CA2204792A1 - Apparatus and method for constructing and sculpting shapes - Google Patents
Apparatus and method for constructing and sculpting shapesInfo
- Publication number
- CA2204792A1 CA2204792A1 CA002204792A CA2204792A CA2204792A1 CA 2204792 A1 CA2204792 A1 CA 2204792A1 CA 002204792 A CA002204792 A CA 002204792A CA 2204792 A CA2204792 A CA 2204792A CA 2204792 A1 CA2204792 A1 CA 2204792A1
- Authority
- CA
- Canada
- Prior art keywords
- delta
- shape
- sculpting
- header
- constructing
- Prior art date
- Legal status (The legal status is an assumption and is not a legal conclusion. Google has not performed a legal analysis and makes no representation as to the accuracy of the status listed.)
- Abandoned
Links
Classifications
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C3/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing ornamental structures
- B44C3/06—Sculpturing
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C64/00—Additive manufacturing, i.e. manufacturing of three-dimensional [3D] objects by additive deposition, additive agglomeration or additive layering, e.g. by 3D printing, stereolithography or selective laser sintering
- B29C64/10—Processes of additive manufacturing
- B29C64/106—Processes of additive manufacturing using only liquids or viscous materials, e.g. depositing a continuous bead of viscous material
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C1/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing decorative surface effects
- B44C1/22—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching
- B44C1/222—Removing surface-material, e.g. by engraving, by etching using machine-driven mechanical means
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B44—DECORATIVE ARTS
- B44C—PRODUCING DECORATIVE EFFECTS; MOSAICS; TARSIA WORK; PAPERHANGING
- B44C3/00—Processes, not specifically provided for elsewhere, for producing ornamental structures
- B44C3/04—Modelling plastic materials, e.g. clay
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29C—SHAPING OR JOINING OF PLASTICS; SHAPING OF MATERIAL IN A PLASTIC STATE, NOT OTHERWISE PROVIDED FOR; AFTER-TREATMENT OF THE SHAPED PRODUCTS, e.g. REPAIRING
- B29C37/00—Component parts, details, accessories or auxiliary operations, not covered by group B29C33/00 or B29C35/00
- B29C37/0078—Measures or configurations for obtaining anchoring effects in the contact areas between layers
- B29C37/0082—Mechanical anchoring
-
- B—PERFORMING OPERATIONS; TRANSPORTING
- B29—WORKING OF PLASTICS; WORKING OF SUBSTANCES IN A PLASTIC STATE IN GENERAL
- B29K—INDEXING SCHEME ASSOCIATED WITH SUBCLASSES B29B, B29C OR B29D, RELATING TO MOULDING MATERIALS OR TO MATERIALS FOR MOULDS, REINFORCEMENTS, FILLERS OR PREFORMED PARTS, e.g. INSERTS
- B29K2105/00—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped
- B29K2105/06—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts
- B29K2105/08—Condition, form or state of moulded material or of the material to be shaped containing reinforcements, fillers or inserts of continuous length, e.g. cords, rovings, mats, fabrics, strands or yarns
Landscapes
- Chemical & Material Sciences (AREA)
- Engineering & Computer Science (AREA)
- Materials Engineering (AREA)
- Mechanical Engineering (AREA)
- Physics & Mathematics (AREA)
- Manufacturing & Machinery (AREA)
- Optics & Photonics (AREA)
- Dispersion Chemistry (AREA)
Description
CA 02204792 1997-0~-08 Apparatus and method for constructing and sculpting shapes Inventor: Tomasz Duczmal March 29 1997.
Field of invention This invention relates to a process and apparatus for constructing and or sculpting 3 dimensional structures without usmg a solid partem. More particularly, the process uses a computer software to create a mathematical ~ ,. . ' of a designed structure. Once design of a structure exists as set of XYZ
coordmates, the computer program controls a robot which operates a dispensing or sculpting device.
The dispensing device may release a quickly solidifymg matenal through a nozzle device to construct a layer of material. The computer directs the dispensing device to add consecutive layers of matenal to erect the ~ -~d.l ' shape.
Alternatively, a sculpting tool, using either mechanical machining or heat, sculpts a previously formed solid into a p,. ' ' ' shape.
Background of the invention As readers skilled in the art will recognize, this invention has a wide range of application. The following example of ~,~,..~.. ~ " ,, ' '~ " ,, a boat shape is for illustrative purposes only, and does not suggest that the invention is restricted to this application. In addition, plastic material such a polyurethane, also is used only for the purpose of illustration. Other materials, such as molten metals, organic or inorganic compound may be used.
Details of the dispensing or sculpting device may vary; however, the essence of the imvention and the underlying methodology remains constant:
1. The 3 dimensional structure is created rn the computer memory and is directly translated to a physical object through a sequential 3D building and/or sculpting process.
CA 02204792 1997-0~-08 The designer of a boat creates a mental image of the finished product. He imagines a shape of the hull, construction details and other criteria. Typically, the next step is to puts this vision on paper in the form of 2D projections of the 3D structure. He may use a CAD program to assist the design process. In the next step, he typically transfers this design onto flat buildmg materials, such as wood or sheet of metal. The 2D
pieces are than fitted together to approximate 3D shape of his design. The process is very labor intensive and slow. Additionally, after assembling the 3D shape from 2D pieces, labour intensive shaping operations are required to achieve the desired shape. A similar process is required for other structures such as storage tanxs, bath tubs, etc.
Therefore, an important addition to the art would occur if a method and apparatus are developed that can effectively transfer a 3D image of a structure from digital ~ fl~lll into a physical object in one .~, process without an unnecessaTy 2D phase.
Brief cl~scli~,tion of the drawings Fig. Ia Ib; sequence of boat building using the described process and apparatus;
Fig 2. Illustration of a dispensing device which illustrates the capability to control width of a wall, height, and direction of released beads of solidifying material Fig 3. Illustration of applying simultaneous ,, ~ r I ' usmg rnterwoven fibers.
Fig 4. A schematic diagram of software to control the process to erecting a structure.
Fig 5. Illustration of calculation steps which converts a 3D structure as represented in computer memory, to series of volume pixels (voxels) allowing construction of an arbitrary shape in one continous process.
Fig 6. Illustration of a sequence of sculpturing using invention.
Fig 7. Illustration of the header arrangement which will create coupling groove for the adjacent layers.
Fig 8. Illustration of the header arrangement with movable wall of the dispenser to ~acilitate tilting o~ the adjacent layers.
CA 02204792 1997-0~-08 Detailed ~hs."i~,tion of preferred e.nL ' .:
Fig I a and b illustrate an example of possible arrangement facilitating a boat construction. The support structure I and 2 enables movement of platform 3 along X axis. Movement is controlled by a step motor Mx (fig 4).. Platform 3 support's carriage 4 that is controlled by step motor My (fig4). Carriage 4 holds arm 5 that is controlled by step motor Mz (fig4). This arrangement allows movement of a lower tip of the arm 5 withrn a space S confined by structure I and 2. To the lower tip of the arm 5 is attached header 6 (fig 2a) using gimbaled joint allowing rotation of the header along axis alpha, beta, gamma. Tipping angle of the header 6 is controlled by step motors Malpha, Mbeta, Mgamma. Header is constructed from one stationary plate 8 with semicylinder 9 and plunger 10 (fig 2b), and movable plate 11. Position of disk 11 along plunger 10 is controlled by step motor Md and defines a width of space 12. Such arrangements define an enclosed space 12 that is continuously filled with polyurethane through the feed port 13. The velocity of the header movement is synchronizes with the volume of the polyurethane released into the space 12. The curing time is adjusted to the resident time of the polyurethane inside the header. The strength of the material required af er passing the confining space 12 shall be sufficient to maintain its shape. As the header passes over given line in the space S it releases a bead B (fig 2a) of polyurethane and reproduces layer by layer the shape of the structure from its digitaH~ D~.l~Liu-- (fig Ib). The width d is deflned by position of plate 11, the height the bead by pitching along axis beta, the direction by yaw along axis gamma and the position of the bead is controlled by tilt along axis alpha. All those movements together with XYZ position are synchronized with the material follow F controlled by flow controller Cf.
The information comes sequentially from the digital l~ ,ll of a 3D structure.
In another aspect of the invention, the trailing edge of the semicylinder 9 is shaped into trapezoidal grove G I and the similar grove G2 is located on the leading edge of header as illustrated on fig 7a. The polyurethane released into space 12, fills all gaps, and shrinkage of the compound during curing adds strength to the bonding of the adjacent layers. The grove G2 is not neccessary if G I is a male type as shown on fig 8a and fig8b.
CA 02204792 1997-0~-08 Jet another aspect of the invention is illustrated on fig 8. To facilitate tilting consecutive layers as shown on fig 8b, the plate 8 has a movable part 8a, which facilitates adjustments of the distance d (fig 8a) Fig 5. Illustrates a mathematical steps necessary to perform construction process using this invention. The wall of constructed boat B is represented as set of coordinates. The position of planes P are established at the intenal D(flg Sa). This planes cuts a layers of boat B as illustrated on fig 5b., and software calculates a coordinates of volume pixels (voxels) its alpha, beta and gamma angles, width and volume. Calculated data are than put into a matrix of vectors vi as illustrated below.
vO=[O, O, O, O, O, O, dref, volref ]
vl=[delta xl, delta yl, delta zl, delta alphal, delta betal, delta gammal, delta dl, delta voll]
vi=[ delta xi, delta yi, delta zi, delta alphai, delta betai, delta gammai, delta di, delta voli]
This matrix is than sequentially fed into the drivers of stepper motors (fig4), which in turn moves the arm of the manipulator into position and releases fast solidifying compound at this location. The process of passing a voxel data is synchronized with material flow and together with high resolution of a voxels it causes a contrnuos movement of the manipulator and smooth dispensing of a compound (figSc).
Described above apparatus and method allows to build ven, complicated structures effectively and precisely in one continuous process.
If a strength of the finished structure is an issue than simultaneous fiber ~ ' can be introduced as illustrated on fig 3. After even, pass of the header and buildup of the next layer a threads of carbon fiber or glass fiber or any I ~ ~ flber can be interwoven on top of this layer. Even threads (illustrated as
Field of invention This invention relates to a process and apparatus for constructing and or sculpting 3 dimensional structures without usmg a solid partem. More particularly, the process uses a computer software to create a mathematical ~ ,. . ' of a designed structure. Once design of a structure exists as set of XYZ
coordmates, the computer program controls a robot which operates a dispensing or sculpting device.
The dispensing device may release a quickly solidifymg matenal through a nozzle device to construct a layer of material. The computer directs the dispensing device to add consecutive layers of matenal to erect the ~ -~d.l ' shape.
Alternatively, a sculpting tool, using either mechanical machining or heat, sculpts a previously formed solid into a p,. ' ' ' shape.
Background of the invention As readers skilled in the art will recognize, this invention has a wide range of application. The following example of ~,~,..~.. ~ " ,, ' '~ " ,, a boat shape is for illustrative purposes only, and does not suggest that the invention is restricted to this application. In addition, plastic material such a polyurethane, also is used only for the purpose of illustration. Other materials, such as molten metals, organic or inorganic compound may be used.
Details of the dispensing or sculpting device may vary; however, the essence of the imvention and the underlying methodology remains constant:
1. The 3 dimensional structure is created rn the computer memory and is directly translated to a physical object through a sequential 3D building and/or sculpting process.
CA 02204792 1997-0~-08 The designer of a boat creates a mental image of the finished product. He imagines a shape of the hull, construction details and other criteria. Typically, the next step is to puts this vision on paper in the form of 2D projections of the 3D structure. He may use a CAD program to assist the design process. In the next step, he typically transfers this design onto flat buildmg materials, such as wood or sheet of metal. The 2D
pieces are than fitted together to approximate 3D shape of his design. The process is very labor intensive and slow. Additionally, after assembling the 3D shape from 2D pieces, labour intensive shaping operations are required to achieve the desired shape. A similar process is required for other structures such as storage tanxs, bath tubs, etc.
Therefore, an important addition to the art would occur if a method and apparatus are developed that can effectively transfer a 3D image of a structure from digital ~ fl~lll into a physical object in one .~, process without an unnecessaTy 2D phase.
Brief cl~scli~,tion of the drawings Fig. Ia Ib; sequence of boat building using the described process and apparatus;
Fig 2. Illustration of a dispensing device which illustrates the capability to control width of a wall, height, and direction of released beads of solidifying material Fig 3. Illustration of applying simultaneous ,, ~ r I ' usmg rnterwoven fibers.
Fig 4. A schematic diagram of software to control the process to erecting a structure.
Fig 5. Illustration of calculation steps which converts a 3D structure as represented in computer memory, to series of volume pixels (voxels) allowing construction of an arbitrary shape in one continous process.
Fig 6. Illustration of a sequence of sculpturing using invention.
Fig 7. Illustration of the header arrangement which will create coupling groove for the adjacent layers.
Fig 8. Illustration of the header arrangement with movable wall of the dispenser to ~acilitate tilting o~ the adjacent layers.
CA 02204792 1997-0~-08 Detailed ~hs."i~,tion of preferred e.nL ' .:
Fig I a and b illustrate an example of possible arrangement facilitating a boat construction. The support structure I and 2 enables movement of platform 3 along X axis. Movement is controlled by a step motor Mx (fig 4).. Platform 3 support's carriage 4 that is controlled by step motor My (fig4). Carriage 4 holds arm 5 that is controlled by step motor Mz (fig4). This arrangement allows movement of a lower tip of the arm 5 withrn a space S confined by structure I and 2. To the lower tip of the arm 5 is attached header 6 (fig 2a) using gimbaled joint allowing rotation of the header along axis alpha, beta, gamma. Tipping angle of the header 6 is controlled by step motors Malpha, Mbeta, Mgamma. Header is constructed from one stationary plate 8 with semicylinder 9 and plunger 10 (fig 2b), and movable plate 11. Position of disk 11 along plunger 10 is controlled by step motor Md and defines a width of space 12. Such arrangements define an enclosed space 12 that is continuously filled with polyurethane through the feed port 13. The velocity of the header movement is synchronizes with the volume of the polyurethane released into the space 12. The curing time is adjusted to the resident time of the polyurethane inside the header. The strength of the material required af er passing the confining space 12 shall be sufficient to maintain its shape. As the header passes over given line in the space S it releases a bead B (fig 2a) of polyurethane and reproduces layer by layer the shape of the structure from its digitaH~ D~.l~Liu-- (fig Ib). The width d is deflned by position of plate 11, the height the bead by pitching along axis beta, the direction by yaw along axis gamma and the position of the bead is controlled by tilt along axis alpha. All those movements together with XYZ position are synchronized with the material follow F controlled by flow controller Cf.
The information comes sequentially from the digital l~ ,ll of a 3D structure.
In another aspect of the invention, the trailing edge of the semicylinder 9 is shaped into trapezoidal grove G I and the similar grove G2 is located on the leading edge of header as illustrated on fig 7a. The polyurethane released into space 12, fills all gaps, and shrinkage of the compound during curing adds strength to the bonding of the adjacent layers. The grove G2 is not neccessary if G I is a male type as shown on fig 8a and fig8b.
CA 02204792 1997-0~-08 Jet another aspect of the invention is illustrated on fig 8. To facilitate tilting consecutive layers as shown on fig 8b, the plate 8 has a movable part 8a, which facilitates adjustments of the distance d (fig 8a) Fig 5. Illustrates a mathematical steps necessary to perform construction process using this invention. The wall of constructed boat B is represented as set of coordinates. The position of planes P are established at the intenal D(flg Sa). This planes cuts a layers of boat B as illustrated on fig 5b., and software calculates a coordinates of volume pixels (voxels) its alpha, beta and gamma angles, width and volume. Calculated data are than put into a matrix of vectors vi as illustrated below.
vO=[O, O, O, O, O, O, dref, volref ]
vl=[delta xl, delta yl, delta zl, delta alphal, delta betal, delta gammal, delta dl, delta voll]
vi=[ delta xi, delta yi, delta zi, delta alphai, delta betai, delta gammai, delta di, delta voli]
This matrix is than sequentially fed into the drivers of stepper motors (fig4), which in turn moves the arm of the manipulator into position and releases fast solidifying compound at this location. The process of passing a voxel data is synchronized with material flow and together with high resolution of a voxels it causes a contrnuos movement of the manipulator and smooth dispensing of a compound (figSc).
Described above apparatus and method allows to build ven, complicated structures effectively and precisely in one continuous process.
If a strength of the finished structure is an issue than simultaneous fiber ~ ' can be introduced as illustrated on fig 3. After even, pass of the header and buildup of the next layer a threads of carbon fiber or glass fiber or any I ~ ~ flber can be interwoven on top of this layer. Even threads (illustrated as
2,4,6 etc. on fig 3) goes across to tbe other side of the shape being constructed and odd threads goes to the opposite side. The new layer is now wrapped by fibers and strength of the fiber is added to the structure.
~ with header movement a thread A is added to increase strength in longitudinal direction. A
chopped fiberglass can be added to the compound being released into space 12 (fig 2b).
A logical extension of the technology illustrated above is to use the computer logic to control a machbning or sculptrng device to shape the desrred object from a block of material. A typical example would be to use CA 02204792 1997-0~-08 a heated electrical wire or knife to machine a l,..,d~; ' ' shape from a block of expanded Styrofoam as illustrated on fig 6b. To the lower tip of the manipulator arm 5 is attached heated wire bracket (fig 6b) using gimbaled joint allowing rotation of the frame along axis alpha, beta, gamma. Tipping angle of the bracket is controlled by step motors Malpha, Mbeta, Mgamma. The width d is defined by position of the vertical part of the bracket, the height of the bead is established by pitching along axis alpha, the direction by yawn along axis gamma amd the position of the bead is controlled by tilt along axis beta. All those movements together with XYZ position of the mamipulator arm comes sequentially from the digital ~ ,.. of a 3D structure.
Fig 6a. Illustrates a mathematical steps necessary to perform construction process using this invention. In the first step it is neccessary to substract shape S from block B. Block B represents a piece of compound being used. The result of substraction is the shape S' which is now devided, ' " '.y along planes P.
The position of planes P are established at the interval D. This planes defines a layers of a shape S' as illustrated on fig 6b., and software calculates a coordinates of volume pixels (voxels) its alpha, beta and gamma angles, width and volume. Calculated data are than put into a matrix of vectors vi as illustrated below.
v0=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, dref, ]
vl=[delta xl, delta yl, delta zl, delta alphal, delta betal, delta gammal, delta dl, ]
vi=[delta xi, delta yi, delta_zi, delta alphai, delta betai, delta gammai, delta di, ]
This matrix is than sequentially fed into the drivers of stepper motors (fig4), which in turn moves the arm of the manipulator into position and heated wire "sculpts" the compound at this location. The process of passing a voxel data causes a continuos movement of the manipulator and smooth cutout of a compound (fig 6b). Once all matrix is processed the shape S is left in the form as designed.
Described above apparatus and method allows to build very complicated structures effectively and precisely in one continuous process.
~ with header movement a thread A is added to increase strength in longitudinal direction. A
chopped fiberglass can be added to the compound being released into space 12 (fig 2b).
A logical extension of the technology illustrated above is to use the computer logic to control a machbning or sculptrng device to shape the desrred object from a block of material. A typical example would be to use CA 02204792 1997-0~-08 a heated electrical wire or knife to machine a l,..,d~; ' ' shape from a block of expanded Styrofoam as illustrated on fig 6b. To the lower tip of the manipulator arm 5 is attached heated wire bracket (fig 6b) using gimbaled joint allowing rotation of the frame along axis alpha, beta, gamma. Tipping angle of the bracket is controlled by step motors Malpha, Mbeta, Mgamma. The width d is defined by position of the vertical part of the bracket, the height of the bead is established by pitching along axis alpha, the direction by yawn along axis gamma amd the position of the bead is controlled by tilt along axis beta. All those movements together with XYZ position of the mamipulator arm comes sequentially from the digital ~ ,.. of a 3D structure.
Fig 6a. Illustrates a mathematical steps necessary to perform construction process using this invention. In the first step it is neccessary to substract shape S from block B. Block B represents a piece of compound being used. The result of substraction is the shape S' which is now devided, ' " '.y along planes P.
The position of planes P are established at the interval D. This planes defines a layers of a shape S' as illustrated on fig 6b., and software calculates a coordinates of volume pixels (voxels) its alpha, beta and gamma angles, width and volume. Calculated data are than put into a matrix of vectors vi as illustrated below.
v0=[0, 0, 0, 0, 0, 0, dref, ]
vl=[delta xl, delta yl, delta zl, delta alphal, delta betal, delta gammal, delta dl, ]
vi=[delta xi, delta yi, delta_zi, delta alphai, delta betai, delta gammai, delta di, ]
This matrix is than sequentially fed into the drivers of stepper motors (fig4), which in turn moves the arm of the manipulator into position and heated wire "sculpts" the compound at this location. The process of passing a voxel data causes a continuos movement of the manipulator and smooth cutout of a compound (fig 6b). Once all matrix is processed the shape S is left in the form as designed.
Described above apparatus and method allows to build very complicated structures effectively and precisely in one continuous process.
Claims
Priority Applications (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002204792A CA2204792A1 (en) | 1997-05-08 | 1997-05-08 | Apparatus and method for constructing and sculpting shapes |
Applications Claiming Priority (1)
| Application Number | Priority Date | Filing Date | Title |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002204792A CA2204792A1 (en) | 1997-05-08 | 1997-05-08 | Apparatus and method for constructing and sculpting shapes |
Publications (1)
| Publication Number | Publication Date |
|---|---|
| CA2204792A1 true CA2204792A1 (en) | 1998-11-08 |
Family
ID=4160605
Family Applications (1)
| Application Number | Title | Priority Date | Filing Date |
|---|---|---|---|
| CA002204792A Abandoned CA2204792A1 (en) | 1997-05-08 | 1997-05-08 | Apparatus and method for constructing and sculpting shapes |
Country Status (1)
| Country | Link |
|---|---|
| CA (1) | CA2204792A1 (en) |
Cited By (2)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013017284A3 (en) * | 2011-08-04 | 2013-10-03 | Arburg Gmbh + Co. Kg | Method and device for producing a three-dimensional object comprising a fiber feed |
| DE102015122647A1 (en) | 2015-12-22 | 2017-06-22 | Arburg Gmbh + Co. Kg | Device and method for producing a three-dimensional object with a fiber feed device |
-
1997
- 1997-05-08 CA CA002204792A patent/CA2204792A1/en not_active Abandoned
Cited By (3)
| Publication number | Priority date | Publication date | Assignee | Title |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| WO2013017284A3 (en) * | 2011-08-04 | 2013-10-03 | Arburg Gmbh + Co. Kg | Method and device for producing a three-dimensional object comprising a fiber feed |
| DE102015122647A1 (en) | 2015-12-22 | 2017-06-22 | Arburg Gmbh + Co. Kg | Device and method for producing a three-dimensional object with a fiber feed device |
| US11214003B2 (en) | 2015-12-22 | 2022-01-04 | Arburg Gmbh + Co Kg | Device and method for producing a three-dimensional object with a fibre feeding device |
Similar Documents
| Publication | Publication Date | Title |
|---|---|---|
| Brooks et al. | Robot-assisted 3D printing of biopolymer thin shells | |
| Li et al. | A novel 6-axis hybrid additive-subtractive manufacturing process: Design and case studies | |
| US11014305B2 (en) | Mid-part in-process inspection for 3D printing | |
| US9539762B2 (en) | 3D printing with kinematic coupling | |
| JP6958784B2 (en) | Systems and methods for the manufacture of three-dimensional (3D) objects, parts and elements, including displacement / vibration welding or heat caulking laminates. | |
| AU603412B2 (en) | Method and apparatus for producing parts by selective sintering | |
| EP3345743B1 (en) | Three dimensional printing method and three dimensional printing apparatus | |
| Alsharhan et al. | Enhancing mechanical properties of thin-walled structures using non-planar extrusion based additive manufacturing | |
| EP3221128A1 (en) | Multilayer fiber reinforcement design for 3d printing | |
| EP3246107A1 (en) | Method of investment casting using additive manufacturing | |
| WO2015112998A1 (en) | 3d printing with kinematic coupling | |
| Ishak et al. | MotoMaker: a robot FDM platform for multi-plane and 3D lattice structure printing | |
| Bhatt et al. | Computational foundations for using three degrees of freedom build platforms to enable supportless extrusion-based additive manufacturing | |
| Felbrich et al. | A novel rapid additive manufacturing concept for architectural composite shell construction inspired by the shell formation in land snails | |
| EP1801679B1 (en) | Multihead composite material application machine post-processor method and apparatus for manufacturing composite structures | |
| US20220362997A1 (en) | Printing table and operation mode thereof | |
| Ishak et al. | Robot arm platform for additive manufacturing: multi-plane printing | |
| Shan et al. | Additive manufacturing of non-planar layers using isothermal surface slicing | |
| Luu et al. | A 3-dimensional printing system using an industrial robotic arm | |
| Zhao et al. | Research on curved layer fused deposition modeling with a variable extruded filament | |
| Li et al. | Supportless 3D-printing of non-planar thin-walled structures with the multi-axis screw-extrusion additive manufacturing system | |
| Yuan et al. | Feasibility study of large-scale mass customization 3D printing framework system with a case study on Nanjing Happy Valley East Gate | |
| CA2204792A1 (en) | Apparatus and method for constructing and sculpting shapes | |
| Goh et al. | Large-format additive manufacturing of polymers: a review of fabrication processes, materials, and design | |
| US20220168962A1 (en) | Method and device for producing articles by additive manufacturing |
Legal Events
| Date | Code | Title | Description |
|---|---|---|---|
| FZDE | Dead |