CN108003939B

CN108003939B - System and method for converting biomass raw material into jet fuel component

Info

Publication number: CN108003939B
Application number: CN201610969221.9A
Authority: CN
Inventors: 徐润; 牛传峰; 胡志海; 夏国富; 侯朝鹏; 田鹏程; 孙霞
Original assignee: Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing; China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
Current assignee: Sinopec Research Institute of Petroleum Processing; China Petroleum and Chemical Corp
Priority date: 2016-10-28
Filing date: 2016-10-28
Publication date: 2020-11-13
Anticipated expiration: 2036-10-28
Also published as: CN108003939A

Abstract

A system and method for converting biomass feedstock into jet fuel components includes a biomass gasification unit, a syngas purification unit, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit, a hydrofining unit, and a hydroisomerization cracking unit. The system provided by the invention has the advantages of short process flow, high integration level, high energy efficiency, good economy and the like. By adopting the system and the method provided by the invention, the high-efficiency conversion and utilization of biomass can be realized.

Description

System and method for converting biomass raw material into jet fuel component

Technical Field

The present invention relates to a system and method for converting a biomass feedstock into jet fuel components.

Background

Biofuel as a new environment-friendly alternative fuel will be a better choice for reducing the dependence of fossil fuel and alleviating the problems of greenhouse gas emission and the like. Biomass can be converted by techniques such as biochemical conversion, pyrolysis, fischer-tropsch synthesis, and hydrodeoxygenation, with fischer-tropsch synthesis being a mature and economical route to the present day. The main process is that biomass is converted into synthetic gas containing hydrogen and carbon monoxide by a thermochemical process, and then hydrocarbon is generated by a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction, and the hydrocarbon can be deeply processed to obtain high-quality liquid fuel.

Chinese patent CN101845319B discloses a process for producing wax and fuel oil by using biomass as a raw material, which is characterized in that the biomass is gasified by an oxygen method, synthetic gas is used for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis after tar is reintegrated and purified, and Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is carried out by adopting a three-stage fixed bed reactor series connection mode, but the process is complex, the flow is long, more equipment is needed, and the investment is large. Chinese patent CN102703107B discloses a method for producing liquid hydrocarbon by biomass, which is characterized in that synthesis gas obtained by biomass gasification is mixed with hydrogen, Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is carried out after dehydration and decarburization, most of tail gas is circulated, a small amount of tail gas is used for combustion power generation, in the method, the mixing ratio of the hydrogen and the synthesis gas is 1.1-1.7, a large hydrogen production device needs to be matched, and the circulation energy consumption of a large amount of tail gas is high.

Optimization of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction mass transfer and heat transfer processes is always the key content of research. Although fixed bed and slurry bed reactor fischer-tropsch synthesis techniques have been used commercially, mass and heat transfer processes still suffer from a variety of problems. The microchannel reactor technology provides a new technical platform for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, can realize the reaction of a high-performance Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst under an isothermal condition, overcomes the defects of poor heat transfer of a fixed bed reactor and incapability of applying a small-granularity catalyst, and also solves the problems of liquid phase mass transfer resistance and catalyst and product separation of a slurry bed reactor, so that the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis technology of a microreactor is paid much attention in recent years. Chinese patent CN103418321B discloses a stacked microchannel reactor, which comprises an upper cover plate, a first reaction plate, a second reaction plate, and a lower cover plate, wherein the two reaction plates are stacked alternately, and can be provided with multiple groups as required, and the reactor adopts a design of one inlet and two outlets, and has the characteristics of high reaction uniformity, high reaction efficiency, and small fluid pressure loss. However, the distribution of the fluid, particularly the distribution of the fluid among the plurality of reaction plates, is not considered, and the bias flow of the fluid is likely to occur. Chinese patent CN101460395B discloses a microchannel reactor system having a first channel plate assembly in which an exothermic reaction is carried out and a second channel plate assembly for heat exchange, which is applied to a water gas shift reaction, and which can effectively dissipate heat generated during the reaction, improving catalyst life and conversion rate. Chinese patent CN100529020C discloses a micro-channel reactor for Fischer-Tropsch synthesis, which is composed of a processing micro-channel with the height or width of 10mm and a heat exchange channel, and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis occurs in the processing micro-channel containing a catalystReaction of H₂And CO to hydrocarbons, wherein the process microchannels and heat exchange channels form a heat exchange zone, heat from the reaction is absorbed in the heat exchange zone by a medium in the heat exchange channels, and catalyst is supported on the fin structures in the process microchannels.

The product obtained by Fischer-Tropsch synthesis is mainly straight-chain alkane, has the advantages of no components such as sulfur, nitrogen, aromatic hydrocarbon and the like, but has certain limitations, such as small amount of olefin and oxygen-containing compound, poor low-temperature flow property and high solidification point, so the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis product can obtain the liquid fuel or fuel blending component meeting the use specification only by corresponding hydrogenation upgrading process. Chinese patent CN104711019A discloses a system and a method for producing diesel oil and jet fuel by using Fischer-Tropsch synthetic oil, the method comprises the steps of firstly carrying out hydrofining on the synthetic oil, feeding the cut diesel oil into a hydroisomerization reactor, feeding tail oil into a hydrocracking reactor, and obtaining aviation kerosene and diesel oil from a fractionating tower. Chinese patent CN101928599B discloses a method for producing jet fuel and jet fuel blending components, which mixes Fischer-Tropsch synthetic oil with coal direct liquefied oil to obtain jet fuel and diesel oil through hydrofining and hydrocracking. The United states patent US5378348 discloses a method for producing middle distillate oil by taking Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products as raw materials and adopting hydrocracking and hydroisomerization processes, the method is characterized in that the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction products are divided into naphtha, light fraction and heavy fraction, the heavy fraction is subjected to hydrocracking reaction, and unconverted heavy fraction is recycled to a hydrocracking reactor to be continuously cracked. The light fraction and the light component obtained by the hydrocracking reaction are mixed and then are subjected to hydrotreating to mainly generate olefin saturation reaction and hydrodeoxygenation reaction, and then the kerosene is subjected to hydroisomerization. The method can increase the yield of distillate oil of kerosene and diesel oil. However, this method adds many process equipments, such as isomerization and pour point depression, which makes the process complicated, and the water produced in the hydrofining process directly enters into the isomerization and pour point depression reactor, which affects the performance of the catalyst, and the yield of middle distillate is not high.

Disclosure of Invention

It is an object of the present invention to provide a system and associated method of use for converting biomass to jet fuel components based on the prior art.

The system provided by the invention comprises a biomass gasification unit, a synthesis gas purification unit, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit, a hydrofining unit and a hydroisomerization cracking unit, wherein:

(1) a gasification furnace is arranged in the biomass gasification unit, the gasification furnace is provided with a biomass raw material inlet and a crude synthesis gas extraction line, the crude synthesis gas extraction line is connected with the synthesis gas purification unit inlet, and the synthesis gas purification unit outlet is connected with the purified synthesis gas extraction line;

(2) a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor with a three-dimensional channel structure is arranged in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit, a purified synthesis gas extraction line is connected with an inlet of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst is arranged in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, a reaction product extraction line of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor is connected with an inlet of a separation unit I, and the separation unit I is provided with a heavy hydrocarbon extraction line and a light hydrocarbon extraction line;

(3) a hydrofining reactor is arranged in the hydrofining unit, a light hydrocarbon extraction line and a heavy hydrocarbon extraction line are connected and then connected with an inlet of the hydrofining reactor, a hydrofining catalyst is arranged in the hydrofining reactor, a reaction product extraction line of the hydrofining reactor is connected with an inlet of a separation unit II, and the separation unit II is provided with a naphtha extraction line and a diesel oil upper fraction extraction line;

(4) the hydrocracking unit is internally provided with a hydroisomerization cracking reactor, a heavy hydrocarbon extraction line and a diesel oil above fraction extraction line are connected with an inlet of the hydroisomerization cracking reactor, a hydroisomerization cracking catalyst is arranged in the hydroisomerization cracking reactor, a reaction product extraction line of the hydroisomerization cracking reactor is connected with a separation unit III, the separation unit III is provided with a naphtha extraction line, a kerosene fraction extraction line and a tail oil extraction line, and the tail oil extraction line is connected with the inlet of the hydroisomerization cracking reactor.

The gasifier of the biomass gasification unit may take the form of any gasifier, such as a fixed bed gasifier or a fluidized bed gasifier. Air is used as a gasifying agent in the gasifying process, and preferably an air-steam gasifying agent is used.

The syngas purification unit may employ conventional purification formats and purification equipment.

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor with the three-dimensional channel structure is arranged in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit and comprises a reaction channel, a fluid inlet distribution cavity and a fluid outlet collection cavity, the reaction channel is a linear channel, the fluid channel is a nonlinear channel, n parallel reaction channels form a single reaction channel layer, m parallel fluid channels form a single fluid channel layer, x reaction channel layers and y fluid channel layers form an interlaced three-dimensional channel structure, wherein n is 5-10000, m is 5-10000, x is 1-10000, y is 2-10000, the inlet of the fluid channel is connected with the fluid inlet distribution cavity, the outlet of the fluid channel is connected with the fluid outlet collection cavity, in the reactor with the three-dimensional channel structure, the sum of all channel areas in a unit volume is 500 m.²/m³-10000m²/m³。

In the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor with the three-dimensional channel structure, the sum of all channel areas in a unit volume is preferably 500m²/m³-5000m²/m³。

The minimum side length of the reaction channel is 10-1000 microns, preferably 100-800 microns. In the present invention, the minimum side length refers to the smallest height or width on a single channel cross section.

In the invention, the straight-line type channel refers to that the side line of the channel is straight along the flowing direction of the reaction medium, and the straight-line type channel is convenient for the inlet and outlet of reaction materials and the filling of the catalyst.

The fluid channel is in a nonlinear shape design for enhancing heat transfer. In the present invention, the enhanced heat transfer refers to a case where the heat transfer efficiency is improved by changing the flow cross-sectional shape or the flow direction of the fluid passage. The non-linear shape refers to the shape of a fluid channel along the flowing direction of fluid, such as a broken line shape, a wave shape, an axisymmetric curved surface shape and the like. In the invention, the disturbance of the fluid is enhanced through the change of the flow area and the trend of the fluid channel, thereby enhancing the heat exchange. The fluids in the different fluid channels may flow in either a co-current or counter-current direction.

The fluid channel is adjacent to the reaction channel to effect heat exchange with the reaction channel. The vertical distance between the central axes of the adjacent reaction channels and the fluid channel is 10-10000 microns, preferably 100-8000 microns.

The minimum side length of the fluid channel is 10-1000 microns, preferably 100-800 microns.

For good heat transfer, the ratio of the total fluid passage area to the total reaction passage area in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor is in the range of from 0.5 to 3.0, preferably from 1.0 to 2.0.

The reaction channel layer and the fluid channel layer constitute an interlaced three-dimensional channel structure, wherein in a preferred embodiment, the central axes of the reaction channels and the central axes of the fluid channels are arranged in a cross manner on a projection plane.

In one embodiment of the invention, the reaction channel is filled with a catalyst, and the particle size of the catalyst is 1/10-1/2 of the minimum side length of the reaction channel.

In the present invention, the catalyst particle diameter means the maximum value of the distance between any two points on the cross section of the catalyst.

In one embodiment of the invention, the reaction channels are coated with catalyst in a thickness of 1/10-1/2 of the smallest side length of the reaction channel.

The reactor with the three-dimensional channel structure is made of steel, titanium, alloy, copper or glass.

The three-dimensional channel structure is formed by stacking planar structures, for example, plate-type structures are packaged together by adopting diffusion welding or brazing; or cast using 3D manufacturing techniques.

The fischer-tropsch reactor may be fabricated by any known technique, for example by machining, laser machining, electrochemical machining, etching, etc. to form channels and holes in the substrate sheet, and assembling the substrate sheets by diffusion welding, laser welding, brazing and the like.

In the invention, the reaction channel is linear, and the catalyst can be conveniently loaded and removed. The fluid channels may heat or cool the catalyst channels with the fluid inside. The fluid channel has better fluid distribution and enhanced heat transfer design. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor has the characteristics of simple design, easy processing and modular structure.

The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor is internally provided with an iron-based, cobalt-based and ruthenium-based Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst.

A hydrofining reactor is arranged in the hydrofining unit, and a hydrofining catalyst is arranged in the hydrofining reactor. The hydrofining catalyst is a metal-supported catalyst, the carrier is amorphous alumina, and the metal components are at least one VIB group metal or/and at least one VIII group metal, wherein the VIB group metal is Mo or/and W, and the VIII group metal is Co or/and Ni. Based on the hydrofining catalyst, the content of the VIB group metal is 5-40 wt% and the content of the VIII group metal is 1-8 wt% calculated by oxides.

The hydrocracking unit is internally provided with a hydroisomerization cracking reactor, the hydroisomerization cracking reactor is internally provided with a hydroisomerization cracking catalyst, the hydroisomerization cracking catalyst is an alumina-loaded noble metal catalyst or non-noble metal catalyst containing amorphous silicon-aluminum or molecular sieve, the metal components of the non-noble metal catalyst are VIB or/and VIII group non-noble metals, wherein the VIB group metal is Mo or/and W, the VIII group metal is Co or/and Ni metal, and the noble metal catalyst metal components are one or more of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Os, Ir, Ag and Au.

The invention provides an application method of the system, which comprises the following steps:

(1) the method comprises the following steps that biomass raw materials are subjected to gasification reaction in a gasification furnace of a biomass gasification unit to obtain gas rich in synthetic gas, and the gas rich in the synthetic gas is purified in a synthetic gas purification unit to obtain purified synthetic gas;

(2) the purified synthesis gas enters a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor with a three-dimensional channel structure of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit, contacts with a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst to react, and reaction products are separated by a separation unit I to obtain heavy hydrocarbon and light hydrocarbon;

(3) mixing light hydrocarbon and hydrogen, feeding the mixture into a hydrofining reactor of a hydrofining unit, contacting with a hydrofining catalyst to perform hydrogenation saturation reaction and hydrodeoxygenation reaction, feeding reaction products into a separation unit II to separate, and separating naphtha and diesel oil fractions from the separation unit II;

(4) and (3) the heavy hydrocarbon and the diesel oil obtained by the separation unit II enter a hydroisomerization cracking reactor of a hydroisomerization cracking unit, a hydroisomerization cracking catalyst is contacted to react, a reaction product enters a separation unit III to be separated, naphtha, kerosene fraction and tail oil are separated, and the tail oil is recycled to the inlet of the hydroisomerization cracking reactor.

The biomass raw material is a byproduct of agriculture or forestry generated by the growth of any plants such as firewood, sawdust, wheat straw, corncobs, leaves, peanut shells and the like, or a natural product composed of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, inert ash and the like.

The reaction conditions in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor are as follows: the operation pressure is 1.0-5.0MPa, the reaction temperature is 150-₂The molar ratio of the/CO feed is 0.5-3.0. Preferred reaction conditions are: the operation pressure is 2.0-4.0MPa, the reaction temperature is 190-250 ℃, the volume ratio of the raw material of the synthesis gas to the catalyst is 10000-30000, and H is₂The molar ratio of the/CO feed is 1.0-2.5.

And a medium for heat exchange flows in the fluid channel of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor and is selected from one or more of heat conduction oil, water, steam, hydrogen and nitrogen.

And separating the reaction product of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor by a separation unit I to obtain heavy hydrocarbon and light hydrocarbon. The separation unit I is internally provided with a hot separator and a cold separator, the distillation range of the obtained heavy hydrocarbon is 50-700 ℃, and the distillation range of the light hydrocarbon is 30-300 ℃.

The light hydrocarbon enters a hydrofining reactor of a hydrofining unit and contacts with a hydrofining catalyst to react, the reaction product enters a separation unit II to be separated, and the separation unit II separates naphtha and diesel oil fractions. The dry point of the naphtha is less than 150 ℃, and the initial boiling point of the fraction above the diesel oil is more than 150 ℃.

The reaction conditions in the hydrofining reactor are as follows: hydrogen partial pressure of 2.0-15.0MPa, reaction temperature of 250-420 deg.c and volume space velocity of 0.5-10.0 hr^-1The hydrogen-oil volume ratio is 100-1000.

And (3) the heavy hydrocarbon and the diesel oil obtained by the separation unit II enter a hydroisomerization cracking reactor of a hydroisomerization cracking unit, a hydroisomerization cracking catalyst is contacted to react, a reaction product enters a separation unit III to be separated, naphtha, kerosene fraction and tail oil are separated, and the tail oil is recycled to the inlet of the hydroisomerization cracking reactor. The dry point of the naphtha is less than 150 ℃, and the distillation range of the kerosene fraction is 150-320 ℃.

The reaction conditions in the hydroisomerization cracking reactor are as follows: the hydrogen partial pressure is 2.0-15.0MPa, the reaction temperature is 300-450 ℃, the volume space velocity is 0.5-5.0h-1, and the hydrogen-oil volume ratio is 100-

Compared with the prior art, the invention has the following advantages:

(1) the air method biomass gasification unit is adopted, so that an air separation device is omitted, and the investment is saved; the high-performance Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit is adopted, so that the synthesis gas with high nitrogen content can be effectively converted into liquid hydrocarbon; the invention provides an integrated system of biomass gasification, micro-channel Fischer-Tropsch synthesis and intensive hydrogenation, which has the advantages of short process flow, high integration level, high energy efficiency and good economical efficiency.

(2) The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor comprises reaction channels and fluid channels which are vertically staggered, wherein the reaction channels are linear channels, the fluid channels are in a shape with better fluid distribution and enhanced heat transfer, and the fluid channels heat or cool the reaction channels through internal fluid. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor has the characteristics of simple design, easy processing and modular structure. The problems of difficult use of the solid catalyst, poor fluid distribution uniformity and large temperature gradient of the reactor of the existing micron channel reactor can be solved, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction is carried out in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, the inactivation and coking of the catalyst caused by local overheating can be avoided, and the reaction activity and the selectivity are obviously improved.

(3) According to the characteristics of Fischer-Tropsch synthesis products, the invention respectively hydrogenates and upgrades light hydrocarbon and heavy hydrocarbon, thereby not only solving the problem that the dilute hydrocarbon and oxygen-containing compound in the synthetic oil have influence on the hydrogenation isomerization cracking catalyst, but also greatly reducing the feeding amount of a hydrofining unit and reducing the volume of a hydrofining reactor and the dosage of the hydrofining catalyst. The system and method of the present invention facilitates maximizing the production of jet fuel components.

Drawings

FIG. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for converting a biomass feedstock into jet fuel components provided by the present invention.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor according to the present invention.

FIG. 3 is a schematic representation of the flow channels employed in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor of the present invention.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor according to the present invention.

FIG. 5 is a schematic diagram of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor of the prior art.

Detailed Description

The method according to the invention will be further described with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which, however, the invention is not limited in any way, and in which many conventional units and equipment, which are known to a person skilled in the art, have been omitted.

Fig. 1 is a schematic diagram of a system for converting a biomass raw material into jet fuel components according to the present invention, and as shown in fig. 1, the system according to the present invention includes a biomass gasification unit 1, a syngas purification unit 2, a fischer-tropsch synthesis reaction unit 3, a hydrofining unit 4, and a hydroisomerization cracking unit 5, a gasification furnace is disposed in the biomass gasification unit 1, the gasification furnace has a biomass raw material inlet and a crude synthesis gas extraction line, a biomass raw material feed line 7 is connected to the biomass raw material inlet of the gasification furnace, an air and steam feed line 8 is connected to the gasification furnace inlet, a crude synthesis gas extraction line 9 is connected to the syngas purification unit 2 inlet, and an outlet of the syngas purification unit 2 is connected to a purified syngas extraction line 10. A Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor with a three-dimensional channel structure is arranged in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit 3, a purified synthesis gas extraction line 10 is connected with an inlet of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst is arranged in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, a reaction product extraction line of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor is connected with an inlet of a separation unit I, and the separation unit I is provided with a tail gas extraction line 11, a light hydrocarbon extraction line 12 and a heavy hydrocarbon extraction line 13. A hydrofining reactor is arranged in the hydrofining unit 4, a light hydrocarbon extraction line 12 is connected with the inlet of the hydrofining reactor, a hydrofining catalyst is arranged in the hydrofining reactor, a reaction product extraction line 14 of the hydrofining reactor is connected with the inlet of a separation unit II 6, and the separation unit II 6 is provided with a naphtha extraction line 16 and a diesel oil upper fraction extraction line 15. The heavy hydrocarbon extraction line 13 and the diesel oil upper fraction extraction line 15 are connected with an inlet of the hydroisomerization cracking unit 5, a reaction product extraction line 18 of the hydroisomerization cracking unit is connected with an inlet of a separation unit III 17, the separation unit III 17 is provided with a naphtha extraction line 19, a kerosene fraction extraction line 20 and a tail oil extraction line 21, and the tail oil extraction line 21 is connected with an inlet of the hydroisomerization cracking unit 5.

FIG. 2 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor according to the present invention. The reactor has connections, valves, flanges, seals or seals to maintain the pressure in the reactor, and catalyst supports, etc., which are well known to those skilled in the art, and are omitted from the figure. As shown in fig. 2, the fischer-tropsch synthesis reactor comprises reaction channels 1, fluid channels 2, a fluid inlet distribution chamber 3, a fluid outlet collection chamber 4, fluid inlets 5, fluid outlets 6, reaction channel plates and a fluid channel plate assembly 7. The reaction channel 1 is a linear channel, the number of the channels, the size of the channels and the space between the channels can be calculated according to the reaction scale and the heat release, the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst is filled or coated in the reaction channel 1, and the outlet and the inlet of the reaction channel are provided with supporting pieces to prevent the catalyst from falling out or impurities from entering the channels. The fluid channel 2 is designed to be a nonlinear shape for enhancing heat transfer, and the flow cross section of the fluid channel 2 changes in a periodical scaling mode along the flow direction of the fluid. A plurality of parallel reaction channels 1 which are uniformly distributed form a single reaction channel layer, a plurality of parallel fluid channels 2 which are uniformly distributed form a single fluid channel layer, and the reaction channel layer and the fluid channel layer form a staggered three-dimensional channel structure. Fluid medium enters the fluid inlet distribution chamber 3 through the fluid inlet 5, then enters each fluid channel, is collected in the fluid outlet collection chamber 4, and is led out of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor through the fluid outlet 6. The transport of fluids and the temperature control need to be carried out with corresponding facilities, such as pumps, heat exchangers, filters, etc., which are well known to those skilled in the art and therefore not described in detail.

FIG. 3 is a schematic diagram of the fluid channels used in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor of the present invention, showing 3 types of fluid channels in a schematic view from above, which are respectively of a scaled type, a wavy type, and a broken line type.

FIG. 4 is a schematic diagram of one embodiment of a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor according to the present invention. Unlike fig. 1, the fluid channel 2 runs in a zigzag shape along the fluid flow direction.

Figure 5 is a schematic diagram of a fischer-tropsch synthesis reactor of the prior art comprising reaction channels 1, fluid channels 2, a fluid inlet distribution chamber 3, a fluid outlet collection chamber 4, fluid inlets 5, fluid outlets 6, reaction channel plates and a fluid channel plate assembly 7. The reaction channel 1 is a plurality of parallel linear channels, and the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst is filled or coated in the reaction channel 1. The fluid channels 2 are a plurality of parallel linear channels, fluid medium enters the fluid inlet distribution cavity 3 from the fluid inlet 5, then enters each fluid channel, is collected in the fluid outlet collection cavity 4, and then is led out of the reactor from the fluid outlet 6.

The process of the present invention is further illustrated below with reference to examples, but the invention is not limited thereto.

Example 1

Biomass feedstock was processed using the system shown in fig. 1. The biomass raw material is corncob. Crushing and drying corncobs, feeding the corncobs into a fluidized bed gasification furnace in the form of particles with the diameter of 15mm, and carrying out air-water treatmentThe steam feed equivalence ratio was 0.3, the reaction temperature was 950 ℃, the reaction pressure was 0.5MPa, and the composition of the obtained raw synthesis gas is shown in table 1. The crude synthesis gas passes through a purification unit to remove sulfur in the synthesis gas, and the removed tar is used as fuel oil for heat supply. And the purified synthesis gas enters a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit through pressurization. The reaction is carried out in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor according to the invention. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor is shown in figure 2. The reactor is processed by adopting a plate brazing method. Respectively processing a reaction channel laminate, a fluid channel laminate, an upper cover plate and a lower cover plate. The reaction channel is a linear channel, the length of which is 500mm, the width of which is 10mm, the depth of which is 1mm, and the left and right intervals are 5 mm. The fluid channel is 450mm long and 1mm deep and adopts a convergent-divergent shape, as shown in fig. 3, with a maximum width of 8mm and a minimum width of 5 mm. All the plates are welded together by high-temperature brazing, and the brazing filler metal is made of alloy Al-20Cu-10Si-2 Ni. Specific surface area of 1000m in unit volume of reactor²/m³The ratio of the flow channel area to the reaction channel area was 1.4. Reaction channel is filled with Co/Al₂O₃Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst. The preparation of the catalyst used was as follows: taking alumina powder, dropwise adding distilled water to the initial wetting, recording the volume of consumed water, and then calculating according to the cobalt content (calculated by oxide) of 27 weight percent to prepare the cobalt nitrate impregnation liquid. Then, the solution is used for dipping alumina to incipient wetness, standing is carried out for 8 hours, then drying is carried out for 4 hours at 120 ℃, roasting is carried out for 4 hours at 450 ℃ in a muffle furnace, and the particle size range of the obtained catalyst is 80-150 micrometers. 25g of catalyst powder were added to the straight channel. The catalyst needs to be pretreated with hydrogen at 400 ℃ before the reaction. Water is used as a liquid medium in the fluid channel, and the surface flow velocity is 0.7-1.0 m/s. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor is at 3.5MPa and the GHSV is 20000ml/g_{Catalyst and process for preparing same}The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction is carried out at 220 ℃, the product is analyzed by gas chromatography, and the conversion rate of CO, the selectivity of methane and C are calculated₅ ⁺Hydrocarbon selectivity.

The trade marks of the hydrorefining protective agent and the hydrorefining catalyst are RGF-1 and RTF-1 respectively. The upper part of the hydrofining reactor is filled with RGF-1 protective catalyst, and the lower part is filled with hydrofining catalyst. The light hydrocarbon enters a hydrofining reactor for reaction, and the hydrofining reactionThe conditions are as follows: the hydrogen partial pressure is 6.4MPa, the reaction temperature is 300 ℃, and the volume space velocity is 3.0h^-1Hydrogen to oil volume ratio 300.

The hydroisomerization cracking catalyst is sold under the trade name RCF-2. And the heavy hydrocarbon and the diesel oil above fraction obtained by the separation unit II enter a hydroisomerization cracking reactor of a hydroisomerization cracking unit together to contact with a hydroisomerization cracking catalyst for reaction, a reaction product enters a separation unit III for separation to obtain naphtha, kerosene fraction and tail oil, and the tail oil is recycled to the hydroisomerization cracking unit. The reaction conditions of the hydroisomerization cracking reactor are as follows: the hydrogen partial pressure is 6.4MPa, the reaction temperature is 375 ℃, and the volume space velocity is 1.6h^-1Hydrogen to oil volume ratio 800.

The properties of the products of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit and the properties of the obtained kerosene fraction are shown in tables 2 and 3.

With the system and method provided by the present invention, a 2.3 ton kerosene fraction was obtained per 10 ton of corncob (dry basis) and was the acceptable jet fuel component.

TABLE 1 composition of raw syngas from gasification of corncobs

Composition of	The volume content v%
		H₂	21.2
CO	19.5
		CO₂	11.5
N₂	45.6
		CH₄	1.5
C₂H₆	0.7

TABLE 2 Fischer-Tropsch Synthesis Unit Primary product data

CO conversion rate,%	92.1
		H₂Conversion rate%	93.4
CH₄Selectively, according to	8.8
		C₅ ⁺Selectively, according to	87.8
Ratio of light hydrocarbons to heavy hydrocarbons	1:2.5
		Light hydrocarbon properties
Density (20 ℃ C.), g/cm³	0.7211
		Oxygen content, mass%	0.8
Distillation range (ASTM D-86), deg.C
		IBP/10％	53/68
30％/50％	91/115
		90％/95％	234/289
Nature of heavy hydrocarbon
		Density (20 ℃ C.), g/cm³	0.8613
Oxygen content, mass%	0.2
		Distillation range (ASTM D-86), deg.C
IBP/10％	166/272
		30％/50％	376/434
90％/95％	554/637

TABLE 3 kerosene fraction Properties

Example 2

The reaction is carried out in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor of the invention, which is shown in FIG. 2. The Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor is processed by adopting a plate brazing method. Respectively processing a reaction channel laminate, a fluid channel laminate, an upper cover plate and a lower cover plate. The reaction channel is a linear channel, the length of which is 100mm, the width of which is 10mm, the depth of which is 1mm, and the left channel and the right channel are separated by 5 mm. The fluid channel is 60mm long and 1mm deep and adopts a convergent-divergent shape, as shown in fig. 2, with a maximum width of 8mm and a minimum width of 5 mm. 1 upper cover plate, 10 reaction channel layer plates, 11 fluid channel layer plates and 1 lower cover plate are welded together by high-temperature brazing, and the brazing filler metal is made of alloy Al-20Cu-10Si-2 Ni. Specific surface area per unit of reactor 1100m²/m³The ratio of the flow channel area to the reaction channel area was 1.4. Reaction channel coated with Co/Al₂O₃A catalyst. The preparation of the catalyst used was as follows: taking alumina powder, dropwise adding distilled water to the initial wetting, recording the volume of consumed water, and then calculating according to the cobalt content (calculated by oxide) of 27 weight percent to prepare the cobalt nitrate impregnation liquid. Then, the solution is used for dipping alumina to incipient wetness, standing is carried out for 8 hours, then drying is carried out for 4 hours at 120 ℃, roasting is carried out for 4 hours at 450 ℃ in a muffle furnace, and the particle size range of the obtained catalyst is 5-50 microns. 7.5g of catalyst powder was mixed with 50ml of a solution containing 1.2% alumina sol and 1.2% polyvinyl alcohol to form a suspension, and the suspension was addedInto the reaction channel, the reactor was dried at 85 ℃ for 1 hour, and then at 120 ℃ for 4 hours, and the catalyst formed a catalyst layer about 100 μm thick in the channel. The catalyst needs to be pretreated with hydrogen at 400 ℃ before the reaction. Water is used as a liquid medium in the fluid channel, and the surface flow velocity is 0.7-1.0 m/s.

The reactor is at 2.5MPa and GHSV is 20000ml/g_{Catalyst and process for preparing same}H, feed gas H₂The catalyst has CO 2.0, CO conversion rate up to 66.5%, methane selectivity of 7.9% and C at 220 deg.c₅ ⁺Selectivity 86.7%, C₅ ⁺The hydrocarbon yield reaches 1.85g/g_{Catalyst and process for preparing same}H is used as the reference value. The maximum temperature difference of the reactor is 2 ℃.

Example 3

The reaction is carried out in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit in a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor of the invention, which is shown in FIG. 4. The reactor is processed by adopting a plate high-temperature diffusion welding method. Respectively processing a reaction channel laminate, a fluid channel laminate, an upper cover plate and a lower cover plate. The reaction channel is a linear channel, the length of which is 400mm, the width of which is 10mm, the depth of which is 1mm, and the left and right intervals are 5 mm. The fluid channel is 400mm long, 5mm wide and 1mm deep, and is in a zigzag shape, as shown in fig. 2, the zigzag angle is 105 degrees, the zigzag unit length is 20mm, the straight channels at two ends are 10mm long, and the channel interval is 5 mm. 1 upper cover plate, 10 reaction channel laminate plates, 11 fluid channel laminate plates and 1 lower cover plate are welded together by high-temperature diffusion welding. Specific surface area per unit of reactor 1250m²/m³The ratio of the flow channel area to the reaction channel area was 1.4. Reaction channel is filled with Co/Al₂O₃A catalyst. The preparation of the catalyst used was as follows: taking alumina powder, dropwise adding distilled water to the initial wetting, recording the volume of consumed water, and then calculating according to 35 wt% of cobalt content (calculated by oxide) to prepare the cobalt nitrate impregnation liquid. Then, the solution is used for dipping alumina to incipient wetness, standing is carried out for 8 hours, then drying is carried out for 4 hours at 120 ℃, roasting is carried out for 4 hours at 450 ℃ in a muffle furnace, and the particle size range of the obtained catalyst is 80-150 micrometers. 25g of catalyst powder was added to the reaction channel. The catalyst needs to be pretreated with hydrogen at 400 ℃ before the reaction. In fluid passagesThe water is used as a liquid medium, and the surface flow velocity is 0.7-1.0 m/s.

The reactor is under 2.5MPa, GHSV is 20000ml/g catalyst/H, raw material gas H₂The catalyst has CO 2.0, CO conversion rate up to 71.5%, methane selectivity of 6.6% and C at 220 deg.c₅ ⁺Selectivity 89.5%, C₅ ⁺The hydrocarbon yield reaches 2.15g/g_{Catalyst and process for preparing same}H is used as the reference value. The maximum temperature difference of the reactor is 3 ℃.

Comparative example 1

The fischer-tropsch synthesis reaction is carried out in a microchannel reactor of the prior art. The reactor is shown in FIG. 5. The reactor is processed by adopting a plate brazing method. Respectively processing a reaction channel laminate, a fluid channel laminate, an upper cover plate and a lower cover plate. The reaction channel is a linear channel, the length of which is 100mm, the width of which is 10mm, the depth of which is 1mm, and the left channel and the right channel are separated by 5 mm. The fluid channel is a linear channel, the length of the channel is 60mm, the width of the channel is 5mm, the depth of the channel is 1mm, and the left channel and the right channel are spaced by 5 mm. 1 upper cover plate, 10 reaction channel laminates, 11 fluid channel laminates and 1 lower cover plate are welded together by high-temperature brazing. Specific surface area per unit of reactor 950m²/m³The ratio of the flow channel area to the reaction channel area was 1.0. Reaction channel coated with Co/Al₂O₃A catalyst. The preparation of the catalyst used was as follows: taking alumina powder, dropwise adding distilled water to the initial wetting, recording the volume of consumed water, and then calculating according to the cobalt content (calculated by oxide) of 27 weight percent to prepare the cobalt nitrate impregnation liquid. Then, the solution is used for dipping alumina to incipient wetness, standing is carried out for 8 hours, then drying is carried out for 4 hours at 120 ℃, roasting is carried out for 4 hours at 450 ℃ in a muffle furnace, and the particle size range of the obtained catalyst is 5-50 microns. 7.5g of the catalyst powder was mixed with 50ml of a solution containing 1.2% of alumina sol and 1.2% of polyvinyl alcohol to form a suspension, the suspension was fed into the reaction channel, and after drying the reactor at 85 ℃ for 1 hour and at 120 ℃ for 4 hours, the catalyst formed a catalyst layer about 100 μm thick in the channel. The catalyst needs to be pretreated with hydrogen at 400 ℃ before the reaction. Water is used as a liquid medium in the fluid channel, and the surface flow velocity is 0.7-1.0 m/s.

The reactor is at 2.5MPa and GHSV is 20000ml/g_{Catalyst and process for preparing same}H, starting materialGas H₂The catalyst has CO 2.0, CO conversion rate up to 50.5%, methane selectivity of 9.9% and C at 220 deg.c₅ ⁺Selectivity 86.2%, C₅ ⁺The hydrocarbon yield reaches 1.45g/g_{Catalyst and process for preparing same}H is used as the reference value. The maximum temperature difference of the reactor is 6 ℃.

Claims

1. A system for converting a biomass feedstock into jet fuel components comprising a biomass gasification unit, a syngas purification unit, a fischer-tropsch synthesis reaction unit, a hydrofinishing unit, and a hydroisomerization cracking unit, wherein:

(2) a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor with a three-dimensional channel structure is arranged in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reaction unit, a purified synthesis gas extraction line is connected with an inlet of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, a Fischer-Tropsch synthesis catalyst is arranged in the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor, a reaction product extraction line of the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor is connected with an inlet of a separation unit I, and the separation unit I is provided with a heavy hydrocarbon extraction line and a light hydrocarbon extraction line; the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor with the three-dimensional channel structure comprises a reaction channel, a fluid inlet distribution cavity and a fluid outlet collection cavity, wherein the reaction channel is a linear channel, the fluid channel is a nonlinear channel, and the fluid channel is designed in a nonlinear shape for enhancing heat transfer; n parallel reaction channels form a single reaction channel layer, m parallel fluid channels form a single fluid channel layer, x reaction channel layers and y fluid channel layers form a staggered three-dimensional channel structure, wherein n is 5-10000, m is 5-10000, x is 1-10000, y is 2-10000, an inlet of the fluid channel is connected with a fluid inlet distribution cavity, an outlet of the fluid channel is connected with a fluid outlet collection cavity, and in a reactor of the three-dimensional channel structure, the sum of all channel areas in unit volume is 500m²/m³-10000m²/m³；

(3) A hydrofining reactor is arranged in the hydrofining unit, a light hydrocarbon extraction line is connected with an inlet of the hydrofining reactor, a hydrofining catalyst is arranged in the hydrofining reactor, a reaction product extraction line of the hydrofining reactor is connected with an inlet of a separation unit II, and the separation unit II is provided with a naphtha extraction line and a diesel oil upper fraction extraction line;

2. The system of claim 1, wherein the Fischer-Tropsch synthesis reactor has a combined total channel area per unit volume of 500m²/m³-5000m²/m³。

3. The system of claim 1, wherein the reaction channel has a minimum dimension of 10 to 1000 microns.

4. The system of claim 3, wherein the reaction channel has a minimum dimension of 100 and 800 microns.

5. The system of claim 1, wherein the fluid channel has a minimum dimension of 10-1000 microns.

6. The system of claim 5, wherein the fluid channel has a minimum dimension of 100 and 800 microns.

7. The system of claim 1, wherein the vertical distance between the central axes of adjacent reaction channels and fluid channels is 10 to 10000 microns.

8. The system as claimed in claim 7, wherein the vertical distance between the central axes of the adjacent reaction channels and the fluid channel is 100-8000 μm.

9. The system of claim 1 wherein the ratio of total fluid passage area to total reaction passage area in the fischer-tropsch synthesis reactor is in the range of 0.5 to 3.0.

10. The system of claim 9 wherein the ratio of total fluid passage area to total reaction passage area in the fischer-tropsch synthesis reactor is in the range of 1.0 to 2.0.

11. The system of claim 1 wherein the process channels are packed with fischer-tropsch catalyst having a particle size of 1/10-1/2 of the smallest side length of the process channels.

12. The system of claim 1 wherein the process channels are coated with fischer-tropsch synthesis catalyst in a layer ranging from 1/10 a to 1/2 a minimum side length of the process channels.

13. The system of claim 1, wherein the three-dimensional channel structured reactor is made of steel, titanium, alloy, copper, or glass.

14. The system of claim 1, wherein said three-dimensional channel structure is built up from planar structures; or cast using 3D manufacturing techniques.

15. The system of claim 1, wherein an iron-based, cobalt-based, ruthenium-based fischer-tropsch catalyst is used in the fischer-tropsch synthesis reactor.

16. The system of claim 1, wherein the hydrofinishing catalyst is a metal-supported catalyst, the carrier is amorphous alumina, and the metal components are at least one group VIB metal and/or at least one group VIII metal, wherein the group VIB metal is Mo or/and W, and the group VIII metal is Co or/and Ni.

17. The system of claim 1, wherein the hydrocracking catalyst is an alumina-supported noble metal catalyst or non-noble metal catalyst containing amorphous silica-alumina or molecular sieve, the metal component of the non-noble metal catalyst is non-noble metal of group VIB or/and VIII, wherein the group VIB metal is Mo or/and W, the group VIII is Co or/and Ni metal, and the metal component of the noble metal catalyst is one or more of Pt, Pd, Rh, Ru, Os, Ir, Ag and Au.

18. A method of using the system of any of claims 1-17, comprising the steps of:

19. The method of claim 18, wherein the biomass feedstock is any agricultural or forestry by-product of plant growth selected from the group consisting of firewood, sawdust, wheat straw, rice straw, corn cobs, leaves, and peanut hulls, or a natural product consisting of cellulose, hemicellulose, lignin, and inert ash.

20. The process of claim 18, wherein the reaction conditions in the fischer-tropsch synthesis reactor are: the operation pressure is 1.0-5.0MPa, the reaction temperature is 150-₂The molar ratio of the/CO feed is 0.5-3.0.

21. The method according to claim 18 or 20, wherein a medium for heat exchange selected from one or more of heat transfer oil, water, steam, hydrogen and nitrogen flows in the fluid channel.

22. The process of claim 18, wherein the reaction conditions in the hydrofinishing reactor are: hydrogen partial pressure of 2.0-15.0MPa, reaction temperature of 250-420 deg.c and volume space velocity of 0.5-10.0 hr^-1The hydrogen-oil volume ratio is 100-1000.

23. The process of claim 18, wherein the reaction conditions in the hydrocracking reactor are: hydrogen partial pressure of 2.0-15.0MPa, reaction temperature of 300-450 deg.c and volume space velocity of 0.5-5.0 hr^-1Hydrogen to oil volume ratio 100-1500.