NL2015824B1

NL2015824B1 - Pre-embedment method for Li-ion capacitors.

Info

Publication number: NL2015824B1
Application number: NL2015824A
Authority: NL
Inventors: Ruan Dianbo; Zeng Fudi; Fu Guansheng
Original assignee: Ningbo Csr New Energy Tech Co Ltd
Priority date: 2014-12-12
Filing date: 2015-11-20
Publication date: 2017-02-15
Also published as: AU2015100980A4; WO2016090977A1; CN104681311B; CN104681311A; NL2015824A

Abstract

The present invention provides a novel pre-embedment method for a Li-ion capacitor, comprising the following steps of: (1) assembling a cell, and immersing the cell into an organic solution containing lithium salt; (2) connecting the anode and the cathode to a charge-discharge tester, respectively, to perform total 1 to 100 cycles each comprising one charge followed by one discharge, to finish the pre-embedment into the cathode; and (3) taking out the cell after the pre-embedment and putting the cell into a packaging shell, and injecting electrolyte into the packaging shell to form a single lithium ion capacitor. With the novel pre-embedment method of the preset invention, high cost resulted from the metal lithium and porous current collectors is effectively solved. The safety may be improved and the technological process may be simplified. The novel pre-embedment method of the preset invention is suitable for industrial production.

Description

PRE-EMBEDMENT METHOD FOR LI-ION CAPACITORS Technical Field of the Invention

The present invention relates to the field of Li-ion capacitors, and in particular to a novel pre-embedment method for a Li-ion capacitor.

Background of the Invention

Li-ion capacitors are novel classic hybrid energy storage devices incorporating Li-ion batteries into electric double-layer super capacitors. With both high specific energy of Li-ion capacitors and high specific power, long service life and the like of super capacitors together, such Li-ion capacitors have wide prospect of application in fields such as military aerospace and green energy. At present, the pre-embedment method for Li-ion capacitors is generally as that shown in Patent CN101138058B owned by Fuji Heavy Industries. That is, lithium metal is used as a lithium source and metal foil with through holes as a current collector; the lithium metal is placed in a position opposite to cathode; and by connecting the lithium metal to the cathode in short circuit, discharge is achieved due to a difference in potential between the lithium metal and the cathode, thus to embed the Li-ion into the cathode. By this method, it is possible to obtain a large-capacitance large-scale power storage device which has high energy density and output density and has an excellent charge-discharge characteristic. However, there are the following problems: first, since the chemical properties of lithium and foil are highly active, the production of Li-ion capacitors propose quite high requirements on the environment; second, it is required to precisely control the amount of lithium to be used because too less lithium will not achieve the expected effect while too much lithium will bring great safety risk to a single capacitor, resulting in poor consistency in single capacitors; and third, Li-ion capacitors are complex in manufacturing process, and the use of crucial raw materials such as lithium metal and porous current collector results in high cost of Li-ion capacitors.

In the prior art, there is a case where the short-circuit discharge and lithium doping manner by connection of the cathode to lithium metal in short circuit is changed to connection of a charge-discharge tester between the cathode and the lithium metal, so that the Li-ion is embedded into the cathode carbon material by discharge or charge-discharge cycles. Although this method may allow for somewhat improvement to the performance of a single Li-ion capacitor, it fails to solve safety, production cost and other problems.

Chinese Patent Application CN102385991A disclosed a method for manufacturing a Li-ion capacitor and an application of the manufactured Li-ion capacitor, wherein the disclosed pre-embedment method was to form a lithium film on a surface of a diaphragm by vacuum vapor deposition, bring the lithium film to be opposite to the cathode, and pre-embed the Li+ in the lithium film into the cathode. Compared with the method disclosed by Fuji Heavy Industries, this method has the following advantages: first, since the lithium film is in direct contact with the cathode for pre-embedment in a subsequent process, there is no need to use any through-hole current collector and this may decrease the internal resistance of the products; second, by this method, it may be convenient to control the amount of lithium to be used so that the safety is improved to some extent; and third, since each layer of the cathode is in direct contact with the lithium film for lithium doping, the time required by lithium pre-doping may be greatly shortened. This method is feasible theoretically. However, its practical feasibility remains to be proven. J.P. Zheng team(W.J. Cao, J.P. Zheng, Li-ion capacitors with carbon cathode and hard carbon/stabilized lithium metal powder anode electrodes, Journal of Power Sources, 213(2012) 180-185.) mixed nanoscale lithium metal powder having a passivation layer on its surface, as a lithium source, with hard carbon to prepare a cathode by a dry process, and then used activated carbon as an anode to form a single Li-ion capacitor. Compared with the structure proposed by Fuji Heavy Industries where lithium foil is used, a Li-ion capacitor of this structure may be manufactured in a dry room, without requiring a severe glovebox environment, thereby greatly increasing the operability.

Summary of the Invention

In order to solve problems of high pre-embedment and production cost, high safety risk, and complex process of a Li-ion capacitor, a novel pre-embedment method for a Li-ion capacitor is proposed. With the novel pre-embedment method of the preset invention, high cost resulted from the lithium metal and porous current collectors is effectively solved. The safety may be improved and the technological process may be simplified. The novel pre-embedment method of the preset invention is suitable for industrial production. The present invention is realized through the following technical solutions: in order to realize the objective, the present invention provides a novel pre-embedment method for a Li-ion capacitor, including the following steps of: (1) stacking or winding a cathode, a diaphragm, an anode and a diaphragm successively and then securing with an adhesive tape to form a cell, and immersing the cell into an organic solution containing lithium salt; (2) connecting the anode and the cathode to a charge-discharge tester, respectively, to perform a number of times, preferably a total 1 to 100 cycles, each including one charge followed by one discharge, to finish the pre-embedment into the cathode; and (3) taking out the cell after the pre-embedment and putting the cell into a packaging shell, and injecting electrolyte into the packaging shell to form a single Li-ion capacitor. Preferably, the anode current collector may be a foil or mesh of metals such as aluminous, stainless steel, iron and nickel, and the foil may be with or without pores.

Preferably, the cathode current collector may be foil or mesh of metals such as copper, stainless steel, iron and nickel, and the foil may be with or without pores.

Preferably, the lithium salt may be one of lithium salts, which are soluble in the organic solution, selected from LiPF6> LiBF4, UCIO4, L1AIO4, LiOH, U2CO3, CFhCOOLi, L1NO3, LiB(C204)2, LiP(C6H402)3, LiPF3(C2F5)3 and LiN(S02CF3)2. PC (polycarbonate), EC (ethylene carbonate), DEC (diethyl carbonate), DMC (dimethyl carbonate), DMF (dimethyl Fumarate), DME (1,2-dimethoxy-ethan) and THF (tetrahydrofuran).

Preferably, the way of connecting the anode to the cathode is connecting the anode to the cathode by charge-discharge equipment. In the whole loop, resistors may be added for connection in series, or direct connection may be realized without any resistors.

Preferably, the cell immersed into an organic solution containing lithium salt is subject to a cycle of charge — discharge or charge — self-discharge, and both the charge current and the discharge current are constant currents. Specifically, the constant current may be a current value corresponding to a rate of 0.01 C -10 C calculated based on the mass of the anode, the cathode or the cell.

Preferably, there is 1 to 100 charge-discharge cycles, the highest cut-off for the charge ranges from 3.6 V to 4.2 V, and the charge cut-off voltage in each of the cycles may be the same or different.

Preferably, the charge current in each of the cycles may be the same or different; and the discharge current in each of the cycles may be the same or different. There may be or may not be a constant voltage process followed by each charge process.

Preferably, the self-discharge in each of the cycles lasts 1 min to 10 h, and the self-discharge duration in each of the cycles may be the same or different.

Preferably, the cyclic charge-discharge processing is performed at a constant temperature ranging from 0°C to 60°C.

The Li-ion capacitor will produce a certain amount of heat during the charge-discharge process to rise the temperature of the cell of the capacitor. If the temperature of the cell of the capacitor is not controlled and when the temperature rises to a certain degree, electrolyte in the cell of the capacitor will decompose to generate a large amount of gas which will shock the cell of the well assembled Li-ion capacitor to damage the diaphragms and plates of the cell. Performing the charge-discharge process at a lower temperature may effectively inhibit the decomposition of the electrolyte in the cell of the capacitor, reduce or even eliminate the generation of gas, and thus protect the diaphragms and plates of the cell of the capacitor against damage.

Preferably, a charge regime in the cyclic discharge process is as follows: (1) at a pre-charge stage: charging with a low current of 0.01-0.05 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3 V; (2) at a constant-current high-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.1-0.5 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3 V and lower than 3.5 V; (3) at a constant-current low-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.05-0.1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3.5 V and lower than the highest cut-off voltage; and (4) at a constant voltage charge stage: charging under a constant voltage when the voltage of the capacitor reaches the highest cut-off voltage, until the charge current is lower than 10-20 mA, and then stopping charging, the constant voltage being the highest cut-off voltage; a discharge regime is as follows: (1) at a first discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 1-2 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3.5V and lower than or equal to the highest cut-off voltage; (2) at a second discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 0.5-1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3V and lower than or equal to 3.5 V; and (3) at a third discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a low discharge rate of 0.1-0.5 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3V.

Charging with a low current at the pre-charge stage may enable the capacitor to reach a high voltage in a stable state. The constant-current high-rate charging may enable the capacitor to reach a high voltage quickly. Since the cut-off voltage of the Li-ion capacitor ranges from 3.6 V to 4.2 V, after reaching 3.5 V by the high-rate constant-current charging, charging with a current having a low rate may prevent the voltage of the Li-ion capacitor from exceeding the cut-off voltage thus to prevent degradation of the performance of the capacitor. After the voltage of the capacitor reaches the cut-off voltage, charging under a constant voltage is required to continue to increase the capacity of the capacitor, while preventing over-voltage.

At an initial discharge stage of the capacitor, discharging in a high discharge rate may discharge as soon as possible if the performance of the capacitor permits; at a final discharge stage, discharging in a low rate may prevent, during the discharge process, the voltage of the capacitor from falling below the lowest acceptable voltage of the capacitor, thereby preventing the capacitor from being damaged by excessive discharge and too low voltage.

Preferably, the diaphragm is a composite diaphragm having polypropylene as a matrix, and the composite diaphragm having polypropylene as a matrix is prepared from the following substance by the following steps: uniformly mixing 80-85 wt% of polypropylene, 10-15 wt% of natural cellulose pulp, 3-5 wt% of kaolin powder and 0.5-1.5 wt% of silane coupling agent, and then processing by a dry process.

Preferably, the natural cellulose pulp in the polypropylene-based composite diaphragm is made by the following steps of: (1) adding bamboo fiber as raw material to a sodium hydroxide solution, and then steaming the sodium hydroxide solution in vacuum at 300°C for 2 h, wherein the mass ratio of the bamboo fiber to the sodium hydroxide solution is 1:4, and the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is 10 wt%; (2) taking out and washing the steamed bamboo fiber with water, then immersing the bamboo fiber into hot water at a temperature of 80-90°C for grinding followed by filtering, and then collecting the filtered solid; and (3) pulping the filtered solid by a pulping machine and concentrating to obtain the natural cellulose pulp having a solid content of 60-70 wt%.

The natural cellulose pulp manufactured by this method contains a large amount of natural cellulose which has advantages of good moisture absorption and excellent thermal stability. The moisture absorption and thermal stability of the polypropylene may be improved after mixing a small amount of the natural cellulose with polypropylene so that the absorption retention of the diaphragm to the electrolyte is enhanced, thereby improving the rate performance and cycle performance of products. Additionally, the natural cellulose generates cross-linking after being mixed with polypropylene and this enhances the tensile strength and puncture resistance strength of the diaphragm.

Compared with the prior art, the present invention has the following beneficial effects: (1) replacing the lithium foil or nanoscale lithium metal with the organic solution containing lithium salt reduces the cost, and meanwhile the use of non-porous current collectors also significantly reduces the cost; (2) replacing the lithium foil with the organic solution containing lithium salt requires no processing in an extreme environment, and as a result, the safety of processing is improved; (3) connecting the anode and the cathode with the charge-discharge tester may shorten the time required by the pre-embedment and improve the effect thereof; and (4) the simplification of the technological process may be suitable for mass industrial production.

Brief Description of the Drawings

Fig.1 is a schematic diagram of tests of the specific capacity of a capacitor; in which: the vertical axis represents specific capabilities of the capacitor tested at different discharge currents, and the horizontal axis represents discharge currents.

Detailed Description of the Invention

The content of the present invention will be described more specifically in conjunction with embodiments. It should be understood that the implementations of the present invention are not limited to the following embodiments, and instead, variations and changes in any form to the present invention will all fall into the protection scope of the present invention; and all methods in the following embodiments are conventional methods in the art, otherwise specifically stated.

Embodiment 1 A pre-embedment method for a lithium ion capacitor includes the following steps of: (1) adhering pulp containing activated carbon as active material to non-porous aluminum foil to serve as an anode, and adhering pulp containing mesophase carbon micro beads as active material to non-porous copper foil to serve as a cathode; by using a PP(Polypropylene)/PE(polyethylene)/PP tri-layer polymer as a diaphragm, stacking the diaphragm, the anode, the diaphragm and the cathode successively to form a cell, and then securing with an adhesive tape; and welding current collectors of both the anode and the cathode to tabs or leading-out terminals of both the anode and the cathode, respectively; (2) drying, and immersing the dried cell into a beaker containing a LiPFe-EC/PC/DEC solution; (3) connecting an anode and a cathode of a charge-discharge tester to the anode and the cathode, respectively, charging with a constant current of approximately 0.1 C until the voltage reaches 3.8 V and keeping at 3.8 V for 1 h, turning the circuit off and standing for 1 h so that a single capacitor discharges naturally, turning the circuit on again after 1 h later and charging with a constant current of 0.1 C until the voltage reaches 3.8 V, and then turning the circuit off again so that the single capacitor discharges naturally for 1 h, all of which steps are repeated for three charge/self-discharge pulse periods; and (4) taking the cell obtained in step (3) out and putting the cell into an aluminum-plastic shell, and injecting electrolyte into the aluminum-plastic shell to form a single flexibly packaged capacitor.

Embodiment 2 A pre-embedment method for a lithium ion capacitor includes the following steps of: (1) adhering pulp containing activated carbon as active material to non-porous aluminum foil to serve as an anode, and adhering pulp containing artificial graphite as active material to non-porous copper foil to serve as a cathode; by using a PP/PE/PP tri-layer polymer as a diaphragm, stacking the diaphragm, the cathode, the diaphragm and the anode successively to form a cell, and then securing with an adhesive tape; and welding current collectors of both the anode and the cathode to tabs or leading-out terminals of both the anode and the cathode, respectively; (2) drying, and immersing the dried cell into a beaker containing a LiBF4-PC/DMF solution; (3) connecting an anode and a cathode of a charge-discharge tester to the anode and the cathode, respectively, charging with a constant current of approximately 0.1 C until the voltage reaches 3.8 V, turning the circuit off and standing for 2 h so that a single capacitor discharges naturally, turning the circuit on again after 2 h later and charging with a constant current of 0.1 C until the voltage reaches 3.8 V, and then turning the circuit off again so that the single capacitor discharges naturally for 2 h, all of which steps are repeated for ten charge/self-discharge pulse periods; and (4) taking the cell obtained in step (3) out, putting the cell into a square aluminum shell, and injecting electrolyte into the square aluminum shell to form a single square capacitor.

Embodiment 3 A pre-embedment method for a lithium ion capacitor includes the following steps of: (1) adhering pulp containing activated carbon as active material to porous aluminum foil to serve as an anode, and adhering pulp containing hard carbon as active material to porous copper foil to serve as a cathode; by using a single-PP polymer as a diaphragm, winding the diaphragm, the cathode, the diaphragm and the anode successively to form a cell, and then securing with an adhesive tape; and welding current collectors of both the anode and the cathode to tabs or leading-out terminals of both the anode and the cathode, respectively; (2) drying, and immersing the dried cell into a beaker containing a U2CO3 organic solution; (3) connecting an anode and a cathode of a charge-discharge tester to the anode and the cathode, respectively, charging with a constant current of approximately 0.2 C until the voltage reaches 3.8 V, turning the circuit off and standing for a certain period of time so that a single capacitor discharges naturally, turning the circuit on again and charging with a constant current of 0.2 C until the voltage reaches 3.8 V, and then turning the circuit off again so that the single capacitor discharges naturally for a certain period of time, all of which steps are repeated for fifty charge/self-discharge pulse periods (wherein the self-discharge lasts for 0.5 h in the first to tenth periods, the self-discharge lasts for 1 h in the eleventh to twentieth periods, the self-discharge lasts for 1.5 h in the twenty first to thirtieth periods, the self-discharge lasts for 2 h in the thirty first to fortieth periods, and the self-discharge lasts for 3 h in the fortieth to fiftieth periods); and (4) taking the cell obtained in step (3) out and putting the cell into a round aluminum shell, and injecting electrolyte into the round aluminum shell to form a single round capacitor.

Embodiment 4 A pre-embedment method for a lithium ion capacitor includes the following steps of: (1) adhering pulp containing activated carbon as active material to non-porous aluminum foil to serve as an anode, and adhering pulp containing mesophase carbon micro beads as active material to non-porous copper foil to serve as a cathode; by using polypropylene-based natural fiber composite material as a diaphragm, stacking the diaphragm, the cathode, the diaphragm and the anode successively to form a cell, and then securing with an adhesive tape; and welding current collectors of both the anode and the cathode to tabs or leading-out terminals of both the anode and the cathode, respectively; (2) drying, and immersing the dried cell into a beaker containing a LiPFe-EC/PC/DEC solution; (3) connecting an anode and a cathode of a charge-discharge tester to the anode and the cathode, respectively, performing three charge/discharge periods at a constant temperature of 0°C according to the following regimes: a charge regime: a) at a pre-charge stage: charging with a low current of 0.01 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3 V; b) at a constant-current high-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3 V and lower than 3.5 V; c) at a constant-current low-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.05 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3.5 V and lower than 4.2 V; and d) at a constant voltage charge stage: charging under a constant voltage of 4.2 V when the voltage of the capacitor reaches 4.2 V, until the charge current is lower than 10 mA, and then stopping charging; and a discharge regime: a) at a first discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3.5V and lower than or equal to 4.2 V; b) at a second discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 0.5 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3V and lower than or equal to 3.5V; and c) at a third discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a low discharge rate of 0.1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3V; and (4) taking the cell obtained in step (3) out, putting the cell into an aluminum-plastic shell, and injecting electrolyte into the aluminum-plastic shell to form a single flexibly packaged capacitor.

Embodiment 5 A pre-embedment method for a lithium ion capacitor includes the following steps of: (1) adhering pulp containing activated carbon as active material to non-porous aluminum foil to serve as an anode, and adhering pulp containing artificial graphite as active material to non-porous copper foil to serve as a cathode; by using polypropylene-based natural fiber composite material as a diaphragm, stacking the diaphragm, the cathode, the diaphragm and the anode successively to form a cell, and then securing with an adhesive tape; and welding current collectors of both the anode and the cathode to tabs or leading-out terminals of both the anode and the cathode, respectively; (2) drying, and immersing the dried cell into a beaker containing a LiBF4-PC/DMF solution; (3) connecting an anode and a cathode of a charge-discharge tester to the anode and the cathode, respectively, performing ten charge/discharge periods at a constant temperature of 30°C according to the following regimes: a charge regime: a) at a pre-charge stage: charging with a low current of 0.03 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3 V; b) at a constant-current high-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.3 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3 V and lower than 3.5 V;c) at a constant-current low-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.075 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3.5 V and lower than 4.2 V; and d) at a constant voltage charge stage: charging under a constant voltage of 4.2 V when the voltage of the capacitor reaches 4.2 V, until the charge current is lower than 15 mA, and then stopping charging; and a discharge regime: a) at a first discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 1.5 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3.5V and lower than or equal to 4.2 V; b) at a second discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 0.75 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3V and lower than or equal to 3.5V; and c) at a third discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a low discharge rate of 0.3 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3V; and (4) taking the cell obtained in step (3) out, putting the cell into a square aluminum shell, and injecting electrolyte into the square aluminum shell to form a single square capacitor.

Embodiment 6 A pre-embedment method for a lithium ion capacitor includes the following steps of: (1) adhering pulp containing activated carbon as active material to porous aluminum foil to serve as an anode, and adhering pulp containing hard carbon as active material to porous copper foil to serve as a cathode; by using polypropylene-based natural fiber composite material as a diaphragm, winding the diaphragm, the cathode, the diaphragm and the anode successively to form a cell, and then securing with an adhesive tape; and welding current collectors of both the anode and the cathode to tabs or leading-out terminals of both the anode and the cathode, respectively; (2) drying, and immersing the dried cell into a beaker containing a U2CO3 organic solution; and (3) connecting an anode and a cathode of a charge-discharge tester to the anode and the cathode, respectively, performing fifty charge/discharge periods at a constant temperature of 60°C according to the following regimes: a charge regime: a) at a pre-charge stage: charging with a low current of 0.05 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3 V; b) at a constant-current high-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.5 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3 V and lower than 3.5 V; c) at a constant-current low-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3.5 V and lower than 4.2 V; and d) at a constant voltage charge stage: charging under a constant voltage of 4.2 V when the voltage of the capacitor reaches 4.2 V, until the charge current is lower than 20mA, and then stopping charging; and a discharge regime: a) at a first discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 2 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3.5V and lower than or equal to 4.2 V; b) at a second discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3V and lower than or equal to 3.5V; and c) at a third discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a low discharge rate of 0.5 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3V; and (4) taking the cell obtained in step (3) out, putting the cell into a round aluminum shell, and injecting electrolyte into the round aluminum shell to form a single round capacitor.

Comparative Example 1 A method for manufacturing a Li-ion capacitor includes the following steps of: (1) adhering pulp containing activated carbon as active material to porous aluminum foil to serve as an anode, and adhering pulp containing hard carbon as active material to porous copper foil to serve as a cathode; by using a PP/PE/PP tri-layer polymer as a diaphragm and by closely compressing the lithium foil onto the copper foil as a lithium electrode, stacking the diaphragm, the anode, the diaphragm, the cathode, the diaphragm, the lithium electrode and the diaphragm successively to form a cell, and then securing with an adhesive tape; and welding current collectors of all the anode, the cathode and the lithium electrode to tabs or leading-out terminals of both the anode and the cathode, respectively; (2) putting the cell into an aluminum-plastic shell, and injecting electrolyte of a LiPF6-EC/PC/DEC solution into the aluminum-plastic shell to form a single flexibly packaged capacitor; and (3) short-circuit embedding: directly connecting the cathode to the lithium electrode in short circuit by leads for discharge pre-embedment.

Comparative Example 2 A pre-embedment method for a lithium ion capacitorincludes the following steps of: (1) adhering pulp containing activated carbon as active material to porous aluminum foil to serve as an anode, and adhering pulp containing artificial graphite as active material to porous copper foil to serve as a cathode; by using a PP/PE/PP tri-layer polymer as a diaphragm and by closely compressing the lithium foil onto the copper foil as a lithium electrode, stacking the diaphragm, the anode, the diaphragm, the cathode, the diaphragm, the lithium electrode and the diaphragm successively to form a cell, and then securing with an adhesive tape; and welding current collectors of all the anode, the cathode and the lithium electrode to tabs or leading-out terminals of both the anode and the cathode, respectively; (2) putting the cell into a square aluminum shell, and injecting electrolyte of a UBF4-PC/DMF solution into the square aluminum shell to form a single square capacitor; and (3) short-circuit embedding: directly connecting the cathode to the lithium electrode in short circuit by leads for discharge pre-embedment.

Comparative Example 3 A method for manufacturing a Li-ion capacitor includes the following steps of: (1) adhering pulp containing activated carbon as active material to porous aluminum foil to serve as an anode, and adhering pulp containing hard carbon as active material to porous copper foil to serve as a cathode; by using a Single-PP polymer as a diaphragm and by closely compressing the lithium foil onto the copper foil as a lithium electrode, winding the diaphragm, the anode, the diaphragm, the cathode, the diaphragm, the lithium electrode and the diaphragm successively to form a cell, and then securing with an adhesive tape; and welding current collectors of all the anode, the cathode and the lithium electrode to tabs or leading-out terminals of both the anode and the cathode, respectively; (2) putting the cell into a round aluminum shell, and injecting a U2CO3 organic solution into the round aluminum shell to form a single flexibly packaged round capacitor; and (3) short-circuit embedding: directly connecting the cathode to the lithium electrode in short circuit by leads for discharge pre-embedment.

Comparative Example 4

Super capacitor FB series are commercially available from NEC-tokin.

Detection methods and results 1. Specific capacity of capacitors A comprehensive battery performance detector LRBT-02 is utilized to test the specific discharge capacities of Embodiments 1,2 and 3 and Comparative Examples at currents of 1 C, 5 C and 10 C, respectively. The results are as shown in Fig. 1. 2. Capacity retention ratio

As for Embodiments 1, 2 and 3 and Comparative Examples, charge and discharge are performed at currents of 1 C, 5 C and 10 C, and as for the correspondingly embodiments, charge and discharge are performed in a same manner as that described in Embodiments 4, 5 and 6. The capacity retention ratios are recorded, and the results are as shown in Table 1. 3. The initial amount of lithium to be embedded is detected by an externally connected charge-discharge tester which may monitor the embedment amount of lithium in real time. The results are as shown in Table 2.

As can be known from Fig. 1, a Li-ion capacitor manufactured by this pre-embedment method of the present invention has a significantly high specific capacity and a low drop in the specific capacity of the capacitor while discharging at a high current when compared with a Li-ion capacitor manufactured by a conventional process.

Table 1

As can be known from Table 1, both a Li-ion capacitor manufactured by this method of the present invention and a Li-ion capacitor manufactured by connecting the cathode to the lithium electrode in short circuit as a pre-embedment method may ensure, at various charge-discharge currents, a high capacity by a few cycles, and however, after many charge-discharge cycles, the Li-ion capacitor manufactured by this method of the present invention exhibits a higher capacity retention ratio, and stable results at various different currents. The service life and use effect of a capacitor are limited by the degree of embedment. It is indicated by Table 1 that the pre-embedment way used in the present invention benefits a capacitor to allow the capacitor to show more stable long-term use performance while ensuring the fundamental functions of the capacitor, and prolongs the service life of the capacitor.

Table 2

As can be known from Table 2, different durations and different currents for charge-discharge cycles have little influence on the initial embedment amount of a capacitor. Temperature, at which the embedment is performed, has certain influence on the initial embedment amount. Too low temperature will hinder the process of embedment, and lower current will require longer charge-discharge duration. The embedment amount of the capacitor may be increased slightly, so that the service life and the charge-discharge efficiency of the capacitor may be improved. Charging/discharging with a low current is more effective to the increase in the embedment amount of the capacitor.

The invention can be described as follows: A pre-embedment method for a lithium ion capacitor, comprising the following steps of: stacking or winding a cathode, a diaphragm, an anode and a diaphragm successively and then securing with an adhesive tape to form a cell, and immersing the cell into an organic solution containing lithium salt; (2) connecting the anode and the cathode to a charge-discharge tester, respectively, to perform a number of cycles each comprising one charge followed by one discharge, to finish the pre-embedment into the cathode; and (3) taking out the cell after the pre-embedment and putting the cell into a packaging shell, and injecting electrolyte into the packaging shell to form a single lithium ion capacitor.

One or more of the following additional preferred features can be part of preferred embodiments of the invention, alone or in any combination of features: - current collectors in the anode and the cathode are current collectors with or without pores; - the lithium salt is at least one of lithium salts, which are soluble in the organic solution, selected from LiPF6> LiBF4, UCIO4, L1AIO4, LiOH, U2CO3, CFI3COOU, UNO3, LiB(C204)2, LiP(CeFl402)3, LiPF3(C2F5)3 and LiN(S02CF3)2, and the organic solution is at least one of PC, EC, DEC, DMC, DMF, DME, THF and SL; - the discharge in the cycle is discharge of the tester or self-discharge of the cell; - the charge and the discharge are of constant current, and the charge-discharge rate ranges from 0.01 C to10 C; - the highest cut-off voltage for the charge ranges from 3.6 V to 4.2 V; - currents and voltages separately for the charge and discharge in each of the cycles may be the same or different wherein preferably the discharge in each of the cycles lasts for 1 min to 10 h; - the number of cycles totals 1 to 100; - the charge and discharge in each of the cycles are performed at a constant temperature ranging from 0°C to 60°C; - the charge regime is as follows: at a pre-charge stage: charging with a low current of 0.01-0.05 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3 V; (2) at a constant-current high-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.1-0.5 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3 V and lower than 3.5 V; (3) at a constant-current low-rate charge stage: charging with a current having a charge rate of 0.05-0.1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3V and lower than the highest cut-off voltage; and (4) at a constant-voltage charge stage: charging under a constant voltage when the voltage of the capacitor reaches the highest cut-off voltage, until the charge current is lower than 10-20 mA, and then stopping charging, the constant voltage being the highest cut-off voltage; a discharge regime is as follows: at a first discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 1 -2 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3.5V and lower than or equal to the highest cut-off voltage; (2) at a second discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a discharge rate of 0.5-1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is greater than 3V and lower than or equal to 3.5V; and (3) at a third discharge stage: discharging with a discharge current having a low discharge rate of 0.1 -0.5 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3V; - the diaphragm is a composite diaphragm having polypropylene as a matrix, and the composite diaphragm having polypropylene as a matrix is prepared from the following substance by the following steps: uniformly mixing 80-85 wt% of polypropylene, 10-15 wt% of natural cellulose pulp, 3-5 wt% of kaolin powder and 0.5-1.5 wt% of silane coupling agent, and then processing by a dry process, wherein preferably the natural cellulose pulp is made by the following steps of: (1) adding bamboo fiber as raw material to a sodium hydroxide solution, and then steaming the sodium hydroxide solution in vacuum at 300°C for 2 h, wherein the mass ratio of the bamboo fiber to the sodium hydroxide solution is 1:4, and the concentration of the sodium hydroxide solution is 10 wt%; (2) taking out and washing the steamed bamboo fiber with water, then soaking the bamboo fiber in hot water at a temperature of 80-90 °C for grinding followed by filtering, and then collecting the filtered solid; and (3) pulping the filtered solid by a pulping machine and concentrating to obtain the natural cellulose pulp having a solid content of 60-70 wt%.

Claims

A pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor, comprising the steps of: - stacking or wrapping successively a cathode, a diaphragm, an anode and a diaphragm and then - securing by adhesive tape to form a cell and - immersing the cell in an organic solution containing a lithium salt - connecting the cathode and the anode to a charge-discharge tester to complete a number of times a cycle, each cycle contains a charge followed by a discharge to complete pre-embedding and - retrieval of the cell after pre-embedding and - placing the cell in a package case and - injecting an electrolyte into the package case to form a single lithium ion capacitor.

Pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to claim 1, characterized in that the current collectors in the anode and the cathode are current collectors with or without pores.

Pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to claim 1 or 2, characterized in that the lithium salt is at least one of lithium salts soluble in the organic solution selected from ϋΡΡβϋΡΡ LiBF4, LiClO4, LiAlO04, LiOH, U2CO3 , CH3 COOU, UNO3, UB (C204) 2, LiP (C6H402) 3, LiPF3 (C2 F5) 3 and LiN (SO2 CF3) 2 and the organic solvent at least one of PC, EC, DEC, DMC, DMF, DME, THF and SL.

A pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the discharge in the cycle is a discharge of the tester or a self-discharge of the cell.

Pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the cycle is completed in total 1 to 100 times.

Pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the charging and the discharging take place with constant current and the charging-discharge level is between 0.01 C and 10 C.

Pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the highest cut-off voltage for the charge is between 3.6 V and 4.2 V.

The pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to claim 1,4, 6 or 7, characterized in that the currents and voltages separately for the charging and discharging in each of the cycles can be equal or unequal.

The pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to claim 8, characterized in that the discharge in each of the cycles lasts 1 to 10 minutes.

Pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the discharge and charging in each of the cycles take place at a constant temperature between 0 ° C and 60 ° C.

Pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the charging scheme is as follows: - during the pre-charging phase: charging with a low current of 0.01 to 0.05 C when the voltage on the capacitor is less than 3 Volts - (2) during a constant current high-level charging phase: charging with a current with a charging of 0.1-0.5 C when the voltage on the capacitor is lower than 3.5 Volts - (3) during a constant current low-speed charging phase: charging with a current with a charge of 0.05-0.1 C when the voltage on the capacitor is lower than 3 Volts and lower than the highest cut-off voltage - (4) during a constant-voltage charging phase: charging under a constant voltage when the voltage of the capacitor reaches the highest cut-off voltage, until the charging current is lower than 10-20 mA, then stop charging, the constant voltage being the highest cut-off voltage and that a discharge schedule as follows: during a first discharge phase: discharging with a discharge current with a discharge of 1-2 C when the voltage of the capacitor is higher than 3.5 Volts and lower or equal to the highest cut-off voltage; (2) during a second discharge phase: discharging with a discharge current with a discharge of 0.5-1 C when the voltage of the capacitor is higher than 3 Volts and lower than 3.5 Volts (3) during a third discharge phase: discharging with a discharge current with a discharge of 0.1-0.5 C when the voltage of the capacitor is lower than 3 Volts.

12. Pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to any one of the preceding claims, characterized in that the diaphragm is a composite diaphragm with polypropylene as a matrix, and the composite diaphragm with polypropylene as a matrix is made from the following substance by the following steps : evenly mixing 80-85% by weight of polypropylene, 10-15% by weight of natural cellulose pulp, 3-5% by weight of kaolin powder and 0.5-1.5% by weight of a silane binder, and then processing through a drying process.

The pre-embedding method for a lithium ion capacitor according to claim 11, characterized in that the natural cellulose pulp is made by the following steps: (1) adding bamboo fiber as a raw material to a sodium hydroxide solution and then the sodium hydroxide solution for 2 hours steaming at 300 ° C where the mass ratio of bamboo fiber to the sodium hydroxide solution is 1: 4 and the content of the sodium hydroxide solution is 10% by weight. (2) removing and washing the steamed bamboo fiber with water, then soaking the bamboo fiber in hot water at a temperature of 80-90 ° C for milling followed by filtering and then collecting the filtered solid and (3) the filtered solid Pulp solid matter through a pulp apparatus and concentrate to obtain a natural solids pulp content of 60-70% by weight.