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Factor Structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in Adult Outpatients Receiving Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT)

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Abstract

The Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS; Gratz & Roemer in Journal of Psychopathology and Behavioral Assessment, 26, 41–54, 2004) is a widely used measure of emotion regulation, however, few studies have examined the scale’s psychometric properties in clinical samples. The current study examined the latent factor structure of the scale, in addition to other psychometric properties, in a naturalistic sample of adult outpatients (n = 344) receiving dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). A number of models were fitted, including a bifactor model, which has not previously been examined with the DERS, but which may be more appropriate for addressing the study’s two primary aims. These aims were to: (1) investigate some of the prior concerns raised about the Awareness subscale items; and (2) evaluate the appropriateness of using DERS total vs. subscale scores. Results indicated that a modified bifactor model which excluded the Awareness items from the general factor fit the data best. Additional findings suggested that the DERS total score (excluding Awareness items) was reliable and had good criterion-related validity in this sample. However, the findings related to the DERS subscales were mixed. This study extends prior research on the DERS by demonstrating the utility of the scale with individuals receiving DBT for problems with emotion regulation, as well as by clarifying some of the prior questions about the scale’s latent structure.

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Notes

  1. Computation of omega values requires knowing the error variance (Brunner et al. 2012; Rodriguez et al. 2016b). The estimation procedure used in our CFA analyses (WLSMV), with items treated as ordered categorical, does not produce estimates for error variance. Thus, for computation of omega values, parameter estimates were obtained using a robust ML-based estimator (MLR in Mplus; Li 2016; Raykov and Marcoulides 2011), treating the DERS items as continuous. This was justified given that the DERS has 5-response categories (Beauducel and Herzberg 2006; Dolan 1994) and a robust form of ML estimation was employed (Li 2016). Model fit statistics were acceptable using MLR estimation to fit the same bifactor model presented in Figure 1: χ2(563) = 1089.15, p < .001; RMSEA = .05, SRMR = .08; CFI = .92; TLI = .91. Consistent with Li’s (2016) simulation results, factor loadings were overall lower using MLR estimation than WLSMV (Figure 1), but reasonably comparable. A table of the bifactor results using MLR estimation is available upon request from the authors.

  2. An alternative approach to fitting models 5–7 would be to remove Awareness items altogether, although such models provide less information regarding how Awareness relates to the others factors. The results are very similar and lend themselves to comparable conclusions: 5 correlated factors: χ2(585) = 1443.68, p < .001; RMSEA = .09, CFI = .93, TLI = .92; Higher-order, 5 primary factors: χ2(400) = 1315.09, p < .001; RMSEA = .08, CFI = .93, TLI = .93; Bifactor, 5 grouping factors: χ2(375) = 958.50, p < .001; RMSEA = .07, CFI = .96, TLI = .95).

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Acknowledgements

We would like to acknowledge the contributions of all administrative staff and clinicians at EBTCS to this research. Moreover, we would like to specifically acknowledge Jamie Bedics, Ph.D., Junny Kim, B.A., and Natalie Meade, B.A. for their contributions to a poster presentation about these data. Some of the data for this manuscript were previously presented at the Association for Behavior and Cognitive Therapies (ABCT) Annual Convention in San Francisco, CA (November 2010).

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  1. Evidence Based Treatment Centers of Seattle, 1200 5th Avenue, Suite 800, Seattle, WA, 98101, USA

    Travis L. Osborne, Jared Michonski, Jennifer Sayrs & Stacy Shaw Welch

  2. Department of Psychology, University of Washington, Box 351525, Seattle, WA, 98104, USA

    Travis L. Osborne, Jared Michonski, Jennifer Sayrs & Stacy Shaw Welch

  3. Department of Psychiatry, University of California San Diego, 4510 Executive Dr., Ste 315, San Diego, CA, 92121, USA

    Leslie Karwoski Anderson

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Osborne, T.L., Michonski, J., Sayrs, J. et al. Factor Structure of the Difficulties in Emotion Regulation Scale (DERS) in Adult Outpatients Receiving Dialectical Behavior Therapy (DBT). J Psychopathol Behav Assess 39, 355–371 (2017). https://doi.org/10.1007/s10862-017-9586-x

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