CN104411622A - 用于组合制备氨合成气和二氧化碳的方法和装置 - Google Patents
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Abstract
在由烃混合物组合制备氨合成气和二氧化碳的方法中,将来自反向转化的冷混合物在通过压力调节的吸附单元(或PSA)中分离,产生纯度至少等于98%的富氢气流(9)和残余气体(11),加工残余气体以产生二氧化碳以及包含氮气和甲烷的气体(25),并将至少一部分富氢气流和至少一部分包含氮气和甲烷的气体混合以形成氨合成气(27)。
Description
本发明涉及用于由烃来源组合制备氨合成气和二氧化碳的方法和装置。更具体而言,本发明涉及由通过将烃,特别是天然气重整而制备的合成气组合制备氨合成气和二氧化碳的方法。
本发明还涉及用于联合制备氨和二氧化碳的方法和装置,以及用于尿素制备的方法和装置。
所有纯度百分数为摩尔%。
由WO-A-06/054008中已知如何通过处理来自反向转化的气体而由PSA尾气制备二氧化碳。
氨合成中的主要步骤是:
1.将天然气(或另一含碳燃料)蒸汽重整。
2.在空气中二次重整/部分氧化以加入用于氨合成反应的氮气。
3.使CO在催化剂下反应成CO2和H2。
4.通过用溶剂洗涤而萃取CO2(本菲尔德法等)。
5.将痕量CO和CO2在催化剂下使用高氢气过量而甲烷化成CH4和H2O(CO和CO2为催化剂的毒物)。
6.以两个可能的变化方案合成氨:
a.干燥+用氮气洗涤以将H2/N2比调整至3并萃取剩余CH4、氩气和N2+借助催化反应器的NH3合成回路,
b.或者:借助催化反应器的NH3合成回路+在PSA上处理抽空CH4、氩气和过量N2的清洗流以回收H2。
当想要进一步使用在步骤4中萃取的CO2(例如以使油萃取更容易或者制备化学品如尿素等)时,或者如果想要隔离(sequester)它以降低温室气体排放,则必须加入对于在步骤4中萃取的CO2的压缩和干燥步骤。
本发明的目的是在必须将CO2压缩以进一步如上所述使用时显著降低NH3制备成本。
因此,需要制备氨合成气和二氧化碳的经济可行方法。
根据本发明的一个目的,提供由烃混合物组合制备氨合成气和二氧化碳的方法,所述方法包括至少:
-一个提纯步骤:将来自反向转化的冷混合物在通过压力调节的吸附单元(或PSA)中提纯,容许产生纯度至少等于98%的富氢气流,和在约1-3巴绝对压力下的包含二氧化碳、氮气、甲烷和一氧化碳的称为“PSA尾气”的尾气
和处理步骤:处理所述PSA尾气以产生富二氧化碳流体,其包括至少:
-一个压缩步骤:将PSA尾气压缩至大于重整压力的压力并使得所含CO2的分压包含在约25至35巴之间;
-干燥步骤:通过消除所含水而将压缩的PSA尾气干燥以产生干气体;
-一个或多个连续冷凝/分离步骤,使得:
·各步骤本身包括:
-将来自先前步骤的气体中所含的所有或一部分CO2冷凝的步骤,其后
-任选通过蒸馏将富CO2冷凝物与包含不可冷凝化合物的气相分离的步骤,
·且
-所述一个或多个步骤在包含在室温与-56℃之间的温度下进行,
-CO2贫化步骤:使来自至少一个分离步骤,例如渗透分离的气相贫化以产生贫CO2流和富CO2流,
-甲烷化步骤:将贫CO2流甲烷化以产生包含氮气和甲烷的气体,和
-将至少一部分富氢气流与至少一部分包含氮气和甲烷的气体混合以形成氨合成气的步骤。
根据其它任选特征:
-将贫CO2流在至少35巴下送入甲烷化,
-将来自CO2贫化步骤的富CO2流送入通过压力调节的吸附单元中,
-方法包括对于合成气的蒸汽反向转化步骤以将它包含的主要部分的一氧化碳氧化成二氧化碳,同时相应地产生氢气,和
-方法包括对于烃混合物的重整步骤以产生包含至少二氧化碳、氢气、一氧化碳、甲烷和蒸汽的合成气。
根据本发明另一目的,提供如上所述氨和二氧化碳制备方法,其中将氨合成气在处理单元中处理以提供氨流和包含甲烷和氮气的气体。
任选:
-将包含甲烷和氮气的气体送回重整步骤中,
-送入处理单元中的所有氮气包含在至少一部分富氢气流中并与至少一部分包含氮气和甲烷的气体混合形成氨合成气,和
-氨与二氧化碳反应以产生尿素。
根据本发明另一目的,提供用于由烃混合物组合制备氨合成气和二氧化碳的设备,所述设备包含至少:
-一个提纯单元,其用于将来自反向转化的冷混合物在通过压力调节的吸附单元(或PSA)中提纯,容许产生纯度至少等于98%的富氢气流,和在约1-3巴绝对压力下的包含二氧化碳、氮气、甲烷和一氧化碳的称为“PSA尾气”的尾气,
和处理单元,其用于处理所述PSA尾气以产生富二氧化碳流体,其包含至少
-用于将PSA尾气压缩至大于重整压力的压力并使得所含CO2的分压包含在约25至35巴之间的单元;
-通过消除所含水而将压缩的PSA尾气干燥以产生干燥气体的单元;
-进行几个连续冷凝/分离步骤的单元,使得:
·各步骤本身包括:
-将来自先前步骤的气体中所含的所有或一部分CO2冷凝的步骤,其后
-任选通过蒸馏将富CO2冷凝物与包含不可冷凝化合物的气相分离的步骤,
·且
-所述一个或多个步骤在包含在室温与-56℃之间的温度下进行,
-CO2贫化单元:使来自至少一个分离步骤,例如通过渗透的气相贫化以产生贫CO2流和富CO2流,
-甲烷化单元,其用于将贫CO2流甲烷化以产生包含氮气和甲烷的气体,和
-将至少一部分富氢气流与至少一部分包含氮气和甲烷的气体混合以形成氨合成气的装置。
该设备可包含用于将来自CO2贫化步骤的富CO2流送回通过压力调节的吸附单元中的装置。
根据本发明的另一目的,提供如上所述用于氨和二氧化碳制备的设备,所述设备包含处理单元以处理氨合成气以产生氨流和包含甲烷和氮气的气体。
设备可包含用于将包含甲烷和氮气的气体送回重整步骤中的装置。
设备可包含对于合成气的蒸汽反向转化单元以将它包含的主要部分的一氧化碳氧化成二氧化碳,同时相应地产生氢气。
设备可包含对于烃混合物的重整单元以产生包含至少二氧化碳、氢气、一氧化碳、甲烷和蒸汽的合成气。
设备可包含氨与二氧化碳在其中反应产生尿素的单元。
本发明解决方法在于使用通过低温分离而来自二氧化碳制备方法的不可冷凝气体以供入氨合成制备单元中。
不经脱碳步骤,而是经反向转化步骤,PSA残余物包含一定量的约45%的来自重整和反向转化的CO2(确切的CO2含量自然地是初始烃混合物的组成的函数)。因此,起始于压力通常小于2巴的PSA尾气,该方法容许具有与深冷净化相容的由于压缩而包含在40-80巴之间的总气体压力,相当于包含在15-40巴之间的CO2分压。这些压力会容许流体用于方法的其余部分中而不必进行额外的压缩。
因此,PSA尾气通过部分冷凝以及任选通过渗透而提纯以产生富CO2液流。由于合适的额外处理,该液体可以以气体形式就地或在附近使用或隔离;它可以以气体或液体形式输出以使用或者隔离。由于合适的提纯,它可以以特别以及特别有利地的方式用于食品工业中。
如果产生的CO2不就地或在附近使用且根据第一具体实施方案,则所有或一部分液体在解压以后蒸发,同时回收冷,以产生在10-35巴的压力下气体形式的CO2。回收的冷有利地作为冷冻设备的补充用于冷却方法的流体。然后可将CO2压缩以通过气体管道输送至使用和/或隔离场所。
根据另一实施方案,但仍假如产生的CO2不就地或在附近使用,则所有或一部分液体可以以该形式输送至使用和/或隔离场所。
当执行它以联合地使氨合成气的产量最佳化并产生二氧化碳时,该方法是最特别有利的。
现在通过参考以下图和实施例描述本发明。
所述图阐述本发明方法的具体实施方案。
必须理解本发明不限于这些实施方案。本领域技术人员特别能够预见将这些实施方案中所述的处理和再循环技术组合。
图1显示阐述分别制备氨合成气和二氧化碳,例如待隔离二氧化碳的本发明一个实施方案的操作图。
供入方法中的进料由烃混合物—此处天然气(NG)组成—烃流1供入装置3中,装置3包含脱硫单元,产生预重整混合物的预重整器,所述混合物基本由甲烷、氢气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳和水构成,由预重整混合物供给并产生基本包含氢气、一氧化碳、二氧化碳、甲烷和蒸汽的重整模块,和反向转化模块。
将合成气冷却,然后将冷却的气体在该反向转化模块中处理,在那里将CO转化成H2和CO2。将离开装置3的气体混合物5冷却,然后在氢气提纯单元7如通过压力条件的吸附单元或PSA中处理,以产生纯度至少等于98%的富氢气流9以及包含二氧化碳、甲烷、氮气、氩气、氢气和一氧化碳的尾气11—称为PSA尾气。该PSA尾气11可在约1-3巴的绝对压力下得到,且它包含大约所有在重整和反向转化步骤中产生的CO2。通常,在其中供入方法中的烃混合物1为天然气的图1的情况下,PSA尾气11的组成类似于:CO2:45%-CO:12%-H2:23%-CH4:17%-H2O:1%-N2:2%。考虑关于PSA单元循环的组成变化,CO2含量为42-48%,H2含量在20-26%之间变化,且其它组分的含量保持大约恒定。
然后将PSA尾气11在提纯单元13中提纯。首先将PSA尾气11在提纯单元的压缩模块中压缩,以产生压缩PSA尾气。它在约60巴下压缩,这确保约27巴的CO2分压。接着,将它在提纯单元的吸附模块中通过可再生的连续吸附清除重质杂质,例如以产生提纯的压缩尾气,接着将其在提纯单元的干燥模块中干燥以产生清除了重质杂质并干燥的压缩尾气。
然后将该尾气冷却以在形成提纯单元的一部分的分离模块中通过液化而分离,其产生主要包含液态CO2的液体15以及包含未冷凝CO2部分和称为不可冷凝物的较轻化合物的气体混合物17。
尾气11通过来自深冷净化的冷流体逆流循环和/或通过与联合的外部冷冻组热交换而冷却。液体15主要包含CO2,然后为产生纯CO2,液体15由目的是清除液相中运送的轻杂质的蒸馏产生。为此,在供入蒸馏塔中以前可将为其解压至23巴。
由分离产生的气相17包含来自进料1的轻杂质且为至少40绝对巴;在换热器中加热至室温,它构成可在58巴压力下得到的不可冷凝物清洗流。该清洗流的组成为大约:CO2:21%-CO:18%-H2:36%-CH4:24%-N2:1%。
然后在CO2贫化单元19的吸附或渗透模块中处理不可冷凝物清洗流17以降低其二氧化碳含量。产生的气体21具有降低的二氧化碳含量。将产生的富CO2和富氢的其它气体20送入PSA单元7中以改进它的收率,而不在上游与流5混合。
事实上,由于高N2含量,PSA单元7的收率是非常低的;改进它的一种方法是在循环中的恰当时刻引入确比PSA供应更富含H2的气体20(任选为渗透物)以改进PSA收率。PSA单元与标准H2PSA不同,所述标准H2PSA必须阻止CO/CO2和N2。单元7阻止CO和CO2,但可使氮气通过,这意味着PSA单元7的H2收率未必恶化。
接着通过在甲烷化单元23中甲烷化而处理气体21以将二氧化碳和一氧化碳残余物转化成甲烷,形成气体25。
将气体25与纯氢气9混合以形成氨合成气27。将氨合成气27送入氨合成单元29中以产生氨31。
氨合成单元还产生包含甲烷、氮气、氩气和氢气的气体33,将其送回单元3中。
任选可将氨31和二氧化碳15供入尿素制备单元35中。
Claims (14)
1.由烃混合物组合制备氨合成气和二氧化碳的方法,其包括至少:
-一个提纯步骤(7):将来自反向转化的冷混合物在通过压力调节的吸附单元(或PSA)中提纯,容许产生纯度至少等于98%的富氢气流(9),和在约1-3巴绝对压力下的包含二氧化碳、氮气、甲烷和一氧化碳的称为“PSA尾气”的尾气(11),
和处理步骤(13):处理所述PSA尾气以产生富二氧化碳流体,其包括至少:
-压缩步骤:将PSA尾气压缩至大于重整压力的压力并使得所含CO2的分压包含在约25至35巴之间;
-干燥步骤:通过消除所含水而将压缩的PSA尾气干燥以产生干气体;
-一个或多个连续冷凝/分离步骤,使得:
·各步骤本身包括:
-将来自先前步骤的气体中所含的所有或一部分CO2冷凝的步骤,其后
-任选通过蒸馏将富CO2冷凝物(15)与包含不可冷凝化合物的气相(17)分离的步骤,
·且
-所述一个或多个步骤在包含在室温与-56℃之间的温度下进行,
-CO2贫化步骤(19):使来自至少一个分离步骤,例如渗透分离的气相贫化以产生贫CO2流(21)和富CO2流(20),
-甲烷化步骤(23):将贫CO2流甲烷化以产生包含氮气和甲烷的气体(25),和
-将至少一部分富氢气流与至少一部分包含氮气和甲烷的气体混合以形成氨合成气(27)的步骤。
2.根据权利要求1的方法,其中贫CO2流(21)在至少35巴的压力下送入甲烷化(23)中。
3.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其中将来自CO2贫化步骤的富CO2流(20)送入通过压力调节的吸附单元(7)中。
4.根据前述权利要求中任一项的方法,其包括对于合成气的蒸汽反向转化步骤(3)以将它包含的主要部分的一氧化碳氧化成二氧化碳,同时相应地产生氢气。
5.根据权利要求4的方法,其包括对于烃混合物的重整步骤(3)以产生包含至少二氧化碳、氢气、一氧化碳、甲烷和蒸汽的合成气。
6.根据前述权利要求中任一项的氨和二氧化碳制备方法,其中将氨合成气(27)在处理单元(29)中处理以产生氨流以及包含甲烷和氮气的气体。
7.根据权利要求的方法,其中送入氨合成单元(29)中的所有氮气来自气相(17)的甲烷化或者任选来自富氢气流。
8.根据权利要求6或7的方法,其中将包含甲烷和氮气的气体(33)送回重整步骤(3)中。
9.根据前述权利要求6、7或8的尿素制备方法,其中使氨(31)与二氧化碳(15)反应产生尿素。
10.用于由烃混合物组合制备氨合成气和二氧化碳的设备,其包含至少:
-一个提纯单元(7),其用于将来自反向转化的冷混合物(5)在通过压力调节的吸附单元(或PSA)中提纯,容许产生纯度至少等于98%的富氢气流(9),和在约1-3巴绝对压力下的包含二氧化碳、氮气、甲烷和一氧化碳的称为“PSA尾气”的尾气(11),
和处理单元(13),其用于处理所述PSA尾气以产生富二氧化碳流体,其包含至少
-用于将PSA尾气压缩至大于重整压力的压力并使得所含CO2的分压包含在约25至35巴之间的单元;
-通过消除所含水而将压缩的PSA尾气干燥以产生干燥气体的单元;
-进行一个或几个连续冷凝/分离步骤的单元,使得:
·各步骤本身包括:
-将来自先前步骤的气体中所含的所有或一部分CO2冷凝的步骤,其后
-任选通过蒸馏将富CO2冷凝物与包含不可冷凝化合物的气相分离的步骤,
·且
-所述一个或多个步骤在包含在室温与-56℃之间的温度下进行,
-CO2贫化单元(19):使来自至少一个分离步骤,例如通过渗透的气相贫化以产生贫CO2流(21)和富CO2流,
-甲烷化单元(23),其用于将贫CO2流甲烷化以产生包含氮气和甲烷的气体(25),和
-将至少一部分富氢气流与至少一部分包含氮气和甲烷的气体混合以形成氨合成气(27)的装置。
11.根据权利要求10的用于制备氨和二氧化碳的设备,其包含用于处理氨合成气以产生氨流(31)以及包含甲烷和氮气的气体(33)的处理单元(29)。
12.根据权利要求10或11的设备,其包含对于所有或一部分合成气的蒸汽反向转化单元(3)以将它包含的主要部分的一氧化碳氧化成二氧化碳,通常相应地产生氢气。
13.根据权利要求12的设备,其包含对于烃混合物(1)的重整单元(3)以产生包含至少二氧化碳、氢气、一氧化碳、甲烷和蒸汽的合成气。
14.根据权利要求11的制备尿素的设备,其包含用于将氨流(31)和二氧化碳流(15)送入尿素制备单元(35)中的装置。
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DK3401280T3 (da) * | 2017-05-11 | 2022-03-21 | Gascontec Gmbh | Fremgangsmåde til fremstilling af ammoniak |
KR102610181B1 (ko) | 2018-11-30 | 2023-12-04 | 퓨얼셀 에너지, 인크 | 향상된 co2 이용률로 작동되는 연료 전지를 위한 촉매 패턴의 개질 |
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