CN100388686C - Protection of transmission network - Google Patents
Protection of transmission network Download PDFInfo
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- CN100388686C CN100388686C CNB2005100681418A CN200510068141A CN100388686C CN 100388686 C CN100388686 C CN 100388686C CN B2005100681418 A CNB2005100681418 A CN B2005100681418A CN 200510068141 A CN200510068141 A CN 200510068141A CN 100388686 C CN100388686 C CN 100388686C
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Abstract
The present invention discloses a protection method for a transmission network, which comprises the following steps: the configuration information of a protection system in the transmission network is preserved, and the configuration information comprises a protection channel of the protection system; service failure which can not be restored by a single protection system occurs in the transmission network; the protection channel in the protection system, which is in a free state, is determined; when a plurality of free protection channels of the protection system can form protection paths which can restore the service failure, the protection paths are used for restoring service transmission. By restoring the service failure by the protection paths which are formed from a plurality of protection channels of the protection system, the present invention can effectively use redundancy resources in the transmission network, and can provide good protection for the transmission service in the network.
Description
Technical field
The present invention relates to transmission network, relate in particular to a kind of guard method of transmission network.
Background technology
Along with the whole world to the striding forward of informationized society, in order to satisfy growing bandwidth demand, particularly Yu Qi Internet (the Internet) great development is to the requirement of the network bandwidth, must employ new technology, the network configuration of development of new.Transmission network becomes the developing direction of next generation network.Along with the continuous variation of user and Network, require transmission network to provide economical, circuit and business service rapidly, and will guarantee that the operation layer signal has protective capability under unexpected situation for the user.
Transmission network comprises SDH (synchronous digital transmission system) and OTN (optical transport network).In SDH, the protected mode of employing comprises SPRing (protection rings), 1+1 route protection, SNCP (SNCP) and 1:1 protection etc.; In OTN, the protected mode of employing has OMS-SPRing (optical multiplexing section sharing protective ring), ODU-SPRing (light data cell sharing protection ring), the SNCP (SNCP) of ODU (light data cell), the 1:1 protection of ODU, the m:n protection of ODU etc.
In transmission network, dispose the network element and the service aisle between these network elements of certain protected mode and protect passage to form the protection system of using this protected mode.Wherein, service aisle is used for service data transmission under normal circumstances, and the protection passage is as the backup of service aisle, when service aisle breaks down; be transformed on the corresponding protection passage by switching the business of transmitting on the service aisle that to break down, realize protection business.
In the prior art; such protection system has certain fault recovery effect to the business of internal system; but independent mutually between each protection system, the cross matrix that a protection system can not be controlled in other protection systems switches, thereby can not utilize the protection passage of other protection systems.
Like this, following situation will appear: when having a plurality of protection system simultaneously, even the fault that takes place can be recovered with existing protection passage in the transmission network, but cause business to recover owing to the protection passage that will use belongs to different protection systems.And in actual networking, the situation of using a plurality of protection systems simultaneously is very general, thereby existing guard method can't provide comprehensive protection to business, has caused waste of network resources.
Summary of the invention
The technical problem to be solved in the present invention is that the protection passage can't be shared between protection system, and the business of transmitting in the network has the protection of can not get under the situation of redundant resource.
The guard method of transmission network of the present invention may further comprise the steps:
A) preserve the configuration information of all protection systems in the transmission network, comprise the protection passage of protection system in the described configuration information;
B) traffic failure that single protection system can't be recovered appears in the transmission network;
C) determine the protection passage that is in idle condition in the protection system;
D) when the free time of a plurality of protection systems protection passage can form the protection path that can recover described traffic failure, utilize described protection path to recover professional transmission.
Preferably, comprise between described step a) and the step b): be the every business setting protection priority in the transmission network.
Preferably, comprise between described step b) and the step c):
Bc) select to have the business that breaks down of the highest protection priority as traffic failure current to be recovered.
Preferably, comprise after the described step d):
E) judge whether the traffic failure that still has undressed single protection system to recover,, change step bc) if having; If do not have, this service protection finishes.
Preferably, the described configuration information of step a) also comprises the overhead value of each protection passage in the described protection system, the degree that expends when described overhead value is represented business by this protection passage.
Preferably, the professional transmission of the described utilization protection of step d) path recovery is specially:
D1) judge whether described protection path surpasses 1, if, execution in step d2; If not, utilize this protection path to recover professional transmission;
D2) will form the overhead value addition of protection passage in the protection system in every described protection path, as the weights in this protection path;
D3) select the professional minimum protection path of degree of expending to recover professional transmission according to weights.
Preferably, the overhead value of described protection passage is set by the user.
Preferably, when the free time of a plurality of protection systems protection passage can not form the protection path that can recover described traffic failure, then further comprise:
De1) judge whether the protection passage and the idle passage of protecting that take than the business of hanging down protection priority in a plurality of protection systems can form the protection path that can recover described traffic failure, if having, execution in step de2); If do not have, described traffic failure can not recover, and this service protection finishes; The business of described low protection priority is that protection priority is lower than current other business of waiting to recover business in the transmission network;
De2) with steps d e1) in the protection path that forms recover the current business fault and continue step e).
Preferably, comprise between described step a) and the step b): when occurring the traffic failure that single protection system can recover in the transmission network, recover described traffic failure by described single protection system.
Preferably, described transmission network comprises optical transport network and synchronous digital transmission system;
In optical transport network, described protection system comprises the SNCP of optical multiplexing section sharing protective ring, light data cell sharing protection ring, light data cell, the 1:1 protection of light data cell and the m:n protection of light data cell;
In synchronous digital transmission system, described protection system comprises protection rings, 1+1 route protection, SNCP and 1:1 protection.
The present invention combines the configuration information of all protection systems in the whole network, when the traffic failure that single protection system can't recover occurring, forming the protection path by the protection passage that will adhere to a plurality of protection systems separately comes traffic failure is recovered, thereby the present invention can effectively utilize the redundant resource in the transmission network more, for the transport service in the network provides better protection;
The present invention can also can make the high business of protection priority be restored earlier when breaking down to every business setting protection priority;
Simultaneously, by the overhead value of protection passage in each protection system is set, when a job failure can be recovered in many protection paths, can select the protection path of expense minimum to recover professional.
Description of drawings
Figure 1 shows that the flow chart of the method for the invention;
Figure 2 shows that the preferred decomposition step of step S080 among Fig. 1;
Figure 3 shows that the network structure of the method for the invention application example one;
Figure 4 shows that the network structure of the method for the invention application example two;
Figure 5 shows that the network structure of the method for the invention application example three;
Figure 6 shows that the network structure of the method for the invention application example four.
Embodiment
Below in conjunction with Fig. 1, the flow process of described method preferred implementation of the present invention is described.
At step S010, preserve the configuration information of all protection systems in the transmission network, comprise the network element of protected mode and this protection system of composition of protection system.These configuration informations are stored in the existing transmission network management system.
The user can also be added to the overhead value of the protection path setting in each protection system in configuration information.The degree that expends when overhead value is represented this business by this protection passage for example can be determined overhead value according to the length of optical fiber, and the big more expense of length is big more.In the time can making up many protections of generation paths, can select the professional minimum protection path of degree of expending like this according to overhead value.Among the present invention, the path that can make the business recovery normal transmission that breaks down that the protection path is made up of the protection passage that belongs to a plurality of protection systems.
At step S020, be every business setting protection priority in the transmission network by the user.
Professional protection precedence information can transmit by more rich protocol overhead byte in the data cell of transmission network, also can use other the overhead byte of not using, and transmit as Ethernet etc. the physical channel that perhaps can transmit information by other.
At step S030, traffic failure appears in transmission network.
At step S040, judge whether the traffic failure that occurs can independently be recovered by certain protection system, if can, then change step S050; If can not, change step S060.
At step S050, recover this traffic failure by described single protection system, this moment protection taking place in this protection system switches, the business that breaks down is restored, this service protection finishes.
At step S060, in undressed traffic failure, select to have the traffic failure of the highest protection priority as traffic failure current to be recovered.May have traffic failure that a plurality of single protection systems can't recover etc. pending at synchronization in the transmission network, should recover it successively this moment by the protection priority of business.If current have only a undressed traffic failure, then this traffic failure has the highest protection priority certainly, promptly with it as traffic failure current to be recovered.
At step S070, the position that in transmission network, takes place according to fault and the configuration information of each protection system, can protection passage that search the current free time of adhering to different protection systems separately form the protection path that can recover fault, if can not, change step S090; If energy, then execution in step S080.
In the management system of existing transmission network, each service aisle and the related service warning information of protection passage and the interconnection situation of each protection system are arranged.By analyzing the interconnection situation of above-mentioned service alarm information and protection system, can access current which protection passage and be in idle condition.After having determined to be in the protection passage of idle condition in the protection system, the free time protection combination of channels that reattempts a plurality of protection systems generates the protection path that can recover traffic failure.
Identical with protection precedence information professional among the step S020; the interconnection situation of above-mentioned service alarm information and protection system can transmit by more rich protocol overhead byte in the data cell of transmission network; also can use other the overhead byte of not using; perhaps can transmit the physical channel of information, transmit as Ethernet etc. by other.
At step S080, recover professional transmission with the protection path, the current business fault is restored, and this service protection finishes.
At step S090, whether search has service protection priority to be lower than currently to wait to recover professional business and break down and the cross matrix switching has taken place, if have then judge that can the protection passage of the protection system that these are switched and idle protection passage form the protection path that can recover the current business fault, if could execution in step S100; If can not, then current traffic failure can't recover, and this service protection finishes.
At step S100, recover the current business fault with protection passage and idle protection passage formation protection path that the business of hanging down protection priority takies.At this moment, originally use the low protection priority service of the protection passage that forms this protection path to interrupt.
At step S110, judge whether to still have undressed traffic failure, if having, change step S060; If do not have, then this service protection finishes.
Step S020, S060, S090, S100 and S110 are optional steps, and when the multinomial business of transmission in the transmission network, the user can set professional protection priority according to the degrees of tolerance that every business is interrupted transmission, the high traffic failure of elder generation's protection priority.
If in step S010 the user to the protection path setting in each protection system overhead value, then step S080 can expand to following steps accordingly, sees also Fig. 2:
At step S081, whether the protection path that finds among the determining step S070 surpasses 1, if, execution in step S083; If not, execution in step S082 recovers the current business fault with this protection path.
At step S083, calculate the weights in every protection path respectively, computational methods are to form the overhead value addition of each protection passage in this protection path.
At step S084, select a protection path to recover the current business fault according to weights.Corresponding to the setting means of user, select business to expend minimum protection path and carry out fault recovery protection path overhead value.
Like this, the user can protect the selection in path according to actual networking situation, to reduce the expense of whole network system as much as possible.
In SDH network and OTN network, various protection systems can be used in the present invention.As the protection rings in the SDH network, 1+1 route protection, SNCP and 1:1 protection etc., the m:n protection of the 1:1 of the SNCP of the optical multiplexing section sharing protective ring in the OTN network, light data cell sharing protection ring, light data cell, light data cell protection for another example, light data cell etc.
Below be example with the simple OTN network that forms by 4 network element A, B, C and D, applicable cases of the present invention is described.
Figure 3 shows that the network structure of application example one of the present invention.Among Fig. 3, the user has disposed two light data cell sharing protection rings: comprise the ODU-SPRing-1 of network element A, network element D and network element B and comprise the ODU-SPRing-2 of network element C, network element D and network element B.
To ODU-SPRing-1, its service aisle is followed successively by in the direction of the clock: ODU-W-DB1, ODU-W-BC and ODU-W-CD; Its protection passage is by counterclockwise being followed successively by: ODU-P-DC, ODU-P-CB and ODU-P-BD1; There is service channel a: S-DB1 between network element D and the network element B.
To ODU-SPRing-2, its service aisle is followed successively by in the direction of the clock: ODU-W-DA, ODU-W-AB and ODU-W-BD; Its protection passage is by counterclockwise being followed successively by: ODU-P-DB2, ODU-P-BA and ODU-P-AD.There is service channel a: S-DB2 between network element D and the network element B.
In configuration, the user can set the overhead value of each protection passage.For example: the overhead value of ODU-P-DC, ODU-P-CB and ODU-P-BD1 is made as 20,20 and 20 respectively; With ODU-P-DB2, ODU-P-BA and ODU-P-AD overhead value be made as 30,30 and 30 respectively.
When the traffic failure that ODU-SPRing-1 or ODU-SPRing-2 protection system can recover took place, two ODU-SPRing protection systems utilized overhead byte and ripe protection agreement among the ODU to carry out service failure recovery, are not repeated herein.
Supposed in ODU-SPRing-1, to take place between network element D and the network element B, service aisle and protection passage between network element D and the network element C all lost efficacy.Be equivalent to concerning ODU-SPRing-1, node D lost efficacy, and the professional S-DB1 between network element B and the network element D can't protect by single protection system.
Traffic failure that single protection system can't protect in OTN network occurred according to the alarm of network management system this moment, begins to search the protection path; By the warning information of management system and the interconnection situation of protection system are analyzed the current following protection passage free time of discovery: ODU-P-DB2, ODU-P-DA and ODU-P-AB; Hence one can see that exists ODU-P-DB2, and two protections of ODU-P-DA+ODU-P-AB path can be recovered professional S-DB1.
Calculate the weights in two protection paths afterwards, protect the overhead value of passage to obtain by each bar that the user has been provided with: the weights of protection path ODU-P-DB2 are 30.The weights of protection path ODU-P-DA+ODU-P-AB are the overhead value additions of two protection passages, and promptly 30 to add 30 be 60.If it is low that the user expends degree with less expense value representative business, then select the little protection path ODU-P-DB2 of weights; If it is low that the user expends degree with bigger overhead value representative business, then select the bigger protection path ODU-P-DA+ODU-P-AB of weights.
After having selected the protection path, network element D and network element B carry out cross matrix according to instruction and switch, and recover normal transmission thereby professional S-DB1 is switched on the selected protection path.
Figure 4 shows that the network structure of application example two of the present invention.The user has disposed two light data cell sharing protection rings: comprise the ODU-SPRing-1 of network element A, network element D and network element B and comprise the ODU-SPRing-2 of network element C, network element D and network element B, and disposed the m:n protection of ODU between network element A and network element B.
In the OTN of Fig. 4 network, transmitting from network element A through the professional S-ADC of network element D to network element C.When service aisle between network element A among the ODU-SPRing-2 and the network element D, between network element A and the network element B and protection passage all lost efficacy, be equivalent to network element A node failure in ODU-SPRing-2,3 protection systems of configuration can't independently be recovered this fault.
After using guard method of the present invention; if the m:n protection system between network element A and the network element B has idle protection passage; idle protection passage ODU-P-CB is arranged between network element B and the network element C among the ODU-SPRing-1; these two idle protection passages can form the protection path; then network element A, network element B and network element C carry out the cross matrix switching after receiving instruction, and professional S-ADC is protected.
Figure 5 shows that the network structure of application example three of the present invention, the professional A-D-C between network element A and the network element C has 1+1 SNCP protection.According to the characteristic of 1+1 SNCP dual transmitting and receiving, on the protection passage, will duplicate the professional A-B-C that generates a backup.When service aisle broke down, network element C will switch, and was switched to A-B-C and received business, and business is protected.Under switch status, if the passage SNCP-AB of professional process breaks down, then the business between network element A and the network element C can't be protected by single protection system.
After using the method for the invention; whether the m:n protection system that detects this moment between network element A and the network element B has idle protection passage; if have; network element A and network element B will switch according to instruction; business is switched to free time protection passage available in the current m:n protection system; backup traffic A-B-C can be protected,, the business between network element A and the network element C can be protected even like this under the situation that 1+1 SNCP protection system lost efficacy.
Figure 6 shows that the network structure of application example four of the present invention, the professional A-D-C between network element A and the network element C has 1+1 SNCP protection.Select the characteristic of receipts according to 1+1 SNCP both sides, on the protection passage, will duplicate the professional A-B-C that generates a backup.The user has also disposed protection system ODU-SPRing-2 simultaneously, comprises network element A, network element D and network element B.
On protection passage ODU-P-BA, extra traffic S-E-AB is arranged, do not have extra traffic on two other protection passage ODU-P-DB2 and the ODU-P-AD.
In 1+1 SNCP protection system, when service aisle breaks down, network element C will switch, and is switched to A-B-C and receives professional.Under switch status, if the passage SNCP-AB of professional process breaks down, then the business between network element A and the network element C can't be protected by single protection system.
If do not have extra traffic on the protection passage of ODU-SPRing-2; there is idle protection passage ODU-P-BA among the ODU-SPRing-2; this moment, network element A and network element B will switch; business is switched to ODU-P-BA; backup traffic A-B-C can be protected; under the situation that 1+1 SNCP protection system lost efficacy, the business between network element A and the network element C is protected like this.
Protect passage ODU-P-BA that extra traffic S-E-AB is arranged in this example, but do not have extra traffic on two other protection passage ODU-P-DB2 and the ODU-P-AD.After in finding ODU-SPRing-2, having idle protection passage ODU-P-DB2 and ODU-P-AD; use ODU-P-DB2 and ODU-P-AD and form the protection path; backup traffic A-B-C can be protected; like this under the situation that 1+1 SNCP protection system lost efficacy; not only protect the business between network element A and the network element C, and do not influenced the extra traffic S-E-AB among the ODU-SPRing-2 simultaneously.
Protected business all can be set protection priority neatly in above-mentioned four application examples, and the OTN network will select whether carry out the switching of cross matrix according to protection priority.For example the protection priority that the user sets all business in the ODU-SPRing-2 in using example one is higher than S-DB1; under the situation that application example one is switched; if the ODU-SPRing-2 service aisle breaks down; when fault recovery, need use ODU-P-DB2; then can seize ODU-P-DB2, professional S-DB1 is interrupted.
In using example two; for the protection of m:n except can in the m:n protection system, setting professional protection priority; also can set in S-ADC protection system and the m:n protection system professional protection priority, and professional protection priority in the ODU-SPRing-1 protection system.The OTN network will under the situation of protection channel resource, be protected the high business of protection priority in making full use of network according to user configured protection priority as much as possible.
On the basis of the existing protected mode of present transmission network; the present invention supports other flexible networking of NE-level; can make full use of simultaneously the protection passage in the network; all protection passages can be shared between each protection system; according to the actual conditions of network, the business in the network is protected greatly.Can set priority to protected business simultaneously, the high business of priority preferentially is protected.The protection passage can be set overhead value, when many optional protection paths, selects only protection path to carry out fault recovery.
Above-described embodiment of the present invention does not constitute the qualification to protection range of the present invention.Any any modification of being done within the spirit and principles in the present invention, be equal to and replace and improvement etc., all should be included within the claim protection range of the present invention.
Claims (10)
1. the guard method of a transmission network is characterized in that, may further comprise the steps:
A) preserve the configuration information of all protection systems in the transmission network, comprise the protection passage of protection system in the described configuration information;
B) traffic failure that single protection system can't be recovered appears in the transmission network;
C) determine the protection passage that is in idle condition in the protection system;
D) when the free time of a plurality of protection systems protection passage can form the protection path that can recover described traffic failure, utilize described protection path to recover professional transmission.
2. according to the guard method of the described transmission network of claim 1, it is characterized in that, comprise between described step a) and the step b): be the every business setting protection priority in the transmission network.
3. according to the guard method of the described transmission network of claim 2, it is characterized in that, comprise between described step b) and the step c):
Bc) select to have the business that breaks down of the highest protection priority as traffic failure current to be recovered.
4. according to the guard method of the described transmission network of claim 3, it is characterized in that, comprise after the described step d):
E) judge whether the traffic failure that still has undressed single protection system to recover,, change step bc) if having; If do not have, this service protection finishes.
5. according to the guard method of any described transmission network of claim 1 to 4; it is characterized in that: the described configuration information of step a) also comprises the overhead value of each protection passage in the described protection system, the degree that expends when described overhead value is represented business by this protection passage.
6. according to the guard method of the described transmission network of claim 5, it is characterized in that the described utilization protection of step d) path is recovered professional transmission and is specially:
D1) judge whether described protection path surpasses 1, if, execution in step d2; If not, utilize this protection path to recover professional transmission;
D2) will form the overhead value addition of protection passage in the protection system in every described protection path, as the weights in this protection path;
D3) select the professional minimum protection path of degree of expending to recover professional transmission according to weights.
7. according to the guard method of the described transmission network of claim 6, it is characterized in that: the overhead value of described protection passage is set by the user.
8. according to the guard method of the described transmission network of claim 4, it is characterized in that, when the free time of a plurality of protection systems protection passage can not form the protection path that can recover described traffic failure, then further comprise: judge de1) whether the protection passage and the idle passage of protecting that take than the business of hanging down protection priority in a plurality of protection systems can form the protection path that can recover described traffic failure, if have, execution in step de2); If do not have, described traffic failure can not recover, and this service protection finishes; The business of described low protection priority is that protection priority is lower than current other business of waiting to recover business in the transmission network;
De2) with steps d e1) in the protection path that forms recover the current business fault and continue step e).
9. according to the guard method of the described transmission network of claim 1; it is characterized in that; comprise between described step a) and the step b): when occurring the traffic failure that single protection system can recover in the transmission network, recover described traffic failure by described single protection system.
10. according to the guard method of the described transmission network of claim 9, it is characterized in that: described transmission network comprises optical transport network and synchronous digital transmission system;
In optical transport network, described protection system comprises the SNCP of optical multiplexing section sharing protective ring, light data cell sharing protection ring, light data cell, the 1:1 protection of light data cell and the m:n protection of light data cell;
In synchronous digital transmission system, described protection system comprises protection rings, 1+1 route protection, SNCP and 1:1 protection.
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2005100681418A CN100388686C (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2005-04-27 | Protection of transmission network |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CNB2005100681418A CN100388686C (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2005-04-27 | Protection of transmission network |
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| CN1855845A CN1855845A (en) | 2006-11-01 |
| CN100388686C true CN100388686C (en) | 2008-05-14 |
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| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
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| CNB2005100681418A Expired - Fee Related CN100388686C (en) | 2005-04-27 | 2005-04-27 | Protection of transmission network |
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Families Citing this family (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| CN105763244A (en) * | 2014-12-16 | 2016-07-13 | 中兴通讯股份有限公司 | Business processing method and device |
| CN112804092A (en) * | 2020-12-31 | 2021-05-14 | 中国电力科学研究院有限公司 | Modeling and simulation method and system for OTN optical transmission network for power communication |
Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2000060772A1 (en) * | 1999-04-01 | 2000-10-12 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Network switch for failure restoration |
| CN1412968A (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2003-04-23 | 阿尔卡塔尔公司 | Notifying type dynamic path protection for optical network |
| CN1444361A (en) * | 2002-03-08 | 2003-09-24 | 阿尔卡塔尔公司 | Fault recovery method, communication network, network unit and communication interface module |
| CN1484896A (en) * | 2001-01-04 | 2004-03-24 | ��˹��ŵ�� | Maintaining quality of packet traffic in optical network when fuilure of optical link occurs |
| US20050058064A1 (en) * | 2003-09-16 | 2005-03-17 | Nortel Networks Limited | Method and apparatus for providing grades of service for unprotected traffic in an optical network |
-
2005
- 2005-04-27 CN CNB2005100681418A patent/CN100388686C/en not_active Expired - Fee Related
Patent Citations (5)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2000060772A1 (en) * | 1999-04-01 | 2000-10-12 | The Trustees Of Columbia University In The City Of New York | Network switch for failure restoration |
| CN1484896A (en) * | 2001-01-04 | 2004-03-24 | ��˹��ŵ�� | Maintaining quality of packet traffic in optical network when fuilure of optical link occurs |
| CN1412968A (en) * | 2001-10-10 | 2003-04-23 | 阿尔卡塔尔公司 | Notifying type dynamic path protection for optical network |
| CN1444361A (en) * | 2002-03-08 | 2003-09-24 | 阿尔卡塔尔公司 | Fault recovery method, communication network, network unit and communication interface module |
| US20050058064A1 (en) * | 2003-09-16 | 2005-03-17 | Nortel Networks Limited | Method and apparatus for providing grades of service for unprotected traffic in an optical network |
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| CN1855845A (en) | 2006-11-01 |
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