CN104364317A - 由生物组分制成的可生物降解的材料 - Google Patents
由生物组分制成的可生物降解的材料 Download PDFInfo
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- CN104364317A CN104364317A CN201380031258.1A CN201380031258A CN104364317A CN 104364317 A CN104364317 A CN 104364317A CN 201380031258 A CN201380031258 A CN 201380031258A CN 104364317 A CN104364317 A CN 104364317A
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Classifications
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- B28B7/342—Moulds, cores, or mandrels of special material, e.g. destructible materials which are at least partially destroyed, e.g. broken, molten, before demoulding; Moulding surfaces or spaces shaped by, or in, the ground, or sand or soil, whether bound or not; Cores consisting at least mainly of sand or soil, whether bound or not
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- B28B7/348—Moulds, cores, or mandrels of special material, e.g. destructible materials of plastic material or rubber
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- B28B7/00—Moulds; Cores; Mandrels
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- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
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- B29C39/00—Shaping by casting, i.e. introducing the moulding material into a mould or between confining surfaces without significant moulding pressure; Apparatus therefor
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- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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- B29C48/00—Extrusion moulding, i.e. expressing the moulding material through a die or nozzle which imparts the desired form; Apparatus therefor
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- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08J—WORKING-UP; GENERAL PROCESSES OF COMPOUNDING; AFTER-TREATMENT NOT COVERED BY SUBCLASSES C08B, C08C, C08F, C08G or C08H
- C08J5/00—Manufacture of articles or shaped materials containing macromolecular substances
- C08J5/04—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material
- C08J5/10—Reinforcing macromolecular compounds with loose or coherent fibrous material characterised by the additives used in the polymer mixture
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08K—Use of inorganic or non-macromolecular organic substances as compounding ingredients
- C08K3/00—Use of inorganic substances as compounding ingredients
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- C—CHEMISTRY; METALLURGY
- C08—ORGANIC MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS; THEIR PREPARATION OR CHEMICAL WORKING-UP; COMPOSITIONS BASED THEREON
- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
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- C08L—COMPOSITIONS OF MACROMOLECULAR COMPOUNDS
- C08L97/00—Compositions of lignin-containing materials
- C08L97/02—Lignocellulosic material, e.g. wood, straw or bagasse
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- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
-
- D—TEXTILES; PAPER
- D06—TREATMENT OF TEXTILES OR THE LIKE; LAUNDERING; FLEXIBLE MATERIALS NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N—WALL, FLOOR, OR LIKE COVERING MATERIALS, e.g. LINOLEUM, OILCLOTH, ARTIFICIAL LEATHER, ROOFING FELT, CONSISTING OF A FIBROUS WEB COATED WITH A LAYER OF MACROMOLECULAR MATERIAL; FLEXIBLE SHEET MATERIAL NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR
- D06N3/00—Artificial leather, oilcloth or other material obtained by covering fibrous webs with macromolecular material, e.g. resins, rubber or derivatives thereof
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Abstract
本发明涉及一种由生物组分制成的可降解材料,包含10-60重量%的由至少一个蛋白质制成的蛋白质胶(1)、2-50重量%的天然纤维(4)。而且在所述材料中还提供了2-15重量%的至少一种吸湿性矿物(7)、10-55重量%的水(2)和0-50重量%的添加剂组分(5)。
Description
技术领域
本发明涉及一种由生物组分制成的可降解材料,以及还涉及一种由可降解材料制成的模制部件的制备方法。
背景技术
US 7,387,756(Guilbert等)描述了一种基于天然纤维的材料的制备方法。天然纤维与天然蛋白质粘合剂以粉末形式混合,其中天然纤维的含水率为1-15%。将含水率设定为6-24%,之后通过热压操作模制混合物。
US 6,284,838(Novamont SpA)公开了一种由木质素或包含木质素的材料和蛋白质制成的可生物降解的组合物。组合物也可以进一步包含添加剂。将木质素或包含木质素的材料与蛋白质一起加热并使之熔化。也可以使用细刨花作为包含木质素的材料。使用植物或动物的酪蛋白或明胶(gelatin)作为优选的蛋白质。
US 5,360,586(Wyatt Danny)公开了一种由纤维素材料制成的可降解模制部件的制备方法。纤维素材料包含小于50%的水,并与粘合剂和发泡剂混合。将混合物填充至挤压机中,与水混合并之后被挤压以形成模制部件。
DE 461 775(Hans Brandt)公开了一种木材替代品组合物,其与木材相比更便宜和更轻,并且具有更高的闪点和更高的耐水性。为了制备该组合物,将纸在氢氧化钾溶液中煮沸,之后将其与单宁酸和氢氧化钠混合。将该组合物干燥并粉碎。之后将粉末与胶合剂、碳酸钠、滑石以及氯化锑混合,并在搅拌下加入皮胶的硫化氢溶液。将所得的组合物碾平成薄片或压制以形成模制品。
DE 334 183(Kukula博士)描述了一种用于制备铅笔体的木材替代品组合物。所述组合物是由木纤维与矿物质和水的混合物制备的。将胶和糊精或植物胶浆(mucilage)作为粘合剂加入混合物中。在中等压力下将该组合物在不加热的情况下压到合适的模具中。一个例子描述了可以将4-5重量份的其中可加入少量的木质纸浆的磨木或木屑,与一重量份的石棉、硅藻土或滑石、以及也一重量份的骨胶或明胶以及一重量份的添加了极少量的水的植物胶浆或糊精混合。
WO 2009/079579(E2E Materials)描述了一种可生物降解的无甲醛波纹卡纸板,特别是具有由大豆制成的粘合剂的波纹卡纸板。波纹卡纸板由大豆树脂制成的第一板材以及由植物纤维材料制成的另一板材组成。第一板材与波纹压制元件相粘合。植物纤维可以包括亚麻、大麻、苎麻、剑麻、黄麻、木绵、香蕉、菠萝或洋麻纤维。纤维能够以编织或非编织的纺织品的形式存在。但是,纤维优选以通过天然粘合剂、诸如例如聚乳酸而保持在一起的非编织垫的形式存在。波纹压制元件优选由膨化谷粒、特别是小麦、大米、或玉米谷粒制成。在制备方法的第一步骤中,将由植物纤维制成的第一批板材用大豆树脂浸透、干燥、压缩,以形成压制板,之后与波纹压制元件胶合。最后,使第二压制板与波纹压制元件胶合。大豆树脂可以额外地包含多糖,特别是琼脂、胶凝糖、或其混合物。
WO 2004/029135(K.U.Leuven)公开了一种基于谷蛋白(gluten)以及由涂覆有谷蛋白的纤维制成的复合材料的生物高聚物。通过将谷蛋白与包含大量巯基基团的分子混合从而制备所述材料。为此,将谷蛋白与分子一起分散在优选的水溶液中。另外,纤维也能够涂覆有谷蛋白并处理,以形成复合材料。纤维可以是合成的,也可以是天然的。在一个特定的实施例中,在纤维周围形成谷蛋白网状物。之后可以将所产生的纤维基质用压铸法压制。此处可以使用纤维素纤维,也可以使用麦秆、荚、苎麻壳或果实作为纤维。
由于其固化、特别是在蛋白质胶的存在下的固化需要一些时间,由这些材料制备的模制部件最初仅显示出低的机械稳定性,因此用此前已知的材料是不利的。另外,由于不是所有所用的材料是可降解的和环境可接受性的,所以这些材料必须以废弃物的形式被处理掉。
发明内容
本发明的目的是提供一种适用于开头所述技术领域的材料,与现有技术中已知的材料相比,该材料更快地固化,从而使得由其制备的模制部件具有尽可能快地良好的机械稳定性,以及能够被彻底地分解和可降解的。
通过权利要求1的特征来实现该目的。根据本发明的材料包含10-60重量%的由至少一种蛋白质制成的蛋白质胶。可降解材料额外地包含2-50重量%的天然纤维、2-15重量%的至少一种吸湿性矿物、以及10-55重量%的水。另外,在所述材料中也可以存在0-50重量%的量的添加剂组分。
根据本发明的材料是“可降解的”。在本申请的上下文中,这指的是所述材料能够通过生物处理被完全地分解。
在本申请的上下文中的“蛋白质胶”指的是能够通过固化处理形成三维网状物的蛋白质溶液。该固化处理优选是可逆的,特别是通过加入水以及额外地加热操作。优选地,蛋白质胶由单一蛋白质或单一蛋白质类(protein class)组成。或者,蛋白质胶也可以由多种不同蛋白质或不同蛋白质类的蛋白质组成。
所述材料包含10-60重量%、优选30-50重量%、特别优选40-45重量%的蛋白质胶。
所述材料进一步包含2-50重量%、优选5-35重量%、特别优选7-20重量%的天然纤维。
另外,在可降解材料中存在2-15重量%、优选5-12重量%、特别优选7-10重量%的至少一种吸湿性矿物、以及10-55重量%、优选20-50重量%、特别优选35-45重量%的水。吸湿性矿物特别优选以粉末形式存在于所述材料中。
另外,所述材料可以包含0-50重量%、优选10-40重量%、特别优选20-30重量%的量的添加剂组分。添加剂组分不是必需存在于所述材料中的。即使在没有添加剂组分的情况下,根据本发明的材料也实现了上述技术目的。
通过加入吸湿性矿物,将作为结晶水存在于材料中的水加入到吸湿性矿物中,结果提高了蛋白质胶的固化速度。另外,吸湿性矿物可以额外地与水结合,这导致了由所述材料制备的模制部件比较快地具有良好的机械稳定性,即使是在蛋白质胶完全固化之前。
根据本发明的材料的一个重要的优点是它可以在热水中完全溶解。由于纯天然物质的材料的组合物,所产生的水溶液能够作为废水毫无问题地被处理掉,或用于给植物施肥。或者,由所述材料制备的模制部件能够被燃烧处理,其中,由于使用了可再生的原材料,结果产生了实际上的中性CO2平衡。另外,根据本发明的材料在使用之后,也能够被利用作堆肥。
可降解材料最初是液体的,因此例如通过压制或通过挤压,能够被非常快速地加工以形成模制部件。另外,已经确定,根据本发明的材料也可以用作三维打印机的底物。
优选使用以下物质中的至少一种作为吸湿性矿物:氢氧化铝、皂土、硫酸钙、氯化钙、碳酸钙、氧化钙、氢氧化钙、铝酸钙、硅酸钙、硅酸钾、碳酸钾、硅石、硅酸锂、硫酸镁、碳酸镁、氯化镁、硫酸氢镁、硅酸镁、硫酸钠、醋酸钠、硫酸氢钠、三磷酸五钠、海泡石、硅胶(硅酸凝胶)、二氧化硅、沸石。吸湿性矿物优选进一步包括所述物质的至少两种的混合物。
特别优选使用商业上常规的石膏粉末形式的硫酸钙,而优选使用被称为无定形的“水玻璃”形式的锂、钠和钾的硅酸盐。特别优选使用被称为分子筛、优选孔径大小为3埃的分子筛作为沸石。
优选地,所述蛋白质胶包括明胶蛋白、胶原蛋白、藻酸盐、白蛋白、明胶,软骨胶、琼脂、黄原胶或其混合物。可由动物骨骼、软骨或兽皮比较容易地制备由明胶蛋白制成的蛋白质胶。可以使用在食品工业中可以大量获得的明胶作为胶原蛋白胶。可以在根据本发明的材料中主要使用粉末状的藻酸的盐,诸如、例如藻酸钠、藻酸钾、藻酸铵或藻酸钙作为藻酸盐。
而且,除了蛋白质胶,可以使用木质素磺酸盐、木质素、葡萄糖或糊精作为进一步的粘合剂。
或者,在根据本发明的材料中也可以使用其他的蛋白质胶,诸如、例如纤维蛋白胶或贻贝的胶蛋白。但是,这些蛋白质胶最近仅少量可得并且价格昂贵,由于这个原因将它们加入根据本发明的材料中是在经济上是不合算的。
优选地,使用骨胶、皮胶、兔皮胶或鱼胶作为蛋白质胶。这些胶即使在大量的情况下也是容易可得的,并且添加的价格低廉。而且,基于其相对低的熔融温度,其用途是简单的,因为为了生产和应用不需要将材料加热至高的温度。
天然纤维方便地包括木纤维、谷物纤维、坚果外壳纤维、草纤维、麦片、纤维素纤维、纤维素碎片或其混合物。
该类型的天然纤维在农业、林业以及也木纸浆工业中是作为废品出现的。特别优选地,使用针叶木纤维作为天然纤维。取决于所述材料所制备的模制部件,天然纤维可以具有不同的尺寸。优选地,使用长度为0.5mm至50mm的天然纤维。或者,但是也可以使用粉末形式的天然纤维,例如平均粒径为0.01mm至0.5mm的粉末。可以通过例如将天然纤维磨碎来制备该类型的粉末。例如如果由其制备椅子或桌子,天然纤维使得固化的材料具有所需的机械强度以承受甚至更大的负荷。
可以使用天然状态或者是化学改性后的纤维。在将其用于根据本发明的材料之前,例如,可以通过甲基化、磺化、硝化、乙酰化等化学改性的纤维素纤维。
原则上,所有类型的植物纤维、例如竹纤维、大麻纤维、稻壳纤维等等,可以用作根据本发明的材料。
优选使用硫酸钙、硫酸镁或其混合物作为吸湿性矿物。特别优选地,使用粉末形式的吸湿性矿物。优选使用商业可得的石膏粉末作为硫酸钙。硫酸钙和硫酸镁的吸湿性都强,能够与作为结晶水的所述材料中的水结合。这降低了所述材料中未被结合的水的量,结果加快了蛋白质胶的固化。由于硫酸钙额外地与所述材料中的水结合并由此形成了机械稳定的结构,所以硫酸钙的使用额外提高了由所述材料制备的模制部件的稳定性。
吸湿性矿物的优势应归因于所述材料中存在的游离水被结合。因此本领域技术人员应当清楚使用尽可能不存在水的吸湿性矿物来制备材料。优选地,相应地使用无水石膏作为硫酸钙以及也应当使用无水硫酸镁或硫酸镁一水合物。
吸湿性矿物的另一优点是加入结晶水的放热曲线。由于释放的热能加快了蛋白质胶的固化,这导致了所述材料的更快的固化。
添加剂组分优选包括1-10重量%、优选2-8重量%的至少一种可生物降解的软化剂。可生物降解的软化剂优选为甘油、尿素、柠檬酸三乙酯、山梨糖醇、黄原胶、或柠檬酸烷基酯。加入软化剂能够改良材料的脆性。例如,可以改良例如由所述材料制备的模制部件的弹性。
或者,也可以使用例如聚合物工业中已知的常规软化剂。但是,这样的软化剂不是对生态无害的。
优选地,添加剂组分包含0.1-10重量%、特别优选3-6重量%的至少一种可生物降解的稳定剂。可降解的稳定剂优选为木质素磺酸盐、亚麻籽油或亚麻油凡立水。通过加入稳定剂,可以改进所述材料的流动性能。木质素磺酸盐与蛋白质胶的蛋白质反应,而亚麻籽油或亚麻油凡立水都通过氧化作用固化。两个反应都能够赋予所述材料额外的机械稳定性。另外,两个反应都以可以防止所述材料在偶然的液体接触的情况下的破坏或软化这样的方式,保护材料免受潮湿。
添加剂组分优选额外包含0.1-10重量%的至少一种提高耐水性的物质。特别优选地,在材料中使用鞣酸、鞣料云实素、Ganidin、明矾、尿素、酪蛋白、阿魏酸、棉子酚、磺酸、诸如赖氨酰氧化酶、谷氨酰胺转移酶、漆酶的酶或其混合物,作为用于提高耐水性的物质。通过使用这样的物质,存在于所述材料中的蛋白质胶被额外地交联,借以提高了固化的材料的耐水性。额外的交联由存在于蛋白质胶中的蛋白质的化学变性引起,或者通过酶催化的交联反应引起。
或者也可以使用其它提高耐水性的物质,例如硫酸铝。
优选地,可降解材料进一步包含疏水性组分,特别是阿拉伯胶、乳香、松香、山达脂、或其混合物。
更优选地,疏水性组分也可以包括凡士林、松节油、乳液、酪蛋白或蜂蜡。
也可以通过疏水性添加剂提高或设定固化的材料的耐水性。结果可以制备暂时暴露于水而不被破坏的材料,然而尽管如此通过被比较长期地暴露于水、特别是热水或蒸汽,所述材料能够被完全分解。这使得可以使用所述材料制备例如耐洗的板或盘,或者具有在潮湿状态下可被清洁的表面的模制部件。
或者,也可以通过涂覆适合的疏水性涂层或通过涂漆来提高由所述材料制备的模制部件的耐水性。
优选地,添加剂组分包含至少一种天然染料。天然染料特别优选为氧化铁颜料。通过添加天然染料,可用与处理中被破坏的分解材料没有生物相容性的根据本发明的材料制备差异性染色的模制部件。氧化铁颜料给材料涂上黄色(氧化铁黄;C.I.颜料黄42)、红色(氧化铁红;C.I.颜料红101)和黑色(氧化铁黑;C.I.颜料黑11)。另外,氧化铁作为染料的用途导致稳定剂、特别是亚麻籽油或亚麻油凡立水更快地氧化,其中由根据本发明的材料制备的模制部件是机械稳定的但是更快。
除了氧化铁颜料,也可以将其它天然染料添加至材料中,诸如、例如硫酸铜、醋酸铜、胭脂红(C.I.酸性红18),这取决于所需要的颜色。
另外,也可以将人工色素加入到材料中,取决于色素的环境相容性,其可能导致如下情况:分解材料需要被单独丢弃。
添加剂组分优选进一步包含至少一种发泡剂,优选碳酸氢钠。通过发泡剂,通过引入气体内含物、特别是二氧化碳可以降低材料的密度。取决于发泡剂的量,可以改变气体内含物的数量。大量的气体内含物增加了所述材料的隔音或隔热因素。
其它优选的发泡剂是碳酸钠十水合物、十二烷基聚(氧乙烯)硫酸钠、碳酸铵和碳酸钾。
或者也可以通过其它方法对所述材料进行发泡,例如通过在例如挤出操作期间在压力下引入二氧化碳、氮气或另一压缩气体(propellant gas)。
优选地,添加剂组分包含至少一种生物高聚物。所述至少一种生物高聚物优选为木质素、几丁质、聚己酸内酯、热塑性淀粉、醋酸纤维素、聚乳酸、酪蛋白、聚羟基丁酸、聚羟基脂肪酸酯,纤维素水合物,醋酸纤维素,乙酰丁酸纤维素、右旋糖、糊精、或其混合物。通过加入生物高聚物,能够改良所述材料的加工性能,诸如流动性、固化速度、贮存期或粘合强度。另外,也可以有针对性地改良由所述材料制成的模制部件的性能,诸如弹性、机械强度、重量和耐化学性。
应当指出的是,某些生物高聚物,诸如松香、乳香或山达脂,同时具有疏水作用,以及也可以用作疏水性组分或其一部分。
优选地,添加剂组分包含矿物填充剂。该填充剂特别包括钙硅石、滑石、氧化镁、或其混合物。
更优选的矿物填充剂包括云母、高岭石、蒙脱石、碳酸钙和也珍珠岩或其混合物。
矿物填充剂防止由所述材料制成的模制部件的收缩或变形。另外,矿物填充剂可以提高所述材料的阻燃性能。或者也可以使用其它矿物填充剂。
特别是用作无定形的水玻璃的锂、钠或钾的硅酸盐以及胶体二氧化硅和木质素磺酸盐,具有如下重要优势:它们不只是给根据本发明的材料带来有利影响,而且也改进了所述材料的流变性能、耐水性和固化速度。
本发明的另一方面涉及一种由可降解的材料制成的模制部件的制备方法。在根据本发明的方法中,首先引入液体形式的根据前述说明书的可降解材料。随后,通过压制、特别是通过模压成型、挤出、吹塑成型、旋转成型、铸塑、注塑成型、真空成型或通过三维打印,由可降解材料制备模制部件。最后,固化模制部件。
基于所使用的组分,根据本发明的可降解材料是液体或至少流动性的。结果,可降解材料可以成形为任意所需的模制部件,其在固化之后由于所用的天然纤维具有木质样外观。另外,已发现根据本发明的可降解材料可以用作三维打印机的底物。在三维打印中通过熔融涂层方法(熔融沉积成型),可以使用液体形式的根据本发明的材料。当在根据多点喷墨建模(也称为多喷建模)法运行的打印机中使用时,所述材料被提前干燥并被粉碎成粉末。之后将粉末置于三维打印机中,其中使用水作为粘合剂。
优选地,在固化期间或之后用紫外线辐射所制备的模制部件。紫外线的波长优选为200nm至280nm,特别优选为253nm。
通过用紫外线辐射,存在于蛋白质胶中的蛋白质可以在模制部件的表面变性并且彼此交联。由此可以额外地提高模制部件的耐水性。
本申请上下文中的“固化”是指在产生模制部件之后通过化学处理或通过粘合处理使可降解材料成为固体。在模制部件的挤出、压制、模制或打印之后立刻进行固化并持续至由所述材料制备的模制部件是固有地尺寸稳定的。在根据本发明的材料的情况下,固化时间通常需要两天,其中,取决于材料的组分,也可以实现少于一小时的固化时间。
优选地,额外地干燥固化的模制部件直至固化的材料的水含量低于1重量%。特别优选地,额外地干燥模制部件直至水含量低于0.2重量%。
已发现额外的干燥步骤能够额外地增加固化材料的耐水性。不希望被任何理论限制,该效果似乎基于如下事实:通过将水含量降低至低于1重量%,在存在于蛋白质胶中的蛋白质中形成了进一步的分子间的酰胺键,由此可以额外地提高蛋白质的交联度。
本发明的另一方面涉及一种在铸塑用组合物中、特别是混凝土中引入三维形状的方法。在该情况下,在铸塑用组合物被铸塑前,在铸塑模具或壳体的内壁上涂覆由可降解材料制成的三维形状的复制阴模。特别优选地,通过三维打印在铸塑模具或壳体的内壁上涂覆复制阴模。在组合物的铸塑和固化之后除去铸塑模具或壳体并且通过施加热水或热蒸汽使由可降解材料制成的复制阴模瓦解。特别优选地,通过热水或热蒸汽使复制阴模破裂。
结果,不用高昂的费用,可将复杂的三维形状引入到例如混凝土墙壁中。特别地,通过根据本发明的方法在混凝土墙壁中引入下陷槽(undercut groove)得以大幅简化。为了除去由可降解材料制成的整个复制阴模,可在加压下将复制阴模置于热的液体中。
本发明的另一方面涉及一种根据本发明的可降解材料的制备方法。在第一步中,通过将蛋白质胶与水混合制备粘合剂组分。此后,在搅拌器中将天然纤维和存在的任意添加剂组分与粘合剂组分混合。搅拌器优选为行星式搅拌器。或者也可以使用不同的搅拌器,诸如、例如混合器。最后掺和吸湿性矿物。
可以将添加剂组分中存在的物质分别依次加入到所述材料中。或者,但是也可以首先将添加剂组分的所有物质混合,其中之后将该混合物加入到粘合剂组分和天然纤维中。
优选地,为了制备粘合剂,将蛋白质胶和水在混合之前或期间加热至60℃至80℃、优选65℃至70℃的温度。蛋白质胶由于加热而变成液体并可被与水混合。
优选地,在掺和吸湿性矿物之前将所获得的混合物干燥并加工成粉末。通过加入吸湿性矿物,获得了中间产物。直到马上使用材料之前才将相当于用于制备粘合剂组分的量的25-200重量%的水掺和到中间产物中。
该方法极其适合用于制备根据本发明的在通过多点喷墨建模法运转的三维打印机中使用的可降解材料。在这种情况下将粉末与水在打印机中混合并涂覆在合适的基底上。通过此方法可以制备、甚至是在大规模上制备之后可以被以明确的含量成份包装和贮存的粉状中间产物。直到立刻将材料加工形成模制部件之前才将粉状中间产物与合适量的水混合。如果将中间产物分成份,水的量必须与每份的量相适应。另外,通过改变加入的水的量可以改变材料的粘性和稠度。
从下文中的详细描述以及本专利权利要求书中,得到了更优选的实施例和本发明的特征的组合。
附图说明
在用于说明示例性实施例的附图中:
图1示出了根据本发明的可降解材料的制备方法的示意图;以及
图2示出了另一制备方法的示意图。
原则上,附图中相同的部件使用相同的附图标记。
具体实施方式
图1示出了根据本发明的材料10的制备方法的示意图。首先,将蛋白质胶1与水2在行星式搅拌器中加热到65℃至70℃下混合以形成粘合剂组分3。在进一步搅拌下,首先将天然纤维4加入到粘合剂组分3中。随后将添加剂组分和吸湿性矿物7以粉末形式加入。添加剂组分5中使用的物质可以被分别依次加入至所述材料中,或者首先可以将所有物质彼此混合并之后由此所得的混合物可以被加入至所述材料中。之后可以将由此获得的可降解材料10在加工步骤11中通过压制、挤出、吹塑成型、旋转成型、铸塑、注塑成型或真空成型进行加工以形成模制部件。
图2示出了可降解材料10的另一替换的制备方法的示意图。将蛋白质胶1与水2在行星式搅拌器中加热到65℃至70℃下一起混合以形成粘合剂组分3。加入天然纤维4和粘合剂组分5。在随后的干燥和粉碎步骤6中,干燥混合物并将其加工至粒径为约0.05mm。优选在磨粉机中进行粉碎。将吸湿性矿物掺和到粉末中。可以将所得的中间产物8贮存一段相当长的时间。将中间产物8分成份并包装供以后使用也是可行的。立刻使用以前,将一定量的水9加入至中间产物8中,其中水的量相当于在粘合剂组分的制备中所用的水2的量的25-200重量%。在随后的加工步骤11中例如通过三维打印机,将由此获得的可降解材料10加工以形成模制部件。
示例1
在第一示例中,将30g的水与38g的兔皮胶冷混并之后在水浴中加热至65℃。将17g的长度为0.3mm至1mm的针叶木纤维以及7g的甘油加入到该粘合剂组分中。将混合物装入混合剂螺杆泵(extender screw pump)的后侧储料器中并通过前侧储料器将8g石膏粉连续地加入到运送的混合物中。在约6巴的压力下将材料通过直径为2mm的模(die)挤出以形成杆。随后可以将挤出的材料例如通过压制进一步加工。或者,通过由一个合适的模挤出,也可以生产具有各种横截面的细长的模制部件,其可以在固化之前或之后由刀或由锯切割成所需的长度。
示例2
在第二示例中,将36g兔皮胶搅拌入28g沸水中,从而制备所述粘合剂组分。将7g甘油加入到所述粘合剂组分中。将15g的长度为0.7mm至3.5mm的针叶木纤维、0.6g的作为着色剂的氧化铁粉末以及7.4g的石膏粉末加入到粘合剂组分中并通过行星式搅拌器将获得的材料充分混合。在立刻使用材料之前,加入5g亚麻油凡立水。之后将该材料倒入模具中并在2kg/cm2的压力下冷压20分钟,以形成模制部件。
示例3
在第三示例中,将26g水与33g的兔皮胶混合,静置30分钟,之后在水浴中加热至70℃,以制备所述粘合剂组分。随后加入33g的坚果外壳颗粒,并将混合物在行星式搅拌机充分混合。将获得的组合物进行干燥,并随后在磨粉机中粉碎,以形成平均粒径为约0.05mm的粉末。通过加入8g石膏粉,得到耐贮存的中间产物。然后将该中间产物作为底物加入到根据多点喷墨建模法运行的三维打印机(3DSystems的150)中,其中26g水被用作粘合剂。
示例4
使用如下第四示例能够获得具有高耐水性的可降解材料:
将21g的明胶蛋白胶与21g的水冷混,然后在水浴中加热至65℃-70℃,以得到粘合剂组分。其后,将2g明矾加入到粘合剂中。将10g长度分布为0.7mm至1.2mm的天然木纤维作为添加剂加入。与示例1-3中制备的材料相比,该材料具有高耐水性。
示例5
在第五示例中,将21g的明胶蛋白胶与21g的水冷混,然后在水浴中加热至65℃-70℃。此后,将3g的分散于乙醇中的硬树胶所形成的糊状物加入,并将该溶液混合。将10g长度分布为0.7mm至1.2mm的天然木纤维作为添加剂加入。与示例1-3中制备的材料相比,该材料具有高耐水性。
示例6
在第六示例中,将21g的明胶蛋白胶与21g的水冷混,然后在水浴中加热至65℃-70℃。将10g长度分布为0.7mm至1.2mm的天然木纤维作为添加剂加入。随后,将8g的二氧化硅加入到该溶液中。与示例1-5中制备的材料相比,该材料具有更快的固化时间。
示例7
在第七示例中,将21g的明胶蛋白胶与21g的水冷混,然后在水浴中加热至65℃-70℃。将10g长度分布为0.7mm至1.2mm的天然木纤维作为添加剂加入。随即将5g的珍珠岩作为矿物填充剂加入到该混合物中。与示例1-6中制备的材料相比,该材料具有改进的收缩行为。
Claims (16)
1.一种由生物组分制成的可降解材料,包含10-60重量%的由至少一种蛋白质制成的蛋白质胶(1)、2-50重量%的天然纤维(4)、2-15重量%的至少一种吸湿性矿物(7)、10-55重量%的水(2)和0-50重量%的添加剂组分(5)。
2.如权利要求1所述的可降解材料,其特征在于,所述蛋白质胶(1)包括明胶蛋白、胶原蛋白、藻酸盐、白蛋白、明胶、软骨胶、琼脂、黄原胶、或其混合物。
3.如权利要求1或2所述的可降解材料,其特征在于,所述天然纤维(4)包括木纤维、谷物纤维、坚果外壳纤维、草纤维、麦片、纤维素纤维、纤维素碎片或其混合物,特别优选针叶木纤维。
4.如权利要求1-3中任意一项所述的可降解材料,其特征在于,使用硫酸钙、氧化钙、硫酸镁、沸石或其混合物作为所述吸湿性矿物(7),优选以粉末形式。
5.如权利要求1-4中任意一项所述的可降解材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂组分(5)包含1-10重量%、优选2-8重量%的至少一种可生物降解的软化剂,优选甘油、尿素、柠檬酸三乙酯、山梨糖醇、黄原胶、或柠檬酸烷基酯。
6.如权利要求1-5中任意一项所述的可降解材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂组分(5)包含0.1-10重量%、优选3-6重量%的至少一种可生物降解的稳定剂,优选木质素磺酸盐、亚麻籽油或亚麻油凡立水。
7.如权利要求1-6中任意一项所述的可降解材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂组分(5)包含0.1-10重量%的至少一种提高耐水性的物质,优选鞣酸、鞣料云实素、明矾、噶尼丁(Ganidin)、尿素、酪蛋白、阿魏酸、棉子酚、诸如赖氨酰氧化酶、谷氨酰胺转移酶、漆酶的酶或其混合物。
8.如权利要求1-7中任意一项所述的可降解材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂组分(5)包含0.1-10重量%的至少一种疏水性组分,特别是阿拉伯胶、乳香、松香、山达脂、或其混合物。
9.如权利要求1-8中任意一项所述的可降解材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂组分包含至少一种生物高聚物,优选木质素、几丁质、聚己酸内酯、热塑性淀粉、醋酸纤维素、聚乳酸、酪蛋白、聚羟基丁酸、聚羟基脂肪酸酯、纤维素水合物、醋酸纤维素、乙酰丁酸纤维素、右旋糖、糊精、或其混合物。
10.如权利要求1-9中任意一项所述的可降解材料,其特征在于,所述添加剂组分包含矿物填充剂,特别是钙硅石、滑石、氧化镁、或其混合物。
11.一种制备至少一种模制部件的方法,其包括以下步骤:
a)提供液体形式的如权利要求1-10中任意一项所述的可降解材料;
b)通过压制、挤出、吹塑成型、旋转成型、铸塑、注塑成型、真空成型或通过三维打印所述可降解材料,制备至少一种模制部件;
c)固化所述模制部件。
12.如权利要求11所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述模制部件的所述固化期间或之后,另外用紫外线、特别是波长为200nm至280nm、优选253nm的紫外线,辐射所述材料。
13.如权利要求11-12中任意一项所述的方法,其特征在于,在所述固化之后,额外地干燥所述材料直至固化的材料的水含量低于1重量%,特别是低于0.2重量%。
14.一种在铸塑用组合物中、优选混凝土中引入三维形状的方法,包括如下步骤:
a)在铸塑模具或壳体的内壁上涂覆由如权利要求1-10中任意一项所述的可降解材料(10)制成的三维形状的复制阴模;
b)将铸塑用组合物铸塑入所述铸塑模具或壳体中并固化所述铸塑用组合物;
c)除去所述铸塑模具或壳体;以及
d)通过施加热水或蒸汽使由可降解材料(10)制成的复制阴模瓦解。
15.一种如权利要求1-10中任意一项所述的可降解材料的制备方法,其包括如下步骤:
a)通过将所述蛋白质胶(1)与所述水(2)混合制备粘合剂组分(3);
b)在搅拌器中、优选行星式搅拌器中将所述天然纤维(4)和所述添加剂组分(5)与所述粘合剂组分(3)混合;以及
c)掺和所述吸湿性矿物(7)。
16.如权利要求15所述的方法,其特征在于,在掺和所述吸湿性矿物(7)之前,将获得的混合物干燥并加工以形成粉末,其中通过加入所述吸湿性矿物(7),得到中间产物(8),直到马上使用之前才将相当于用于制备粘合剂组分的水(2)的量的25-200重量%的水(9)掺和到所述中间产物中。
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WO2013152448A1 (de) | 2013-10-17 |
JP6214624B2 (ja) | 2017-10-18 |
EP2836558B1 (de) | 2016-05-18 |
JP2015520776A (ja) | 2015-07-23 |
KR20140145153A (ko) | 2014-12-22 |
US20150048554A1 (en) | 2015-02-19 |
EP2836558A1 (de) | 2015-02-18 |
US10179856B2 (en) | 2019-01-15 |
KR102017363B1 (ko) | 2019-10-21 |
CH706380A1 (de) | 2013-10-15 |
CN104364317B (zh) | 2018-04-17 |
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