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CN106932023A - Ice body internal stress deformation detecting system and glacier movement assessment system - Google Patents

Ice body internal stress deformation detecting system and glacier movement assessment system Download PDF

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Publication number
CN106932023A
CN106932023A CN201710254429.7A CN201710254429A CN106932023A CN 106932023 A CN106932023 A CN 106932023A CN 201710254429 A CN201710254429 A CN 201710254429A CN 106932023 A CN106932023 A CN 106932023A
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CN
China
Prior art keywords
framework
gauge unit
deformation
positioning
ice body
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CN201710254429.7A
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Chinese (zh)
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CN106932023B (en
Inventor
崔晓庆
任贾文
余光明
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Northwest Institute of Eco Environment and Resources of CAS
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Cold and Arid Regions Environmental and Engineering Research Institute of CAS
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    • GPHYSICS
    • G01MEASURING; TESTING
    • G01DMEASURING NOT SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR A SPECIFIC VARIABLE; ARRANGEMENTS FOR MEASURING TWO OR MORE VARIABLES NOT COVERED IN A SINGLE OTHER SUBCLASS; TARIFF METERING APPARATUS; MEASURING OR TESTING NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
    • G01D21/00Measuring or testing not otherwise provided for
    • G01D21/02Measuring two or more variables by means not covered by a single other subclass

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  • Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • General Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
  • Investigating Strength Of Materials By Application Of Mechanical Stress (AREA)
  • Measurement Of Length, Angles, Or The Like Using Electric Or Magnetic Means (AREA)
  • Force Measurement Appropriate To Specific Purposes (AREA)

Abstract

The embodiment of the present invention provides a kind of ice body internal stress deformation detecting system and glacier movement assessment system.Wherein, the system includes framework, pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit and the computing device of hexahedron structure.Setting the pressure gauge unit on framework surface is used to obtain the principal stress parameter at ice body inside any point, and being arranged on the deformation gauge unit of framework remaining surface is used to obtain the principal strain parameter at ice body inside any point.Computing device is electrically connected with pressure gauge unit and deformation gauge unit, is estimated with the motion according to principal stress parameter and principal strain parameter to glacier residing for framework.Thus, the principal stress parameter and principal strain parameter inside ice body are obtained, so as to carry out deriving analysis to ice body inside force-bearing situation according to the parameter information data for obtaining, and then the process that the trend and internal pressure of ice movement are developed is obtained.

Description

Ice body internal stress deformation detecting system and glacier movement assessment system
Technical field
The present invention relates to detect field of measuring techniques, in particular to a kind of ice body internal stress deformation detecting system and Move assessment system in glacier.
Background technology
Detect that the motion conditions in glacier have great significance to research glacier.Ice as a kind of special material, in ice During geometry, the mechanical analysis of river motion, the acquisition of the stress state and strain regime at its internal any point and precisely retouch State most important.During monitoring and recurring ice movement, the deformation field changes in distribution rule of ice body is its important point Analysis object and Con trolling index.
Due to the three-dimensional position of measuring staff (line rod) more difficult in the glacier body geostationary reference point location of setting, traditional Put the more difficult determination of variation, and some detecting system complex structures, it is impossible to use by after simple assembling at the scene.Therefore, carry For it is a kind of easily assemble at the scene, the detecting system that can obtain stress inside ice body and deformation is that those skilled in the art need badly The problem of solution.
The content of the invention
In order to overcome above-mentioned deficiency of the prior art, the technical problems to be solved by the invention to be to provide in a kind of ice body Stress deformation detecting system and glacier movement assessment system, its simple structure, can assemble, and can measure acquisition ice at the scene The principal stress parameter and principal strain parameter at internal portion any point, such that it is able to according to the data of detection to ice body inside stress feelings Condition carries out deriving analysis, and then obtains the process that the trend and internal pressure of ice movement are developed.
First preferred embodiment of the invention provides a kind of ice body internal stress deformation detecting system, and the system includes frame Frame, pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit and computing device;
The framework is hexahedron structure;
The pressure gauge unit is arranged on the surface of the framework to obtain the principal stress parameter at any point inside ice body;
The deformation gauge unit is arranged on remaining surface of the framework to obtain the principal strain at ice body inside any point Parameter;
The pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit respectively with the computing device be electrically connected with, the computing device according to The principal stress parameter of the pressure gauge unit collection and the principal strain parameter of deformation gauge unit collection are to residing for the framework The motion in glacier is estimated.
In present pre-ferred embodiments, the framework includes three the first of orthogonal triangular surface composition Triangular surface group, and the second triangular surface group being made up of the orthogonal triangular surface of the other three.
In present pre-ferred embodiments, the pressure gauge unit includes three pressure gauges, three pressure gauges difference It is arranged in each triangular surface in the first triangular surface group.
In present pre-ferred embodiments, the deformation gauge unit includes three deformation gauges, three deformation gauges difference It is arranged in each triangular surface in the second triangular surface group.
In present pre-ferred embodiments, the system also includes positioning unit,
The positioning unit is set on said frame, and the positioning unit is used to protect the framework and supports the pressure Power meter unit, deformation gauge unit;
The positioning unit includes the first positioning group, the second positioning group and the 3rd positioning group, and each positioning group includes positioning Circle body, level(l)ing bubble instrument and electronics angle measurement instrument;
The level(l)ing bubble instrument and electronics angle measurement instrument are arranged on the positioning circle body, and the level(l)ing bubble instrument is used to survey The levelness of the centring ring body position is measured, the electronics angle measurement instrument is used to measure the mobile message of the system.
In present pre-ferred embodiments, the first positioning group is arranged on the first plane, the second positioning group and institute The 3rd positioning group is stated to be separately positioned in the second plane and the 3rd plane, wherein, the first triangular surface group and the two or three , relative to the first plane specular, first plane, the second plane and the 3rd plane are each other for angled surface group It is vertical two-by-two.
In present pre-ferred embodiments, the system also includes a measuring piece, and the measuring piece is hollow structure, described Measuring piece one end is connected with any one summit of the framework, the pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit and electronics angle measurement instrument Signal cable be attached with the computing device through the measuring piece of hollow structure.
In present pre-ferred embodiments, the other end of the measuring piece is provided with compass, in framework hair The trend and tendency of the framework are measured when raw mobile.
In present pre-ferred embodiments, scale is additionally provided with the measuring piece surface, the scale is used to measure institute State up and down motion of the framework with respect to ice body surface.
Present pre-ferred embodiments additionally provide a kind of glacier movement assessment system, and the system includes above-mentioned any one Described ice body internal stress deformation detecting system.
In terms of existing technologies, the invention has the advantages that:
Present pre-ferred embodiments provide a kind of ice body internal stress deformation detecting system and glacier movement assessment system.Institute State framework of the system including a hexahedron structure, pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit and computing device.Wherein, the pressure gauge Unit is arranged on the surface of the framework, the principal stress parameter for obtaining ice body inside any point;The deformation gauge list Unit is arranged in the remaining surface of the framework, the principal strain parameter for obtaining ice body inside any point.The pressure gauge Unit, deformation gauge unit are electrically connected with the computing device respectively, and the computing device receives the pressure gauge unit collection Principal stress parameter and the deformation gauge unit collection principal strain parameter.Thus, prefabricated part is assembled i.e. The system is can obtain, and the principal stress parameter and principal strain parameter inside ice body are obtained by the system, so as to according to institute State principal stress parameter and principal strain parameter carries out deriving analysis to the stressing conditions inside ice body, with to the ice residing for the framework The motion in river is estimated.
To enable the above-mentioned purpose of invention, feature and advantage to become apparent, present pre-ferred embodiments cited below particularly, and Coordinate appended accompanying drawing, be described in detail below.
Brief description of the drawings
Technical scheme in order to illustrate more clearly the embodiments of the present invention, below will be attached to what is used needed for embodiment Figure is briefly described, it will be appreciated that the following drawings illustrate only certain embodiments of the present invention, thus be not construed as it is right The restriction of scope, for those of ordinary skill in the art, on the premise of not paying creative work, can also be according to this A little accompanying drawings obtain other related accompanying drawings.
One of block diagram of ice body internal stress deformation detecting system that Fig. 1 is provided for present pre-ferred embodiments.
One of structural representation of ice body internal stress deformation detecting system that Fig. 2 is provided for present pre-ferred embodiments.
Fig. 3 is the block diagram of computing device in Fig. 1.
The two of the structural representation of the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system that Fig. 4 is provided for present pre-ferred embodiments.
The two of the block diagram of the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system that Fig. 5 is provided for present pre-ferred embodiments.
The three of the structural representation of the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system that Fig. 6 is provided for present pre-ferred embodiments.
Icon:10- ice body internal stress deformation detecting systems;100- frameworks;The triangular surfaces of 101- first;102- the two or three Angled surface;The triangular surfaces of 103- the 3rd;The triangular surfaces of 104- the 4th;The triangular surfaces of 105- the 5th;106- the six or three Angled surface;110- the first triangular surface groups;120- the second triangular surface groups;200- pressure gauge units;201- pressure gauges; 300- deformation gauge units;301- deformation gauges;400- computing devices;401- memories;402- storage controls;403- processors; 510- the first positioning groups;511- positions circle body;512- level(l)ing bubble instrument;513- electronics angle measurement instrument;600- measuring pieces;601- first End;The ends of 602- second;610- compasses.
Specific embodiment
Below in conjunction with accompanying drawing in the embodiment of the present invention, the technical scheme in the embodiment of the present invention is carried out clear, complete Ground description, it is clear that described embodiment is only a part of embodiment of the invention, rather than whole embodiments.Generally exist The component of the embodiment of the present invention described and illustrated in accompanying drawing can be arranged and designed with a variety of configurations herein.
Therefore, the detailed description of embodiments of the invention below to providing in the accompanying drawings is not intended to limit claimed The scope of the present invention, but be merely representative of selected embodiment of the invention.Based on embodiments of the invention, people in the art The every other embodiment that member is obtained on the premise of creative work is not made, belongs to the scope of protection of the invention.
It should be noted that:Similar label and letter represents similar terms in following accompanying drawing, therefore, once a certain Xiang Yi It is defined in individual accompanying drawing, then it need not be further defined and explained in subsequent accompanying drawing.
In the description of the invention, it is necessary to explanation, term " " center ", " on ", D score, "left", "right", " vertical ", The orientation or position relationship of the instruction such as " level ", " interior ", " outward " be based on orientation shown in the drawings or position relationship, or should Orientation or position relationship that invention product is usually put when using, are for only for ease of the description present invention and simplify description, without Be indicate or imply meaning system or element must have specific orientation, with specific azimuth configuration and operation, therefore not It is understood that to be limitation of the present invention.Additionally, term " first ", " second ", " the 3rd " etc. are only used for distinguishing description, and can not manage Solve to indicate or implying relative importance.
Additionally, the term such as term " level ", " vertical ", " pendency " is not offered as requiring part abswolute level or pendency, and Can be to be slightly tilted.It is not the expression structure if " level " refers to only its direction with respect to more level for " vertical " Must be fully horizontal, and can be to be slightly tilted.
In the description of the invention, in addition it is also necessary to explanation, unless otherwise clearly defined and limited, term " setting ", " installation ", " connected ", " connection " should be interpreted broadly, for example, it may be fixedly connected, or be detachably connected, or one The connection of body ground;Can mechanically connect, or electrically connect;Can be joined directly together, it is also possible to indirect by intermediary It is connected, can is two connections of element internal.For the ordinary skill in the art, can be with concrete condition understanding State term concrete meaning in the present invention.
Below in conjunction with the accompanying drawings, some embodiments of the present invention are elaborated.It is following in the case where not conflicting Feature in embodiment and embodiment can be mutually combined.
Fig. 1 is refer to, Fig. 1 is that the square frame of the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 that present pre-ferred embodiments are provided shows One of be intended to.The ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 includes that pressure gauge unit 200, deformation gauge unit 300 and calculating set Standby 400.The pressure gauge unit 200 is used to obtain the principal stress parameter at ice body inside any point, the deformation gauge unit 300 Principal strain parameter for obtaining ice body inside any point.The pressure gauge unit 200, deformation gauge unit 300 respectively with institute State computing device 400 to be electrically connected with, the computing device 400 sends according to the pressure gauge unit 200, deformation gauge unit 300 Data the motion conditions in glacier are estimated.
Fig. 2 is refer to, Fig. 2 is that the structure of the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 that present pre-ferred embodiments are provided is shown One of be intended to.The ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 also includes framework 100.Wherein, the framework 100 is hexahedron knot Structure.In the present embodiment, to be arranged on the surface of the framework 100 any one to obtain ice body inside for the pressure gauge unit 200 The principal stress parameter of point, the remaining surface that the deformation gauge unit 300 is arranged on the framework 100 is any to obtain ice body inside The principal strain parameter of a bit.Thus, by the systematic survey obtain ice body inside any point principal stress parameter and Principal strain parameter, so as to the motion to glacier residing for the framework 100 is estimated.
In the implementation method of the present embodiment, the framework 100 can be made up of 9 metals (such as, steel) component.
In the present embodiment, the framework 100 includes the first triangular surface group 110 and the second triangular surface group 120. The first triangular surface group 110 includes the first triangular surface 101, the second triangular surface 102 and the 3rd triangle table Face 103, is mutually perpendicular between three triangular surfaces.
Wherein, the triangular surface in the first triangular surface group 110 is right angled isosceles triangle.Described first The ∠ BAC of triangular surface 101 are right angle, and the ∠ CAD in second triangular surface 102 are right angle, the 3rd triangle ∠ BAD in shape surface 103 are right angle.
The second triangular surface group 120 includes the 4th triangular surface 104, the 5th triangular surface 105 and the 6th Triangular surface 106, is mutually perpendicular between above three triangular surface.
Wherein, the triangular surface in the second triangular surface group 120 is right angled isosceles triangle.Described 4th The ∠ BEC of triangular surface 104 are right angle, and the ∠ CED in the 5th triangular surface 105 are right angle, the 6th triangle ∠ BED in shape surface 106 are right angle.
In the present embodiment, the pressure gauge unit 200 includes three pressure gauges 201, and three pressure gauges 201 are respectively provided with Obtaining principal stress parameter in each triangular surface in the first triangular surface group 110.Due to the first triangle Three triangular surfaces of surface group 110 are vertical two-by-two, therefore to be provided greatly just with mechanical analysis principal stress parameter Profit.Wherein, because type vibration wire pressure gauge has the advantages that accuracy of reading, therefore, in the implementation method of the present embodiment, the pressure Power meter 201 can be type vibration wire pressure gauge.
In the present embodiment, the deformation gauge unit 300 includes three deformation gauges 301, and three deformation gauges 301 are respectively provided with Obtaining principal strain parameter in each triangular surface in the second triangular surface group 120.Due to the second triangle Three triangular surfaces of surface group 120 are vertical two-by-two, therefore to be provided greatly with kinematics analysis principal strain parameter It is convenient.In the implementation method of the present embodiment, the deformation gauge 301 can be resistance-type deformation gauge, and resistance-type deformation gauge is one Plant the sensor for the non-electrical physical quantity such as displacement, power, pressure, acceleration, moment of torsion being converted to resistance change.
Wherein, the pressure gauge 201, deformation gauge 301 can be arranged on the center position of triangular surface, so that more Accurately measure principal stress parameter and principal strain parameter.
Fig. 3 is refer to, Fig. 3 is the block diagram of computing device 400 in Fig. 1.The computing device 400 can be, but It is not limited to, PC (personal computer, PC), panel computer etc..The computing device 400 includes memory 401st, storage control 402 and processor 403.Between the memory 401, storage control 402 and each element of processor 403 Directly or indirectly it is electrically connected with, to realize the transmission or interaction of data.
Wherein, the memory 401 can be used for storing the pressure gauge unit 200 and deformation gauge unit 300 sends Data, can also be stored with the analysis system being analyzed to the data, form of the analysis system in the memory 401 Can be software or firmware.The memory 401 may be, but not limited to, random access memory (Random Access Memory, RAM), read-only storage (Read Only Memory, ROM) etc..The processor 403 and other possible group Access of the part to memory 401 can be carried out under the control of the storage control 402.
The processor 403 is probably a kind of IC chip, the disposal ability with signal.Above-mentioned processor 403 can be general processor, including central processing unit (Central Processing Unit, CPU), network processing unit (Network Processor, NP) etc..
It is appreciated that the structure shown in Fig. 3 be only illustrate, computing device 400 may also include it is more more than shown in Fig. 3 or Less component, or with the configuration different from shown in Fig. 3.Each component shown in Fig. 3 can using hardware, software or its Combination is realized.
In the present embodiment, the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 also includes positioning unit.The positioning unit It is arranged on the framework 100, the positioning unit is used to protect the framework 100 and supports the pressure gauge unit 200, becomes Shape meter unit 300.
Wherein, the positioning unit includes the first positioning group 510, the second positioning group and the 3rd positioning group.Refer to Fig. 4, Fig. 4 is two (only showing in figure for the structural representation of the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 that present pre-ferred embodiments are provided Go out the first positioning group 510).The first positioning group 510, the second positioning group and the 3rd positioning group include positioning circle body 511, water Quasi- bubble instrument 512 and electronics angle measurement instrument 513.
The positioning circle body 511 is cyclic structure, can be made up of metal material (such as, stainless steel).The pressure gauge 201 or deformation gauge 301 can by some fixed systems (such as, wire) be fixed on it is described positioning circle body 511 on.
The level(l)ing bubble instrument 512 and electronics angle measurement instrument 513 are arranged on the positioning circle body 511.The level gas Bubble instrument 512 is used to measure the levelness of positioning circle body 511 position, can be by the positioning by the level(l)ing bubble instrument 512 Circle body 511 places balance.
Fig. 5 is refer to, Fig. 5 is that the square frame of the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 that present pre-ferred embodiments are provided shows The two of intention.The electronics angle measurement instrument 513 is electrically connected with the computing device 400.The electronics angle measurement instrument 513 is used to obtain Movement (such as, translation, rotation) information of the framework 100.
In the present embodiment, the first positioning group 510 is arranged on the first plane, the second positioning group and the described 3rd Positioning group is separately positioned in the second plane and the 3rd plane.Wherein, the first triangular surface group 110 and the second triangle Surface group 120 relative to the first plane specular, first plane, the second plane and the 3rd plane each other two Two is vertical.
Fig. 6 is refer to, Fig. 6 is that the structure of the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 that present pre-ferred embodiments are provided is shown The three of intention.The ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 also includes a measuring piece 600.The measuring piece 600 is hollow knot Structure, the measuring piece 600 includes the end 602 of first end 601 and second.Any one of the first end 601 and the framework 100 Summit connects, and the signal cable of the pressure gauge unit 200, deformation gauge unit 300 and electronics angle measurement instrument 513 passes through hollow structure Measuring piece 600 be connected with the computing device 400.(be free of and calculate by by the ice body internal stress deformation detecting system 10 Equipment 400) it is embedded at the different depth position of ice body, the computing device 400 obtains three at the different depth of ice body inside Dimension motion feature, while principal stress size, the size in direction and principal strain, the direction at ice body inside any point are obtained, it is right The regularity of distribution and variation characteristic of principal stress and principal strain are obtained after the data analysis of acquisition.The framework 100 is buried simultaneously After entering ice body, backfill can also be carried out with the ice in original place bits and freezed, to reduce interference of the construction to measurement result and precision.
In the present embodiment, second end 602 is provided with compass 610.In actual applications, by the framework 100 When being embedded in ice body inside, the measuring piece 600 is vertical with ice body surface.Compass 610 on the measuring piece 600 is exposed to Ice body surface certain altitude, the compass 610 is used to measure walking for the framework 100 when the framework 100 is moved To and tendency, so as to obtain the three-dimensional motion feature of the framework 100 on ice body surface.
In the present embodiment, scale is additionally provided with the surface of the measuring piece 600, the scale is used to measure the framework The up and down motion on 100 relatively described ice body surfaces.
Present pre-ferred embodiments also provide a kind of glacier movement assessment system, and the system includes above-mentioned ice body planted agent Power deformation detecting system 10.
In sum, the invention provides a kind of ice body internal stress deformation detecting system and glacier movement assessment system.Institute Stating system includes framework, pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit and computing device.Wherein, the framework is hexahedron structure, is used for The pressure gauge unit for obtaining the principal stress parameter at ice body inside any point is arranged on the surface of the framework, for obtaining ice body The deformation gauge unit of the principal strain parameter at internal any point is arranged on the remaining surface of the framework.The computing device difference It is electrically connected with the pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit, obtains the principal stress parameter of pressure gauge unit collection and described The principal strain parameter of deformation gauge unit collection, principal stress state and principal strain state by after calculating and derivation, obtaining the point, So as to be supported with data for glacier geometry motion and stress are analyzed.
In addition to this it is possible to single framework, pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit and computing device are passed through when in use Cross assembling and obtain the system, this causes that the system suitability is stronger.
The preferred embodiments of the present invention are the foregoing is only, is not intended to limit the invention, for the skill of this area For art personnel, the present invention can have various modifications and variations.It is all within the spirit and principles in the present invention, made any repair Change, equivalent, improvement etc., should be included within the scope of the present invention.

Claims (10)

1. a kind of ice body internal stress deformation detecting system, it is characterised in that the system includes framework, pressure gauge unit, deformation Meter unit and computing device;
The framework is hexahedron structure;
The pressure gauge unit is arranged on the surface of the framework to obtain the principal stress parameter at any point inside ice body;
The deformation gauge unit is arranged on remaining surface of the framework to obtain the principal strain parameter at ice body inside any point;
The pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit are electrically connected with the computing device respectively, and the computing device is according to The principal stress parameter of pressure gauge unit collection and the principal strain parameter of deformation gauge unit collection are to glacier residing for the framework Motion estimated.
2. system according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the framework includes three orthogonal triangle tables First triangular surface group of face composition, and the second triangular surface being made up of the orthogonal triangular surface of the other three Group.
3. system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that
The pressure gauge unit includes three pressure gauges, and three pressure gauges are separately positioned on the first triangular surface group In each triangular surface on.
4. system according to claim 3, it is characterised in that
The deformation gauge unit includes three deformation gauges, and three deformation gauges are separately positioned on the second triangular surface group In each triangular surface on.
5. system according to claim 2, it is characterised in that the system also includes positioning unit,
The positioning unit is set on said frame, and the positioning unit is used to protect the framework and supports the pressure gauge Unit, deformation gauge unit;
The positioning unit include the first positioning group, the second positioning group and the 3rd positioning group, each positioning group include positioning circle body, Level(l)ing bubble instrument and electronics angle measurement instrument;
The level(l)ing bubble instrument and electronics angle measurement instrument are arranged on the positioning circle body, and the level(l)ing bubble instrument is used to measure institute The levelness of centring ring body position is stated, the electronics angle measurement instrument is used to measure the mobile message of the system.
6. system according to claim 5, it is characterised in that the first positioning group is arranged on the first plane, described Two positioning groups are separately positioned in the second plane and the 3rd plane with the 3rd positioning group, wherein, first triangle table Face group is with the second triangular surface group relative to the first plane specular, first plane, the second plane and the 3rd Plane is vertical two-by-two each other.
7. system according to claim 5, it is characterised in that the system also includes a measuring piece, the measuring piece is Hollow structure, described measuring piece one end is connected with any one summit of the framework, the pressure gauge unit, deformation gauge unit And the signal cable of electronics angle measurement instrument is attached through the measuring piece of hollow structure with the computing device.
8. system according to claim 7, it is characterised in that the other end of the measuring piece is provided with compass, is used for The trend and tendency of the framework are measured when the framework is moved.
9. system according to claim 7, it is characterised in that scale, the quarter are additionally provided with the measuring piece surface Spend for measuring up and down motion of the framework with respect to ice body surface.
10. assessment system is moved in a kind of glacier, it is characterised in that the system is including described in any one in claim 1-9 Ice body internal stress deformation detecting system.
CN201710254429.7A 2017-04-18 2017-04-18 Ice body internal stress deformation detection system and glacier movement evaluation system Active CN106932023B (en)

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