀、高球形度、低氧含量的各类金属粉末。目前高端的金属粉末主要依赖进口。而国外厂商常将原材料与设备捆绑高价销量,极大地制约了我国的金属3D打印技术的发展。
金属粉末的制备方法主要有雾化法、旋转电极法等。其中采用真空雾化法制备的金属粉末具有球形度高、成分均匀、氧含量低等特点,受到广泛应用。雾化法制备的金属粉末的平均粒径受到限制,平均粒径在10-50微米,并且细粉得率低,目前还无法采用雾化法来制备亚微米级金属粉末。一般来讲,金属粉末粒径越小,熔融速度越快,可以提高打印速度和精度。但当金属粉末粒径达到亚微米级(粒度直径100nm~1.0μm)时,金属粉末的分散性变差,导致金属粉末输送困难,限制了亚微米级的金属粉末在3D打印制造中的应用。如何获得一种适合于3D打印制造中的金属粉是3D打印技术的关键问题之一。
发明内容:
本发明针对现有技术的上述不足,提供一种使金属粉末既具有亚微米粒子的各种优点,又具有雾化金属粉末的分散性和输送性的3D打印机用的金属粉末。
为了解决上述技术问题,本发明采用的技术方案为:一种3D打印机用的金属粉末,该金属粉末为先采用物理气相沉积法或化学气相沉积法制备亚微米级金属粉末,所得的亚微米级金属粉末的平均粒径为0.1-3微米;该平均粒径为0.1-3微米的亚微米级金属粉末通过造粒团聚成平均粒径10-50微米3D打印机用的的金属粉末。
本发明上述的3D打印机用的金属粉末种类可以是金属单质粉或合金粉。
本发明还提供一种3D打印机用的金属粉末的制备方法,具体制备步骤包括:
(1)先采用物理气相沉积法或化学气相沉积法制备出亚微米级金属粉末,所得的亚微米级金属粉末的平均粒径为0.1-3微米;
(2)将步骤(1)所得的平均粒径为0.1-3微米的亚微米级金属粉末与液体混合、配制成金属粉浆料;上述金属粉浆料的亚微米级金属粉末与液体的重量比(即固液重量比)为0.25-2.0:1;
(3)在步骤(2)所得的金属粉浆料中加入亚微米级金属粉末(固体)重量0.1-10%的有机粘合剂,搅拌混合均匀;
(4)将步骤(3)搅拌混合均匀的浆料通过离心喷雾造粒机(离心喷雾造粒器或称离心造粒喷雾干燥机)或压力喷雾造粒机(压力喷雾造粒器或称压力喷雾干燥造粒机)制备成球形、平均粒径为10-50微米的3D打印用的金属粉末。
上述步骤(4)3D打印用的金属粉末的平均直径的获得可以通过调节离心喷雾的转速或压力喷雾的压力和其他控制参数以及浆料的固液比等得到所需的金属粉末大小;为了实现上述粒径的产品,本发明步骤(4)所述的离心喷雾造粒机的转速控制在10000-40000转/分;压力喷雾造粒机的压力为6-30kg/cm2(即0.6-3兆帕);对上述二种造粒机器涉及到的工艺参数即操作参数(即压力喷雾造粒机和离心喷雾造粒机均适用的操作参数)可控制在:干燥空气的进口温度为200-350℃、干燥空气的出口温度为80-150℃;干燥空气的流量为100-300Nm3/h(标方每小时即指标准状况下的体积流量);金属粉浆料在压力喷雾造粒机或离心喷雾造粒机的进料速度为5-20kg/h。
作为优选,本发明步骤(1)所述的亚微米级金属粉末的平均粒径为0.5-2微米,采用该粒径的金属粉,再进行造粒工艺团聚过程,更利于各亚微米级金属粉末彼此之间的团聚,结构更加稳固。
作为优选,本发明步骤(4)所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末其平均粒径为20-30微米,采用该粒径范围的金属粉末,更利于在3D打印机上的应用。
作为优选,本发明所述的金属粉末可以为钛、镍、铜粉等,也可以是镍基合金粉,钛基合金粉,铝基合金粉,铁基合金粉等以及可用于3D打印的其他金属粉。
本发明上述步骤(2)中所述的液体可以是水、乙醇或者其他有机溶液(如异丙醇,甲醇等)。
本发明上述的有机粘合剂如聚乙烯醇、乙基纤维素或者专用的金属矿粉造粒粘合剂等(如保定京素生物科技有限公司生产的型号为:HY-1的冶金矿粉球团粘合剂、型号:G-S的钢渣粉球团粘合剂等)。
本发明的优点和有益效果:
1.本发明3D打印机用的金属粉末,采用的是将亚微米级(粒径为0.1-3微米)金属粉末通过造粒工艺团聚成平均粒径10-50微米的金属粉末而成,不是一个完整的一体化的金属粉末,而是由多个亚微米级的金属粉末彼此粘结团聚而成,因此,该3D打印机用的金属粉末既具有亚微米粒子的各种优点(如球形度高、成分均匀、氧含量低),又具有雾化金属粉末的分散性和输送性,因此,解决了亚微米级金属粉末在3D打印中分散和输送困难的问题,使亚微米级的金属粉末在3D打印技术中的应用成为可能,本发明的实施使得3D打印技术得到进一步的发展。
2.本发明3D打印机用的金属粉末的制备方法,采用在金属粉浆料里添加固体重量0.1-5%的有机粘合剂,金属粉浆料通过离心喷雾造粒机、压力喷雾造粒机或其他造粒设备制备成球形状的、平均直径在10-50微米的金属粉末工艺。金属粉末的平均直径可以通过调节离心喷雾的转速或压力喷雾的压力以及浆料的固液比得到所需的金属粉末大小。特别是调节浆料的固液比,可以得到较小的金属粉末。经过本发明实验可得在相同的离心喷雾的转速下或相同的压力喷雾的压力下,固液比小的金属粉浆料可以得到较小金属粉末,这是因为在相同的转速下,喷出的液滴直径相当,由于在液滴中的金属粉粒含量少,液滴经过干燥,较少的金属粉粒收缩成较小直径的金属粉末因此,本发明选用0.25-2.0的固液比成功实现制备上述平均直径在10-50微米金属粉体的技术效果。通过这种造粒方法,可以得到比雾化的金属粉更小的粉末。然后金属粉末通过分筛机,除去未成团的散粉和超大的粉团,得到所需大小的金属粉末。这种金属粉末既具有亚微米粒子的各种优点,又具有雾化金属粉末的分散性和输送性,能够使亚微米的金属粉在现有3D打印设备得到应用。
附图说明
图1亚微米级金属粉末的扫描电镜图。
图23D打印机用的金属粉末(I)扫描电镜图。
图3平均粒径1.0微米的铜基合金粉扫描电镜图。
图4平均粒径40微米的铜基合金粉末扫描电镜图。
图5平均粒径0.5微米的钛基合金粉扫描电镜图。
图6平均粒径45微米的钛基合金粉末扫描电镜图。
图7平均粒径0.25微米的镍基合金粉扫描电镜图。
图8平均粒径30微米的镍基合金粉末扫描电镜图。
图9平均粒径0.5微米的纯金属镍粉扫描电镜图。
图10平均粒径40微米的纯金属镍粉末扫描电镜图。
图113D打印机用的金属粉末(II)扫描电镜图。
具体实施方式
下面通过实施例进一步详细描述本发明,但本发明不仅仅局限于以下实施例。
本发明涉及到的设备如压力喷雾造粒机或离心喷雾造粒机等均为市售产品,各种原料均为行业常规原料;具体工作原理为:料液通过泵输入,喷出雾状液滴,然后同热空气(干燥空气)并流下降,粉粒由塔底排料口收集,废气及其微小粉末经过旋风分离器分离,废气由抽风机排出,粉末由设在旋风分离器下端的粉筒收集,风机出口处还可装备二级除尘装置,按产品规格要求调节压力、流量、喷孔的大小,得到所需的按一定大小比例的球形颗粒。
实施例1
采用物理气相沉积法:将作为原料的铜基合金在坩埚中溶解,气体(氢气、氩气、氮气等)从等离子体转移弧炬中的进气管进入、通过外加电源被等离子化,在坩埚和等离子体转移弧炬之间产生等离子体转移弧(即等离子体转移弧炬产生的等离子体转移弧下端与坩埚中的金属液面相接);金属通过等离子体转移弧被蒸发、汽化;金属蒸气通过聚冷管道,将室温的惰性气体或氮气高速加入到金属蒸气中,使金属蒸气温度降到300℃以下,得到平均粒径为1.0微米的铜基合金粉(图3)(上述物理气相沉积法为行业常规方法,在此步骤详细赘述);然后与乙醇配成固液比为1.5:1的金属粉浆料。有机粘合剂(聚乙烯醇)的重量为固体重量的2%。通过离心喷雾造粒器把金属粉浆料制备成球形状的金属粉末。离心喷雾造粒器的转速控制在12000转/分,离心喷雾造粒器的干燥空气的进口温度为200℃,出口温度为90℃,干燥空气流量为220Nm3/h。金属粉浆料的进料速度为12kg/h。干燥造粒后的金属粉末通过旋风器收集,超细的金属粉末通过滤袋收集。旋风器收集的金属粉末用振动筛分级,得到平均粒径为40微米的金属粉末(图4)。滤袋收集的金属粉末和分筛踢除的金属粉末回收再制备成金属粉浆料。
实施例2:
采用物理气相沉积法生产的平均粒径为0.5微米的钛基合金粉(图5),与水配成固液比为2:1的金属粉浆料。有机粘合剂(乙基纤维素)的重量为固体重量的1.5%。通过离心喷雾造粒器把金属粉浆料制备成球形状的金属粉末。离心喷雾造粒机的转速控制在12000转/分,干燥空气的进口温度为350℃,出口温度为120℃,干燥空气流量为250Nm3/h。金属粉浆料的进料速度为10kg/h。干燥造粒后的金属粉末通过旋风器收集,超细的金属粉末通过滤袋收集。旋风器收集的金属粉末用振动筛分级,得到平均粒径为45微米的金属粉末(图6)。滤袋收集的金属粉末和分筛踢除的金属粉末回收再制备成金属粉浆料。
实施例3:
采用物理气相沉积法生产的平均粒径为0.25微米的镍基合金粉(图7),与乙醇配成固液比为1:1的金属粉浆料。有机粘合剂(保定京素生物科技有限公司生产的型号为:HY-1的冶金矿粉球团粘合剂)的重量为固体重量的1.5%。通过离心喷雾造粒器把金属粉浆料制备成球形状的金属粉末。离心喷雾的转速控制在25000转/分,干燥空气的进口温度为200℃,出口温度为90℃,干燥空气流量为220Nm3/h。金属粉浆料的进料速度为10kg/h。干燥造粒后的金属粉末通过旋风器收集,超细的金属粉末通过滤袋收集。旋风器收集的金属粉末用振动筛分级,得到平均粒径为30微米的金属粉末(图8)。滤袋收集的金属粉末和分筛踢除的金属粉末回收再制备成金属粉浆料。
实施例4:
采用物理气相沉积法生产的平均粒径为0.5微米的纯金属镍粉(图9),与甲醇配成固液比为1.5:1的金属粉浆料。有机粘合剂的重量为固体重量的1.0%。通过压力喷雾造粒器把金属粉浆料制备成球形状的金属粉末。压力喷雾的压力控制在15kg/cm2,干燥空气的进口温度为250℃,出口温度为95℃,干燥空气流量为250Nm3/h。金属粉浆料的进料速度为12kg/h。干燥造粒后的金属粉末通过旋风器收集,超细的金属粉末通过滤袋收集。旋风器收集的金属粉末用振动筛分级,得到平均粒径为40微米的金属粉末(图10)。滤袋收集的金属粉末和分筛踢除的金属粉末回收再制备成金属粉浆料。
上述实施例制备的3D打印机用金属粉末,从附图可以得知,其结构不是一个完整的一体化的金属粉末,而是有多个亚微米级的金属粉末彼此粘结团聚而成,因此,该3D打印机用的金属粉末既具有亚微米粒子的各种优点(如球形度高、成分均匀、氧含量低),又具有雾化金属粉末的分散性和输送性。
将上述实施例制备的3D打印机用金属粉末用于3D打印,3D打印机用金属粉末通过3D打印机的喷嘴喷撒到具有防护性气体的防护室中的加热模型工作台上逐层打印,形成3D打印产品;在喷嘴喷撒过程具有分散性好,金属粉末输送顺利优的点,在逐层打印过程充分保证相接处的每层金属粉末的接触面积增大,粘结紧固。
Claims (9)
1.一种3D打印机用的金属粉末,其特征在于:该金属粉末为先采用物理气相沉积法或化学气相沉积法制备成平均粒径为0.1-3微米的亚微米级金属粉末,该平均粒径为0.1-3微米的金属粉末通过造粒团聚成平均粒径10-50微米3D打印机用的金属粉末;所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末为金属单质粉或合金粉。
2.根据权利要求1所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末,其特征在于:所述的亚微米级金属粉末的平均粒径为0.5-2微米;所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末其平均粒径为20-30微米。
3.一种3D打印机用的金属粉末的制备方法,其特征在于:具体制备步骤包括:
(1)先采用物理气相沉积法或化学气相沉积法制备出亚微米级金属粉末,所得的亚微米级金属粉末的平均粒径为0.1-3微米;
(2)将步骤(1)所得的平均粒径为0.1-3微米的亚微米级金属粉末与液体混合、配制成金属粉浆料;上述金属粉浆料的亚微米级金属粉末与液体的重量比为0.25-2.0:1;
(3)在步骤(2)所得的金属粉浆料中加入亚微米级金属粉末重量0.1-10%的有机粘合剂,搅拌混合均匀;
(4)将步骤(3)搅拌混合均匀的浆料通过离心喷雾造粒机或压力喷雾造粒机制备成球形状的、平均粒径为10-50微米的3D打印用的金属粉末。
4.根据权利要求3所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(1)所述的亚微米级金属粉末的平均粒径为0.5-2微米。
5.根据权利要求4所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末其平均粒径为20-30微米。
6.根据权利要求3所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末的制备方法,其特征在于:所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末为钛、镍或铜粉,或者是镍基合金粉、钛基合金粉、铝基合金粉或铁基合金粉。
7.根据权利要求3所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(2)中所述的液体为水、乙醇、异丙醇或甲醇。
8.根据权利要求3所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(3)中所述的有机粘合剂为聚乙烯醇、乙基纤维素或者金属矿粉造粒粘合剂。
9.根据权利要求3所述的3D打印机用的金属粉末的制备方法,其特征在于:步骤(4)所述的离心喷雾造粒机的转速控制在10000-40000转/分;压力喷雾造粒机的压力为6-30kg/cm2;上述压力喷雾造粒机或离心喷雾造粒机其他操作参数控制在:干燥空气的进口温度为200-350℃和出口温度为80-150℃;干燥空气的流量为100-300Nm3/h;金属粉浆料在压力喷雾造粒机或离心喷雾造粒机的进料速度为5-20kg/h。
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