Abstract
The present study explores the effect of renewable energy consumption and public-private partnership investment in energy on consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions for India from 1990Q1 and 2015Q4 whilst controlling technology innovation and economic growth. The study employs the Maki cointegration, Bayer-Hanck cointegration, fully modified ordinary least squares, dynamic ordinary least squares, and frequency-domain causality tests to explore these dynamics. The outcomes of the present study reveal that (i) there is a long-run cointegration equation between consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions and its possible determinants; (ii) whilst renewable energy consumption is beneficial for lowering consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions, public-private partnership investment in energy makes a positive contribution to consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions in the long-run; and (iii) public-private partnership investment in energy and renewable energy consumption also significantly causes consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions at different frequency levels in India. The present study recommends that policymakers in India should apply a series of policies to discourage the use of non-renewable energy and raise the share of renewable energy in order to reduce consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions in the country. The present study also recommends that public-private partnership investment in renewable energy should increase to achieve cleaner production processes.
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The data that support the findings of this study are available from the IMF and World Bank.
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Dervis Kirikkaleli and Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo designed the experiment and collect the dataset. The introduction and literature review sections are written by Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo. Dervis Kirikkaleli constructed the methodology section and empirical outcomes in the study. Tomiwa Sunday Adebayo contributed to the interpretation of the outcomes. All the authors read and approved the final manuscript.
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Kirikkaleli, D., Adebayo, T.S. Do public-private partnerships in energy and renewable energy consumption matter for consumption-based carbon dioxide emissions in India?. Environ Sci Pollut Res 28, 30139–30152 (2021). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12692-5
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DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11356-021-12692-5