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Invariant color image watermarking approach using quaternion radial harmonic Fourier moments

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Abstract

Moments and moment invariants have become a powerful tool in gray image watermarking. More recently, a few moment-based approaches were developed to embed watermark into color host image by marking the luminance component or three color channels, and they always cannot obtain better imperceptibility and robustness because of ignoring the correlation between different color channels. Quaternion is a generalization of the complex numbers, and can treat a color image as a vector field without losing color information. In this paper, based on algebra of quaternions and radial harmonic Fourier moments (RHFMs), we introduced quaternion radial harmonic Fourier moments (QRHFMs) for color images, which can be seen as the generalization of RHFMs for gray-level images. We analyzed and discussed the geometric invariant property of QRHFMs, and proposed a geometric invariant color image watermarking scheme using QRHFMs. Experimental results show that the proposed watermarking scheme not only provides better imperceptibility and robustness against various attacks (including common image processing operations and geometric distortions), but also yields better watermark detection performance than some state-of-the-art image watermarking schemes.

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Acknowledgments

This work was supported by the National Natural Science Foundation of China under Grant No. 61472171 & 61272416, the Open Project Program of Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Image and Video Understanding for Social Safety (Nanjing University of Science and Technology) under Grant No. 30920130122006, the Open Foundation of Zhejiang Key Laboratory for Signal Processing under Grant No. ZJKL_4_SP-OP2013-01, the Open Foundation of Provincial Key Laboratory for Computer Information Processing Technology (Soochow University) under Grant No. KJS1325, the Open Project Program of the State Key Lab of CAD&CG (Grant No. A1425), Zhejiang University, and Liaoning Research Project for Institutions of Higher Education of China under Grant No. L2013407.

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Authors and Affiliations

  1. School of Computer and Information Technology, Liaoning Normal University, Dalian, 116029, People’s Republic of China

    Pan-pan Niu, Pei Wang, Yu-nan Liu, Hong-ying Yang & Xiang-yang Wang

  2. Provincial Key Laboratory for Computer Information Processing Technology, Soochow University, Suzhou, 215006, People’s Republic of China

    Xiang-yang Wang

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  1. Pan-pan Niu
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  2. Pei Wang
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  3. Yu-nan Liu
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  4. Hong-ying Yang
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Correspondence to Hong-ying Yang or Xiang-yang Wang.

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Niu, Pp., Wang, P., Liu, Yn. et al. Invariant color image watermarking approach using quaternion radial harmonic Fourier moments. Multimed Tools Appl 75, 7655–7679 (2016). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2687-1

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  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11042-015-2687-1

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