CN106670467A - Method for preparing high-silicon aluminum alloy by peeling and thermal extruding through rapid-solidified powder metallurgy - Google Patents
Method for preparing high-silicon aluminum alloy by peeling and thermal extruding through rapid-solidified powder metallurgy Download PDFInfo
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/20—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F1/00—Metallic powder; Treatment of metallic powder, e.g. to facilitate working or to improve properties
- B22F1/14—Treatment of metallic powder
- B22F1/142—Thermal or thermo-mechanical treatment
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C22—METALLURGY; FERROUS OR NON-FERROUS ALLOYS; TREATMENT OF ALLOYS OR NON-FERROUS METALS
- C22F—CHANGING THE PHYSICAL STRUCTURE OF NON-FERROUS METALS AND NON-FERROUS ALLOYS
- C22F1/00—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working
- C22F1/04—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon
- C22F1/043—Changing the physical structure of non-ferrous metals or alloys by heat treatment or by hot or cold working of aluminium or alloys based thereon of alloys with silicon as the next major constituent
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F3/00—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces
- B22F3/20—Manufacture of workpieces or articles from metallic powder characterised by the manner of compacting or sintering; Apparatus specially adapted therefor ; Presses and furnaces by extruding
- B22F2003/208—Warm or hot extruding
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- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B22—CASTING; POWDER METALLURGY
- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
- B22F2998/00—Supplementary information concerning processes or compositions relating to powder metallurgy
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- B22F—WORKING METALLIC POWDER; MANUFACTURE OF ARTICLES FROM METALLIC POWDER; MAKING METALLIC POWDER; APPARATUS OR DEVICES SPECIALLY ADAPTED FOR METALLIC POWDER
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Abstract
The invention relates to a method for preparing high-silicon aluminum alloy by peeling and thermal extruding through rapid-solidified powder metallurgy. The method comprises the following steps: preparing high-silicon aluminum alloy powder through an atomizing powdering method; screening the powder; selecting the high-silicon aluminum alloy powder with average particle being not greater than -150 meshes; transferring into an aluminum covered sleeve; performing air removing and opening sealing; then carrying out peeling and thermal extruding to obtain a high-silicon aluminum alloy bar; machining to remove the aluminum covered sleeve in the periphery of the high-silicon aluminum alloy bar; and performing solid solution treatment and aging treatment to obtain the finished high-silicon aluminum alloy. The high-silicon aluminum alloy material prepared by the method is small and uniform in structure, high in density which can reach 100%, and high in powder deformation, so that the powder interface combination state can be improved; the mechanical property of the alloy can be improved; the strength of the high-silicon aluminum alloy material under room temperature is not less than 450MPa, and the plasticity is not less than 1%.
Description
Technical field
The invention belongs to silumin technical field of material, the metallurgical high silicon of more particularly to a kind of Rapid Solidification Powder
The preparation method of aluminium alloy decortication hot extrusion.
Background technology
The proportion of silumin is little, lightweight, and heat conductivity is good, and thermal coefficient of expansion is low, volume stability and wear-resisting, anti-corrosion
Property is good, with series of advantages such as certain elevated temperature strengths, and the piston of electromotor, rotor material is widely used as, in automobile, electricity
There is very big development potentiality in the fields such as son, aircraft industry.
Silumin material preparation process is including billet technology of preparing and shapes technology, wherein, billet prepares skill
Art has fusion casting, powder metallurgy sintered method, spray deposition and an infiltration method, the technology of shaping have hot extrusion, semi-solid state extrusion,
Warm and hot forging etc..In numerous technologies of preparing, spray deposition is used as the one kind grown up on the basis of conventional powder metallurgy
New technique, in addition to the general featuress with rapid solidification, also combines powder by atomization process with powder consolidation technique, simplifies
Production technology, reduces production cost, and solves the problems, such as powder surface oxidation in powder metallurgic method, alleviates element particle
Adverse effect of the interface to alloy property, but spray deposition is for Rapid Solidification Powder metallurgy, alloy rate of cooling
It is relatively low, organize more thick, therefore intensity is relatively low.Meanwhile, spray deposition is easily formed hole, and compactness is relatively low.
In sum, silumin material is prepared due to tool in combination with PM technique using flash set technology
There is low-density, highly thermally conductive, low bulk, high than the excellent characteristics such as strong, have very big sending out in fields such as automobile, electronics, aircraft industry
Exhibition potentiality, but because the activity of Al is very high, layer oxide film is inevitably formed in rapid solidification flour, cause densification
The phase counterdiffusion of alloying element is hindered during change, it is difficult to form metallurgical bond, accordingly, it would be desirable to using some special causes
Densification technique.
The content of the invention
It is not enough for prior art, the invention provides a kind of metallurgy silumin decortication hot extrusion of Rapid Solidification Powder
Preparation method.
A kind of preparation method of Rapid Solidification Powder metallurgy silumin decortication hot extrusion, comprises the steps:
1) high si-al alloy powder is loaded into jacket, carries out vacuum degassing, be heated to 300~350 DEG C and be incubated 120min
More than so as to vacuum is up to 8 × 10-2Below Pa, then proceedes to be heated to 400~450 DEG C and is incubated more than 120min so as to true
Reciprocal of duty cycle is up to 1 × 10-2Below Pa, is heated to 500~510 DEG C, is incubated more than 60min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 × 10-3Pa with
Under, then jacket is sealed;
2) by step 1) good seal is wrapped in 350~500 DEG C of 120~360min of insulation, after it is completely heated up it is uniform after, enter
Row decortication hot extrusion:300~480 DEG C of mold preheating temperature, 350~430 DEG C of recipient preheating temperature, extrusion ratio is 20~40,
0.5~3mm/s of extrusion speed, obtains silumin bar;
3) by step 2) the machined aluminum jacket for removing periphery of the silumin bar that obtains, then 400~500
1.5~4.5h of solution treatment is carried out at DEG C, 2~6h of Ageing Treatment is carried out at 150~300 DEG C, obtain finished product silumin.
Preferably, during sealing, the temperature in jacket everywhere is at 490~510 DEG C.
Preferably, step 1) in vacuum degassing process be to be heated to 120~150 DEG C by room temperature, insulation 120~
150min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;It is warming up to 240~250 DEG C again, is incubated 210~250min so as to which vacuum is up to 8
╳10-2Pa;It is warming up to 340~350 DEG C again, is incubated 180~210min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;440 are warming up to again
~450 DEG C, it is incubated 180~210min so as to which vacuum is up to 1 ╳ 10-2Pa;480~490 DEG C are warming up to again, 60min is incubated, and are made
Its vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;It is warming up to 500 DEG C again, is incubated 180min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;510 are warming up to again
DEG C, it is incubated 180min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa。
It is further preferred that the heating rate of the intensification is respectively 20 DEG C/30min.
Preferably, the high si-al alloy powder is obtained using powder by atomization method.
The powder by atomization method be aerosolization, (the quality of high si-al alloy powder averaged Oxygen content 0.05~0.2% for obtaining
Fraction).
The composition of the high si-al alloy powder is, in terms of mass fraction, Al- (10~25) Si- (3~7) Fe- (2~6)
Cu- (0.5~3) Mg;The mesh of particle diameter≤- 150 of the high si-al alloy powder.
The jacket adopts aluminum jacket.
The jacket is provided with jacket exhaust tube, arranges drainage screen in jacket exhaust tube, the exhaust tube of vacuum pump set with
Connect one group of defecator between jacket exhaust tube, high si-al alloy powder when preventing from being evacuated in jacket is extracted, and completes to remove
After gas, solder up is carried out.
The decortication hot extrusion is carried out in decortication heat extruder, and dummy block 2~4mm less than internal diameter of the container uses graphite
Powder is used as lubricant.
Beneficial effects of the present invention are:
1) the silumin material structure using this method preparation is tiny, uniform, and consistency is high, and consistency reaches
100%, powder deflection is big, is conducive to improving powder interface fine structure, improves alloy mechanical property, silumin material
Room temperature strength >=450MPa, plasticity >=1%.
2) this method is adopted, simplifies technological process, stock utilization is high, and added value of product is high, reduces production cost.This
Invent the processing for high-performance, high-quality silumin and provide new way, prepared silumin can be used for aviation
The fields such as space flight, automobile, application prospect is good.
Description of the drawings
Fig. 1 is hot extrusion enforcement schematic diagram of peeling in embodiment.
Fig. 2 is a kind of preparation method flow process of Rapid Solidification Powder metallurgy silumin decortication hot extrusion in embodiment
Figure.
Label declaration:1- recipients;2- pressure rams;3- dummy blocks;4- moulds;5- extruded barses;6- billets.
Specific embodiment
With reference to the accompanying drawings and detailed description the present invention will be further described.It is emphasized that the description below
It is merely exemplary, rather than in order to limit the scope of the present invention and its application.
The preparation method of hot extrusion present embodiments provide for a kind of Rapid Solidification Powder metallurgy silumin is peeled, stream
As shown in Fig. 2 first powder by atomization legal system obtains high si-al alloy powder, then powder sieves journey, from the mesh of mean diameter≤- 150
High si-al alloy powder, load aluminum jacket, it is deaerated, sealing after, carry out decortication hot extrusion, obtain silumin bar,
The aluminum jacket of silumin bar periphery is removed by machining, then Jing after solution treatment and Ageing Treatment, finished product is obtained
Silumin, carries out testing its performance.
Powder by atomization method is impacted silumin liquid crushing as tiny with the fluid (atomizing medium) of quick motion
Drop, followed by rapid solidification are pressed powder.Each granule in the powder that powder by atomization method is obtained not only has molten with set
Merge golden identical evening chemical composition, and crystalline texture has been refined because rapid solidification is acted on, eliminate second
The gross segregation of phase.
When silumin billet carries out decortication hot extrusion, due to containing substantial amounts of primary silicon phase, the modeling of material in billet
Property is poor, simultaneously because silicon phase pellet hardness is high, exacerbates the abrasion of mould, therefore typically does jacket using the preferable material of plasticity
Encapsulation, adopts fine aluminium jacket in present embodiment.The fine aluminium jacket is provided with jacket exhaust tube, arranges in jacket exhaust tube
Drainage screen, connects one group of surface cone-shaped filter with holes between the exhaust tube and jacket exhaust tube of vacuum pump set, the hole
Aperture is extracted less than the particle diameter of high si-al alloy powder, high si-al alloy powder when preventing from being evacuated in fine aluminium jacket.
In following examples, the high si-al alloy powder that the high si-al alloy powder for adopting is prepared for gas-atomized powder method,
It is by commercially available acquisition.
In following examples, operational approach if no special instructions, is carried out according to a conventional method.
Embodiment 1:Al-16Si-3.5Fe-2.3Cu-0.5Mg silumins
High si-al alloy powder sieves, from the high si-al alloy powder that particle diameter is -150 mesh, in being fitted into fine aluminium jacket, so
During afterwards fine aluminium jacket is placed in except steam stove, thermocouple measuring temperature is respectively equipped with the top and middle and lower part except steam stove, uses vacuum
Unit carries out vacuum degassing, with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 120 DEG C, is incubated 120min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10- 2Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 240 DEG C, 210min is incubated so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;Again with 20 DEG C/
The ramp of 30min is incubated 180min to 340 DEG C so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;Again with the speed liter of 20 DEG C/30min
Temperature is incubated 180min to 440 DEG C so as to which vacuum is up to 1 ╳ 10-2Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 480 DEG C, protect
Warm 60min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 500 DEG C, 180min is incubated so as to
Vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 510 DEG C, 180min is incubated so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳
10-3Pa;Then jacket is sealed, during sealing, due to except steam stove middle and lower part position temperature it is generally slightly higher, it is desirable to positioned at middle and lower part
The actual temperature of thermocouple must must not exceed 510 DEG C at 490~510 DEG C, it is ensured that the temperature in jacket everywhere is 490
~510 DEG C, 2 roads are sealed during sealing, welding is nipped off in the 3rd road.
Good seal is wrapped in 450 DEG C of heating 210min, makes jacket and high si-al alloy powder completely heated up uniform, then
Decortication hot extrusion is carried out, extrusion die 4 is preheated to 430 DEG C, and recipient 1 is preheated to 350 DEG C, with graphite powder as lubricant, squeezed
Pressure ratio is 36, extrusion speed 1.5mm/s, obtains the silumin bar of the high-compactness that consistency is 100%.
The aluminum suitcase set of silumin bar periphery is removed by machining, then in 460 DEG C of solution treatment 120min,
Ageing Treatment 180min is carried out at 170 DEG C, finished product silumin is obtained.Performance test:Finished product silumin consistency
100%, room temperature tensile intensity σb>=450Mpa, elongation percentage >=1%.
Embodiment 2:Al-20Si-5Fe-4.3Cu-1.5Mg silumins
High si-al alloy powder sieves, from the high si-al alloy powder that particle diameter is -200 mesh, in being fitted into fine aluminium jacket, so
During afterwards fine aluminium jacket is placed in except steam stove, thermocouple measuring temperature is respectively equipped with the top and middle and lower part except steam stove, uses vacuum
Unit carries out vacuum degassing, with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 150 DEG C, is incubated 120min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10- 2Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 250 DEG C, 210min is incubated so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;Again with 20 DEG C/
The ramp of 30min is incubated 180min to 350 DEG C so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;Again with the speed liter of 20 DEG C/30min
Temperature is incubated 180min to 450 DEG C so as to which vacuum is up to 1 ╳ 10-2Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 490 DEG C, protect
Warm 60min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 500 DEG C, 180min is incubated so as to
Vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 510 DEG C, 180min is incubated so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳
10-3Pa;Then jacket is sealed, during sealing, it is desirable to positioned at middle and lower part thermocouple actual temperature must at 490~510 DEG C,
Guarantee that the temperature in jacket everywhere, at 490~510 DEG C, seals 2 roads during sealing, welding is nipped off in the 3rd road.
Good seal is wrapped in 470 DEG C of heating 180min, makes jacket and high si-al alloy powder completely heated up uniform, then
Decortication hot extrusion is carried out, extrusion die 4 is preheated to 450 DEG C, and recipient 2 is preheated to 400 DEG C, with graphite powder as lubricant, squeezed
Pressure ratio is 28, extrusion speed 1mm/s, obtains the silumin bar of the high-compactness that consistency is 100%.
The aluminum suitcase set of silumin bar periphery is removed by machining, then in 480 DEG C of solution treatment 90min,
Ageing Treatment 150min is carried out at 180 DEG C, finished product silumin is obtained.Performance test:Finished product silumin consistency
100%, room temperature tensile intensity σb>=470Mpa, elongation percentage >=1%.
Embodiment 3:Al-23Si-4Fe-4.3Cu-1Mg silumins
High si-al alloy powder sieves, from the high si-al alloy powder that particle diameter is -200 mesh, in being fitted into fine aluminium jacket, so
During afterwards fine aluminium jacket is placed in except steam stove, thermocouple measuring temperature is respectively equipped with the top and middle and lower part except steam stove, uses vacuum
Unit carries out vacuum degassing, with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 150 DEG C, is incubated 150min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10- 2Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 250 DEG C, 240min is incubated so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;Again with 20 DEG C/
The ramp of 30min is incubated 210min to 350 DEG C so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;Again with the speed liter of 20 DEG C/30min
Temperature is incubated 210min to 450 DEG C so as to which vacuum is up to 1 ╳ 10-2Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 490 DEG C, protect
Warm 60min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 500 DEG C, 180min is incubated so as to
Vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;Again with the ramp of 20 DEG C/30min to 510 DEG C, 180min is incubated so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳
10-3Pa;Then jacket is sealed, during sealing, it is desirable to positioned at middle and lower part thermocouple actual temperature must at 490~510 DEG C,
Guarantee that the temperature in jacket everywhere, at 490~510 DEG C, seals 2 roads during sealing, welding is nipped off in the 3rd road.
Good seal is wrapped in 480 DEG C of heating 240min, makes jacket and high si-al alloy powder completely heated up uniform, then
Decortication hot extrusion is carried out, extrusion die 4 is preheated to 470 DEG C, and recipient 2 is preheated to 420 DEG C, with graphite powder as lubricant, squeezed
Pressure ratio is 23, extrusion speed 0.5mm/s, obtains the silumin bar of the high-compactness that consistency is 100%.
The aluminum suitcase set of silumin bar periphery is removed by machining, then in 480 DEG C of solution treatment 180min,
Ageing Treatment 180min is carried out at 180 DEG C, finished product silumin is obtained.Performance test:Finished product silumin consistency
100%, room temperature tensile intensity σb>=480Mpa, elongation percentage >=1%.
In sum, the invention provides a kind of decortication of gas atomized alloys powder is hot-pressed to prepare silumin
Method, the alloy consistency of preparation up to 100%, room temperature tensile intensity σb>=450MPa, elongation percentage >=1%.
Claims (10)
1. a kind of Rapid Solidification Powder metallurgy silumin is peeled the preparation method of hot extrusion, it is characterised in that including as follows
Step:
1) high si-al alloy powder is loaded into jacket, carries out vacuum degassing, be heated to 300~350 DEG C and be incubated more than 120min,
Its vacuum is made up to 8 × 10-2Below Pa, then proceedes to be heated to 400~450 DEG C and is incubated more than 120min so as to vacuum
Up to 1 × 10-2Below Pa, is heated to 500~510 DEG C, is incubated more than 60min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 × 10-3Below Pa, so
Jacket is sealed afterwards;
2) by step 1) good seal is wrapped in 350~500 DEG C of 120~360min of insulation, after it is completely heated up it is uniform after, taken off
Feverish skin is extruded:300~480 DEG C of mold preheating temperature, 350~430 DEG C of recipient preheating temperature, extrusion ratio is 20~40, extruding
0.5~3mm/s of speed, obtains silumin bar;
3) by step 2) the machined aluminum jacket for removing periphery of the silumin bar that obtains, then at 400~500 DEG C
1.5~4.5h of solution treatment is carried out, 2~6h of Ageing Treatment is carried out at 150~300 DEG C, obtain finished product silumin.
2. the temperature in method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that during sealing, jacket everywhere is 490~510
℃。
3. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that step 1) in vacuum degassing process be to be risen by room temperature heating
Temperature is incubated 120~150min to 120~150 DEG C so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;240~250 DEG C are warming up to again, insulation
210~250min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;340~350 DEG C are warming up to again, are incubated 180~210min so as to vacuum
Spend up to 8 ╳ 10-2Pa;It is warming up to 440~450 DEG C again, is incubated 180~210min so as to which vacuum is up to 1 ╳ 10-2Pa;Heat up again
To 480~490 DEG C, 60min is incubated so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;500 DEG C are warming up to again, are incubated 180min so as to vacuum
Spend up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa;It is warming up to 510 DEG C again, is incubated 180min so as to which vacuum is up to 8 ╳ 10-3Pa。
4. method according to claim 3, it is characterised in that the heating rate of the intensification is respectively 20 DEG C/30min.
5. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the high si-al alloy powder is obtained using powder by atomization method
.
6. method according to claim 5, it is characterised in that the powder by atomization method is aerosolization, the high sial for obtaining
Alloy powder averaged Oxygen content 0.05~0.2% (mass fraction).
7. the method according to any one of claim 1-6, it is characterised in that the composition of the high si-al alloy powder is,
In terms of mass fraction, Al- (10~25) Si- (3~7) Fe- (2~6) Cu- (0.5~3) Mg;The high si-al alloy powder
The mesh of particle diameter≤- 150.
8. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the jacket adopts aluminum jacket.
9. the method according to claim 1 or 8, it is characterised in that the jacket is provided with jacket exhaust tube, takes out in jacket
Drainage screen is set in trachea, between the exhaust tube and jacket exhaust tube of vacuum pump set one group of defecator is connected, when preventing pumping
High si-al alloy powder in jacket is extracted, and after completing degasification, carries out solder up.
10. method according to claim 1, it is characterised in that the decortication hot extrusion is carried out in decortication heat extruder,
Dummy block 2~4mm less than internal diameter of the container, with graphite powder as lubricant.
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CN113118443A (en) * | 2021-04-16 | 2021-07-16 | 江苏豪然喷射成形合金有限公司 | Method for preparing bar by using spray-formed high-silicon aluminum alloy powder |
CN113444905A (en) * | 2021-06-30 | 2021-09-28 | 南京航空航天大学 | Preparation method of AlSi25Cu4Mg material by utilizing spray-formed overspray powder |
CN115488345A (en) * | 2022-09-07 | 2022-12-20 | 华南理工大学 | Powder hot-extrusion heat-resistant aluminum alloy and preparation method thereof |
CN115889779A (en) * | 2022-10-25 | 2023-04-04 | 株洲东亚工具有限公司 | Alloy powder pressing bar processing system |
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