Asal Usul Spesies
Asal-Usul Spesies (bahasa Inggeris: On the Origin of Species), karya Charles Darwin yang diterbitkan pada 28 November 1859, merupakan karya ilmiah yang dipandang sebagai asas ilmu biologi evolusi. Tajuk penuhnya ialah On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (Mengenai Asal-Usul Spesies secara Pemilihan Semula Jadi, atau Pemeliharaan Ras-Ras Terpilih dalam Perjuangan Hidup). Mulai edisi keenamnya pada tahun 1872, judul pendeknya ditukar kepada The Origin of Species. Buku Darwin ini memperkenalkan satu teori bahawa setiap populasi mengalami evolusi selama turun-temurun melalui proses pemilihan semula jadi, dan membentangkan bukti-bukti bahawa kepelbagaian kehidupan di dunia berasal daripada keturunan yang sama melalui pola evolusi yang bercabang-cabang. Darwin menyertakan bukti yang dikumpulnya pada ekspedisi Beagle pada 1830-an dan penemuan-penemuan berikutnya hasil penyelidikan, kesepadanan, dan uji kaji.
 Halaman judul edisi 1859 of On the Origin of Species | |
| Umum | |
|---|---|
| Pengarang | Charles Darwin |
| Negara | United Kingdom |
| Bahasa | Inggeris |
| Subjek | Pemilihan semula jadi Biologi evolusi |
| Penerbitan | |
| Penerbit | John Murray |
Tarikh penerbitan | 24 November 1859 |
Jenis media | Cetak (Kulit keras) |
| Kawalan kewibawaan | |
| ISBN | ISBN N/A Invalid ISBN |
Selama ini pernah diusulkannya berbagai-bagai gagasan evolusi untuk menerangkan penemuan baru dalam bidang biologi. Gagasan-gagasan sedemikian semakin disambut baik di kalangan para ahli anatomi yang bertelagah dan orang awam, namun pada separuh pertama abad ke-19, institusi sains Inggeris menjalin hubungan erat dengan Gereja England, manakala sains merupakan sebahagian teologi alam. Gagasan-gagasan transmutasi spesies menjadi kontroversi kerana bercanggah dengan kepercayaan bahawa spesies merupakan bahagian yang tidak boleh diubah dalam tatatingkat rekaan serta bahawa manusia adalah unik dan tiada pertalian darah dengan haiwan. Implikasi politik dan teologinya cukup hangat sekali diperbahaskan, namun gagasan transmutasi masih tidak diterima oleh arus perdana institusi sains ketika itu.
Buku yang dikarang untuk tatapan pembaca bukan pakar ini menarik perhatian meluas sebaik sahaja diterbitkan. Disebabkan Darwin merupakan seorang saintis tersohor, hasil kajiannya dipandang serius dan bukti-bukti yang dibentangkannya mencetuskan perbahasan sama ada dari segi sains, falsafah mahupun keagamaan. Perbahasan mengenai buku ini menyumbang kepada sebuah kempen yang dilancarkan oleh T.H. Huxley dan rakan-rakan seperjuangannya di X Club untuk mensekularkan sains dengan memupuk fahaman naturalisme sains. Dalam masa dua dekad, tercapainya persepakatan di kalangan kebanyakan ahli sains bahawa evolusi yang berpola cabang-cabang dari seketurunan ini sememangnya terjadi, namun para saintis masih teragak-agak untuk memberi kepentingan kepada pemilihan semula jadi yang diusulkan oleh Darwin. Ketika "gerhana Darwinisme" dari 1880-an hingga 1930-an, wujudnya pelbagai mekanisme evolusi lain yang disambut baik. Berikutan perkembangan sintesis evolusi moden pada 1930-an hingga 1940-an, konsep adaptasi melalui pemilihan semula jadi yang diusulkan oleh Darwin ini menjadi bahan terpenting dalam teori evolusi moden yang kini menjadi konsep penyatuan ilmu sains hayat.
Catatan
suntingRujukan
sunting- Barlow, Nora, penyunting (1963), "Darwin's Ornithological Notes", Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series, 2 (No. 7), m/s. 201–278, dicapai pada 2009-06-10
|issue=has extra text (bantuan) - Bowler, Peter J. (1989), The Mendelian Revolution: The Emergence of Hereditarian Concepts in Modern Science and Society, Baltimore: Johns Hopkins University Press, ISBN 0-485-11375-9
- Bowler, Peter J. (2003), Evolution: The History of an Idea (ed. 3rd), University of California Press, ISBN 0-520-23693-9
- Browne, E. Janet (1995), Charles Darwin: Vol. 1 Voyaging, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 1-84413-314-1
- Browne, E. Janet (2002), Charles Darwin: Vol. 2 The Power of Place, London: Jonathan Cape, ISBN 0-7126-6837-3
- Crawford, J. (1859), "(Review of) On the Origin of Species", Examiner: 722–723. Published anonymously.
- Darwin, Charles (1845), Journal of Researches Into the Natural History and Geology of the Countries Visited During the Voyage of H.M.S. Beagle Round the World, Under the Command of Captain Fitz Roy, R.N. (ed. 2nd), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-04-22
- Darwin, Charles (1859), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (ed. Full image view 1st), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-01-09
- Darwin, Charles (1860), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (ed. 2nd), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-01-09
- Darwin, Charles (1861), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (ed. 3rd), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-01-09
- Darwin, Charles (1866), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (ed. 4th), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-02-22
- Darwin, Charles (1869), On the Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (ed. 5th), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-02-22
- Darwin, Charles (1871), [[The Descent of Man, and Selection in Relation to Sex]] (ed. 1st), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-04-29 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
- Darwin, Charles (1872), The Origin of Species by Means of Natural Selection, or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life (ed. 6th), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2009-01-09
- Darwin, Charles (1958), Barlow, Nora (penyunting), [[The Autobiography of Charles Darwin]] 1809–1882. With the Original Omissions Restored. Edited and with Appendix and Notes by his Granddaughter Nora Barlow, London: Collins, dicapai pada 2009-01-09 URL–wikilink conflict (bantuan)
- Darwin, Charles; Costa, James T. (2009), The Annotated Origin: A Facsimile of the First Edition of On the Origin of Species Annotated by James T. Costa, Cambridge, Massachusetts, and London, England: Belknap Press of Harvard University Press, ISBN 978-0-674-03281-1
- Desmond, Adrian (1989), The Politics of Evolution: Morphology, Medicine, and Reform in Radical London, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-14374-0
- Desmond, Adrian; Moore, James (1991), Darwin, London: Michael Joseph, Penguin Group, ISBN 0-7181-3430-3
- Dewey, John (1994), "The Influence of Darwinism on Philosophy", dalam Martin Gardner (penyunting), Great Essays in Science, Prometheus Books, ISBN 0-87975-853-8
- Eldredge, Niles (2006), "Confessions of a Darwinist", The Virginia Quarterly Review (Spring 2006), m/s. 32–53, dicapai pada 2008-11-04
- Forster, Roger; Marston, Dr Paul (1999), "Genesis Through History", Reason Science and Faith (ed. Ivy Cottage: E-Books), Chester, England: Monarch Books, ISBN 1-85424-441-8, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2009-04-27, dicapai pada 2009-03-24
- Freeman, Richard B. (1977), "On the Origin of Species", The Works of Charles Darwin: An Annotated Bibliographical Handlist (ed. 2nd), Folkestone, England: Dawson, ISBN 0712907408, dicapai pada 2009-02-22
- Herbert, Sandra, penyunting (1980), "The Red Notebook of Charles Darwin", Bulletin of the British Museum (Natural History) Historical Series, 7: 1–164 Also available here
- Hodge, Charles (1874), What is Darwinism?, Scribner Armstrong, dicapai pada 2007-01-14
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1860), "Darwin on the Origin of Species", Westminster Review, 17 (April 1860): 541–570. Published anonymously.
- Huxley, Thomas (1863), Six Lectures to Working Men "On Our Knowledge of the Causes of the Phenomena of Organic Nature" (Republished in Volume II of his Collected Essays, Darwiniana), dicapai pada 2006-12-15
- Keynes, Richard, penyunting (2000), Charles Darwin's Zoology Notes & Specimen Lists from H.M.S. Beagle., Cambridge University Press, ISBN 052167350X
- Kreeft, Peter (2001), Catholic Christianity, San Francisco: Ignatius Press, ISBN 0-89870-798-6
- Larson, Edward J. (2004), Evolution: The Remarkable History of a Scientific Theory, New York: Modern Library, ISBN 0-8129-6849-2
- Leifchild (1859), "Review of 'Origin'", Athenaeum (No. 1673, 19 November 1859), dicapai pada 2008-11-22
|issue=has extra text (bantuan) - Lucas, John R. (1979), "Wilberforce and Huxley: A Legendary Encounter", The Historical Journal, 22 (2), m/s. 313–330, doi:10.1017/S0018246X00016848, dicapai pada 2008-11-22
- Malthus, Thomas Robert (1826), An Essay on the Principle of Population: A View of its Past and Present Effects on Human Happiness; with an Inquiry into Our Prospects Respecting the Future Removal or Mitigation of the Evils which It Occasions (ed. 6th), London: John Murray, dicapai pada 2006-12-15
- Mayr, Ernst (1982), The Growth of Biological Thought, Harvard University Press, ISBN 0-674-36446-5
- Miles, Sara Joan (2001), "Charles Darwin and Asa Gray Discuss Teleology and Design", Perspectives on Science and Christian Faith, 53, m/s. 196–201, dicapai pada 2008-11-22
- Mivart, St. George Jackson (1871), , New York: Appleton
- Moore, James (2006), Evolution and Wonder – Understanding Charles Darwin, Speaking of Faith (Radio Program), American Public Media, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2008-12-22, dicapai pada 2008-11-22
- Phipps, William E. (1983), "Darwin, the Scientific Creationist", Christian Century (September 14–21, 1983): 809–811, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2007-01-08, dicapai pada 2007-01-11
- Peckham, Morse (ed.) (1959), The Origin of Species: a variorum text (ed. 2006 reprint), Philadelphia: University of Pennsylvania Press., ISBN 978-0-8122-1954-8CS1 maint: extra text: authors list (link)
- Quammen, David (2006), The Reluctant Mr. Darwin, New York: Atlas Books, ISBN 0-393-05981-2
- Rhodes, Frank H.T. (June, 1987), "Darwinian Gradualism and Its Limits: The development of Darwin's Views on the Rate and Pattern of Evolutionary Change", Journal of the History of Biology, Humanities, Social Sciences and Law, Springer Netherlands (diterbitkan Saturday, November 06, 2004), 20 (2), m/s. 139–157, doi:10.1007/BF00138435, diarkibkan daripada yang asal pada 2020-04-05, dicapai pada 2010-03-01 Check date values in:
|publication-date=dan|date=(bantuan)CS1 maint: date and year (link) - Schopf, J. William; Scheibel, Arnold B. (1997), The Origin and Evolution of Intelligence, Boston: Jones and Bartlett, ISBN 0-7637-0365-6
- Schopf, J. William (2000), "Solution to Darwin's dilemma: Discovery of the missing Precambrian record of life", Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the USA, 97 (13): 6947–6953, doi:10.1073/pnas.97.13.6947, PMC 34368, PMID 10860955, dicapai pada 2009-04-21
- Secord, James A. (2000), Victorian Sensation: The Extraordinary Publication, Reception, and Secret Authorship of Vestiges of the Natural History of Creation, Chicago: University of Chicago Press, ISBN 0-226-74411-6
- Spencer, Herbert (1864), The Principles of Biology, Vol. 1, London: Williams and Norgate
- van Wyhe, John (2007), "Mind the gap: Did Darwin Avoid Publishing his Theory for Many Years?", Notes and Records of the Royal Society, 61: 177–205, doi:10.1098/rsnr.2006.0171, dicapai pada 2009-01-05
- van Wyhe, John (2008), Darwin: The Story of the Man and His Theories of Evolution, London: Andre Deutsch, ISBN 0-233-00251-0
- van Wyhe, John (2009), Charles Darwin: Gentleman Naturalist: A Biographical Sketch, The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online, dicapai pada 2009-06-06
Bacaan selanjutnya
sunting- Janet Browne (2007). Darwin's Origin of Species: A Biography. ISBN 978-0-87113-953-5
- David N. Reznick (2009) The Origin Then and Now: An Interpretive Guide to the Origin of Species ISBN 978-0-691-12978-5.
Ulasan semasa
sunting- Carpenter, William Benjamin (1859), "Darwin on the Origin of Species", National Review, jil. 10 no. December 1859, m/s. 188–214. Published anonymously.
- Gray, Asa (1860), "(Review of) The Origin of Species", Athenaeum (1710: 4 August 1860): 161. Extract from Proceedings of the American Academy of Arts and Sciences 4 (1860): 411–415.
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1859), "Time and Life: Mr Darwin's "Origin of Species"", Macmillan's Magazine, 1: 142–148.
- Huxley, Thomas Henry (1859), "Darwin on the Origin of Species", The Times (26 December 1859): 8–9. Published anonymously.
- Jenkin, Fleeming (1867), "(Review of) The Origin of Species", North British Review, 46 (June 1867): 277–318. Published anonymously.
- Murray, Andrew (1860), "On Mr Darwin's Theory of the Origin of Species", Proceedings of the Royal Society of Edinburgh, 4: 274–291.
- Owen, Richard (1860), "Review of Darwin's Origin of Species", Edinburgh Review, 3 (April 1860): 487–532. Published anonymously.
- Wilberforce, Samuel (1860), "(Review of) On the Origin of Species, by means of Natural Selection; or the Preservation of Favoured Races in the Struggle for Life", Quarterly Review, 108 (215: July 1860): 225–264. Published anonymously.
- For further reviews, see Darwin Online: Reviews & Responses to Darwin, Darwin Online, 10 March 2009, dicapai pada 2009-06-18
Pautan luar
sunting| Wikimedia Commons mempunyai media berkaitan Asal Usul Spesies |
| Wikisumber bahasa Melayu mempunyai teks asal berkaitan rencana ini: |
- The Complete Works of Charles Darwin Online:
- Table of contents, bibliography of On the Origin of Species – links to text and images of all six British editions of The Origin of Species, the 6th edition with additions and corrections (final text), the first American edition, and translations into Danish, Dutch, French, German, Polish, Russian and Spanish.
- Online Variorum, showing every change between the six British editions.
- The Origin of Species: An Outline, A short, accessible outline of the book.
- Origin of Species, full text with embedded audio.
- Victorian Science Texts
- Darwin Correspondence Project Home Page, University Library, Cambridge.
- PDF scans at Archive.org