AU651114B2

AU651114B2 - A DC switched arc torch power supply

Info

Publication number: AU651114B2
Application number: AU78643/91A
Authority: AU
Inventors: Peter Vierboom
Original assignee: University of Sydney; Electricity Commission of New South Wales
Current assignee: SYDNEY THE, University of; Electricity Commission of New South Wales
Priority date: 1990-05-15
Filing date: 1991-05-14
Publication date: 1994-07-14
Anticipated expiration: 2011-05-14
Also published as: AU7864391A

Description

A DC switched arc torch power supply.

TECHNICAL FIELD This invention concerns a direct current (dc) arc torch power supply. Direct current arc torches employ an electrical discharge arc to heat a working gas and generate a plasma which is then passed through a nozzle comprising the hollow anode of the torch. The plasma may be used to ignite combustible fuel, such as pulverized coal, in a steam raising boiler generating electrical power. The plasma may also be used to warm the combustion chamber prior to ignition, and to ensure stable combustion of the fuel. Such an arc torch may reguire a voltage in the range of 0 to 1,000 volts and a current range of from 100 to 300 Amps, that is electrical power in the range from 0 kW to 300 kW.

The arc torch, in this application, is required to generate plasma over long periods of time, and it has proved difficult to maintain the arc reliably over such periods of time using conventional power supplies.

One of the particular problems that arises, in generating an electrical discharge arc in a dc arc torch, is that the arc has a large voltage drop from anode to cathode with high levels of voltage fluctuations. The arc will also, normally, have an inverse voltage-current relation and as current rises the voltage drop across the arc will fall. As a result, it is necessary for the power supply to react to a fall in voltage by limiting the arc current.

BACKGROUND ART

A known power supply employs a thyristor, or a silicon controlled rectifier (SCR) , in each phase of an alternating current mains supply. At least two of the thyristors are always ON at any given time, and conducting current to an inductance which stores energy and smooths the output. The thyristors are sequentially turned ON, to control the average current flow, by means of a predictive control circuit, which attempts to predict the current demand over the following cycle.

The thyristors are turned OFF by the next current zero to arrive.

This supply has a number of disadvantages. The first is that control is only exercised over the current at the times when the thyristors are being turned ON. This implies an average delay in the current control of a third of a period of the supply (when a thyristor is used in each phase of a three phase supply) . It follows there is a maximum rate at which current can be controlled. As a result the inductance must be large enough to limit current ripple at higher rates. This is essential because current zeros extinguish the arc, and high current peaks lead to electrode degradation. For example, a 50 kW arc torch consuming 200 Amps will need an inductor of 20 mH, which would weigh several tonnes, to limit current ripple to less than 50 Amps. This adds greatly to the expense of the power supply.

A second disadvantage arises from the fact that the switching control is predictive, and results from a calculated guess rather than being absolutely determined from the current actually flowing at any given time.

SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION According to the present invention, there is provided a dc power supply for a dc arc torch comprising: an input port for connection to a source of direct current and an output port for connection to the electrodes of an arc torch; a controlled switch and an inductance connected in series between the input port and the output port; a free-wheeling diode connected such that, in use, it is reverse biased when the switch is ON, and forward biased when the switch is OFF to maintain direct current flow through the arc and the inductance; and a feedback circuit having a current sensor to sense the instantaneous value of current flowing through the arc, and a control terminal connected to the switch, the feedback circuit, in use, operating to provide a control signal at the control terminal to turn the switch ON when the instantaneous value reaches a first level and OFF when the instantaneous value reaches a second level.

This circuit uses a direct current input and controls it to provide the required current to the arc. It has the advantage that the current produced is independent of the arc voltage waveform, and it is determined by a feedback circuit operating in real time, rather than a predictive controller; this makes the control more accurate and sensitive.

The feedback circuit is arranged to turn the switch OFF when the instantaneous arc current measured by the current sensor reaches a selected maximum, and to turn the switch ON when the instantaneous arc current reaches a selected minimum. In other words, the arc current is controlled not to exceed a certain preselected degree of ripple.

One advantage of controlling the current ripple flows from the fact that the cathode erosion rate is proportional to the instantaneous current; a current lump of even microsecond duration can cause microboiling. A reduction in the maximum current results in greatly increased cathode lifespan.

The selection of a lower degree of current ripple causes the switch to operate at higher frequencies. A reduction in the size of inductance can also be achieved if higher operating frequencies are used. For instance, an arc consuming 200 Amps would only require a 2 mH inductant to limit current ripple to 50 Amps when a power supply embodying the invention is employed; which is a ten to one reduction in size compared with the known power supply. Preferably, the feedback circuit includes means to ensure the switch is not OFF for less than a minimum time, nor ON for less than a minimum time, and means to ensure the current does not exceed a fault level, this is to protect the switch against failure of either the inductor or the free-wheeling diode. In a preferred embodiment of the invention, all these means are provided by gates which gate the feedback signal with signals representing the required quantities.

It should be appreciated that there is no clock signal and the switching frequency is determined by the degree of current ripple selected, the inductance and the difference between the supply voltage and the arc voltage drop.

The current sensor is preferably a Hall-effect device which has the advantage over an inductive sensor that it produces a signal carrying both ac and dc information about the current.

The inductance is preferably an air-gap choke; in which the air-gap linearlises the inductance of the choke.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention will now be described by way of example only, with reference to the accompanying drawings, in which:

Fig. 1 is a schematic circuit diagram of power supply for an arc torch embodying the present invention;

Fig. 2 is a schematic circuit diagram of a feedback circuit in accordance with an embodiment of the present invention; and

Figure 3 is a graph showing the current variation with voltage of a power supply embodying the invention, and showing a comparison with a prior art supply.

BEST MODE FOR CARRYING OUT THE INVENTION Referring now to Fig. 1, power supply 1 comprises a gate turn-off thyristor (GTO) switch 2 and an air-gap choke (inductance) 3 connected in series between an input port and an output port, in particular between the positive terminal 4 of a direct current supply, and the anode 5 of an arc torch 6. Cathode 7 of arc torch 6 is connected to the negative terminal 8 of the dc supply. A free-wheeling diode 9 is connected from between switch 2 and inductance 3 back to the negative terminal 8 of the supply. A feedback circuit 10, including a Hall-effect current sensing device 11 associated with the current path flowing through inductance 3 and arc torch 6, turns the switch ON and OFF.

The dc supply will typically be derived from a three-phase alternating mains supply by conventional rectification and smoothing.

The effect of switch 2 being turned ON and OFF is to step down the average value of the dc supply. When switch 2 is ON, current (ramping up) flows from the supply through the inductance 3 and arc torch 6. When switch 2 is OFF, current (ramping down) continues to flow through inductance 3 and arc torch 6 but is drawn through free-wheeling diode 9. In effect energy stored by inductance 3 when switch 2 is ON is used to maintain current flow through the arc when switch 2 is OFF. The energy stored in the inductance being gradually dissipated in the total resistance made up of the arc, the resistance of the inductance and the forward resistance of the free-wheel diode; with the arc resistance dominating. Referring now to Fig. 2, the feedback circuit is described in greater detail. The signal from sensor 11 is isolated by Op-Amp 12 and subtracted from the preset voltage on potentiometer 13 by Op-Amp 14. The preset voltage represents the desired arc current level, for instance 160 Amps. The difference is amplified and compared with an hysteresis value, which is adjusted by potentiometer 15. The hysteresis value represents the selected maximum allowable ripple, for instance 12 Amps. When the hysteresis value is exceeded the output of Op- Amp 16 changes state; its output is a rectangular wave. This signal is then gated with a signal 17 representing the minimum OFF-time, in gate 18; then gated with a signal 19 representing the minimum ON-time, in gate 20; and finally gated with a signal from line 21 indicative of a current fault condition, in gate 22. The current fault condition is derived from a second current sensor 23. The signal this provides is processed in processor 24 and compared with a level set on potentiometer 25 to provide a signal when the current flowing through the switch inductance and arc exceeds a value determined by potentiometer 25; this provides overcurrent protection to the switch.

The signal arriving at output terminal 26 is therefore not only controlled to drive switch 2 ON and OFF according to the current measured by sensor 11, but also to ensure it remains within the desired minimum ON- time and minimum OFF-time and to react to an overcurrent fault condition. The signal at terminal 26 may be input to the base of a power transistor either directly or via a transistor driving circuit. It should be appreciated that no monostable or clock signal generator are required.

The variation of arc current with arc voltage will now be described with reference to Figure 3.

Figure 3a shows the typical variation of arc voltage with time. The power consumed by the arc depends on demand and this determines the voltage. When the arc is struck the voltage builds to the maximum demand level as the root of the arc extends along the anode away from the cathode. The arc then periodically restrikes closer to the cathode and rebuilds again, causing an instantaneous fall in voltage followed by a gradual build up. At time t_j the arc restrikes much nearer the cathode than usual, causing a much greater than normal voltage drop. The arc then rebuilds to normal at time t₂ during several gradually extending restrikes. Over the same period of time the voltage returns to its normal operating range. Figure 3b shows the variation of arc current over the same period of time. When the arc is initially struck the arc current rises to its maximum value, i._^. Then it falls to its minimum value i,^ and rises up to its maximum value repeatedly. Variations in voltage level do not cause corresponding changes in current level, but cause changes in the switching frequency of the current; falls in voltage cause a reduction in switching frequency but no change in average current. Figure 3c shows the behavior of a prior art predictive power supply. The fall of voltage at t, causes an increase in current, as the predictive controller compensates. As the voltage recovers the predictive controller reduces current; this type of current reduction can extinguish the arc.

Although the invention has been described with reference to particular embodiments, it should be appreciated that it could be embodied in many other ways. For instance, suitable snubber protection may be included around the switching device.

Claims

1. A dc power supply for a dc arc torch comprising: an input port for connection to a source of direct current and an output port for connection to the electrodes of an arc torch; a controlled switch and an inductance connected in series between the input port and the output port; a free-wheeling diode connected such that, in use, it is reverse biased when the switch is ON, and forward biased when the switch is OFF to maintain direct current flow through the arc and the inductance; and a feedback circuit having a current sensor to sense the instantaneous value of current flowing through the arc, and a control terminal connected to the switch, the feedback circuit, in use, operating to provide a control signal at the control terminal to turn the switch ON when the instantaneous value reaches a first level and OFF when the instantaneous value reaches a second level.

2. A dc power supply according to claim 1, wherein the feedback circuit further comprises means to generate a first signal related to the difference between the instantaneous value of the current and a preset value.

3. A dc power supply according to claim 2, wherein the feedback circuit further comprises means to compare the first signal with a hysteris signal related to the difference between the first and second levels and to produce a two-state control signal.

4. A dc power supply according to claim 3, wherein the feedback circuit further comprises an OFF gate means to gate the two-state control signal with a signal representing a minimum OFF time and ensure the switch is not OFF for less than the minimum OFF time.

5. A dc power supply according to claim 3, wherein the feedback circuit further comprises an ON gate means to gate the two-state control signal with a signal representing a minimum ON time and ensure the switch is not ON for less than the minimum ON time.

6. A dc power supply according to claim 3, wherein the feedback circuit further comprises a FAULT gate means to gate the two-state control signal with a signal indicating a current fault condition and ensure the current flow through the arc remains below a predetermined maximum value.

7. A dc power supply for a dc arc torch substantially as herein described with reference to the accompanying drawings.