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Two-stage ELM for phishing Web pages detection using hybrid features

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Abstract

Increasing high volume phishing attacks are being encountered every day due to attackers’ high financial returns. Recently, there has been significant interest in applying machine learning for phishing Web pages detection. Different from literatures, this paper introduces predicted labels of textual contents to be part of the features and proposes a novel framework for phishing Web pages detection using hybrid features consisting of URL-based, Web-based, rule-based and textual content-based features. We achieve this framework by developing an efficient two-stage extreme learning machine (ELM). The first stage is to construct classification models on textual contents of Web pages using ELM. In particular, we take Optical Character Recognition (OCR) as an assistant tool to extract textual contents from image format Web pages in this stage. In the second stage, a classification model on hybrid features is developed by using a linear combination model-based ensemble ELMs (LC-ELMs), with the weights calculated by the generalized inverse. Experimental results indicate the proposed framework is promising for detecting phishing Web pages.

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Acknowledgements

This research work is supported by Special Fund on Guangdong Province Chinese Academy of Sciences Comprehensive Strategic Cooperation (NO.2013B091300019), Shenzhen Fundamental Research Foundation (NO.CXZZ20150813155917544, JCYJ20150630114942277), and Guangdong National Natural Science Foundation of China (NO.U1401258).

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. Shenzhen Institutes of Advanced Technology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

    Wei Zhang, Qingshan Jiang & Chengming Li

  2. Shenzhen College of Advanced Technology, University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shenzhen, China

    Wei Zhang & Qingshan Jiang

  3. Fujian Normal University, Fuzhou, China

    Lifei Chen

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  1. Wei Zhang
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  2. Qingshan Jiang
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  3. Lifei Chen
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Correspondence to Qingshan Jiang.

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Zhang, W., Jiang, Q., Chen, L. et al. Two-stage ELM for phishing Web pages detection using hybrid features. World Wide Web 20, 797–813 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-016-0418-9

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11280-016-0418-9

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