Nothing Special   »   [go: up one dir, main page]
Skip to main content
Springer Nature Link
Log in

Influences of rotation speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy joints fabricated by self-reacting friction stir welding tool

  • ORIGINAL ARTICLE
  • Published:
The International Journal of Advanced Manufacturing Technology Aims and scope Submit manuscript

Abstract

A 6061-T6 aluminum alloy was self-reacting friction stir welded by using the specially designed tool with unequal shoulder diameters at a constant welding speed of 150 mm/min to investigate the effect of rotation speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of the joints. Excessive flash on the bottom surface of the joint and groove defects on both surfaces of the joint were formed when the lower shoulder diameter was much smaller. The suitable shoulder sizes were determined as 16 and 18 mm in lower shoulder diameter and upper shoulder diameter, respectively. The grain size and the dislocation density in the weld nugget zone (WNZ) increased with increasing rotation speed. The tensile strength of joints first increased with increasing rotating speed and then decreased remarkably as a result of the formation of void defect. The joints welded at lower rotation speeds were fractured in the thermal mechanically affected zone (TMAZ). However, the fracture locations of the defect-free joints were changed to the heat affected zone (HAZ) at higher rotation speeds.

This is a preview of subscription content, log in via an institution to check access.

Access this article

Log in via an institution

Subscribe and save

Springer+ Basic
$34.99 /Month
  • Get 10 units per month
  • Download Article/Chapter or eBook
  • 1 Unit = 1 Article or 1 Chapter
  • Cancel anytime
Subscribe now

Buy Now

Price excludes VAT (USA)
Tax calculation will be finalised during checkout.

Instant access to the full article PDF.

Institutional subscriptions

Similar content being viewed by others

References

  1. Çam G, Koçak M (1998) Progress in joining of advanced materials—Part II: joining of metal matrix composites and joining of other advanced materials. Sci Technol Weld Join 3(4):159–175

    Article  Google Scholar 

  2. Pakdil M, Çam G, Koçak M, Erim S (2011) Microstructural and mechanical characterization of laser beam welded AA6056–Al Alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 528(24):7350–7356

    Article  Google Scholar 

  3. Çam G, Koçak M (1998) Progress in joining of advanced materials. Int Mater Rev 43(1):1–44

    Article  Google Scholar 

  4. Çam G, Ventzke V, dos Santos JF, Koçak M, Jenneguin G, Gonthier-Maurin P, Penasa M, Rivezla C (1999) Characterization of laser and electron beam welded Al-Alloys. Prakt Metallogr 37(2):59–89

    Google Scholar 

  5. Çam G, Koçak M (2007) Microstructural and mechanical characterization of electron beam welded Al-Alloy 7020. J Mater Sci 42(17):7154–7161

    Article  Google Scholar 

  6. Çam G, Ventzke V, dos Santos JF, Koçak M, Jennequin G, Gonthier-Maurin P (1999) Characterization of electron beam welded aluminum alloys. Sci Technol Weld Join 4(5):317–323

    Article  Google Scholar 

  7. İpekoğlu G, Erim S, Gören Kiral B, Çam G (2013) Investigation into the effect of temper condition on friction stir weldability of AA6061 Al-alloy plates. Kovove Mater 51(3):155–163

    Google Scholar 

  8. Liu HJ, Li JQ, Duan WJ (2013) Friction stir welding characteristics of 2219-T6 aluminum alloy assisted by external non-rotational shoulder. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 64:1685–1694

    Article  Google Scholar 

  9. İpekoğlu G, Gören Kiral B, Erim S, Çam G (2012) Investigation of the effect of temper condition on friction stir weldablility of AA7075 Al-alloy plates. Mater Technol 46(6):627–632

    Google Scholar 

  10. Horton KR (2011) Microhardness, strength and strain field characterization of self-reacting friction stir and plug welds of dissimilar aluminum alloys. PhD thesis, Alabama University, Alabama

  11. Taylor DE (2009) Effects of processing parameters on the embrittlement of self-reacting friction stir welds. Bachelor Engineering, Louisiana State University, Louisiana, MS thesis

    Google Scholar 

  12. Otsuka D, Sakai Y (2008) Self-reacting pin tool application for railway car body assembly. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding, May 20–22, Awaji Island, Japan

  13. Marie F, Alléhaux D, Esmiller B (2004) Development of the bobbin tool technique on various aluminum alloys. Proceedings of the 5th International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding, September 14–16, Metz, France

  14. Marie F, Guerin F, Deloison D, Aliaga D, Desrayaud C (2008) Investigation on bobbin tool friction stir welding of 2000 series aluminum thin sheets. Proceedings of the 7th International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding, May 20–22, Awaji Island, Japan

  15. Mishra RS, Mahoney MW (2007) Mechanical Properties of Friction Stir Welded Aluminum Alloys. In: Mishra RS, Mahoney M W (eds), Friction stir welding and processing. ASM International, pp 7–35

  16. Liu HJ, Zhao YQ, Hou JC, Zhang CQ (2010) Method and apparatus for self reacting friction stir welding tool with unequal diameters of the upper shoulder and bottom shoulder, China Patent Application No. ZL 2010 10296480.2

  17. İpekoğlu G, Erim S, Çam G (2014) Effects of temper condition and post weld heat treatment on the microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir butt welded AA 7075 Al-Alloy plate. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 70(1):201–213

    Google Scholar 

  18. İpekoğlu G, Erim S, Çam G (2014) Investigation into the influence of post welded heat treatment on the friction stir welded AA 6061 Al-Alloy plates with different temper conditions. Metall Mater Trans A 45A(2):864–877

    Google Scholar 

  19. Neumann T, Zettler R, Vilaca P, dos Santos JF, Quintino L (2007) Analysis of self-reacting friction stir welds in a 2024-T351 alloy. In: Mishra RS, Mahoney MW, Lienert TJ, Jata KV (eds) Friction stir welding and processing IV. Wiley, Hoboken, NJ, pp 171–176

    Google Scholar 

  20. Toskey A, Arbegas W, Allen C, Patnaik A (2005) Fabrication of aluminum box beams using self-reacting and standard fixed pin friction stir welding. In: Mahoney MW, Mishra RS, Lienert TJ (eds) Jata K V. Friction stir welding and processing III, TMS, pp 171–178

    Google Scholar 

  21. Lafly AL, Alléhaux D, Marine F, Donne CD, Döker H (2006) Microstructure and mechanical properties of the aluminum alloy 6056 welded by friction stir welding techniques. Weld World 50:1–13

    Article  Google Scholar 

  22. Zhang Z, Liu YL, Chen JT (2009) Effect of shoulder size on the temperature rise and the material deformation in friction stir welding. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 45:889–895

    Article  Google Scholar 

  23. Sakthivel T, Sengar GS, Mukhopadhyay J (2009) Effect of welding speed on microstructure and mechanical properties of friction stir welded aluminum. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 43:468–473

    Article  Google Scholar 

  24. Ramulu PJ, Narayanan RG, Kailas SV, Reddy J (2013) Internal defect and process parameter analysis during friction stir welding of Al 6061 sheets. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 65:1515–1528

    Article  Google Scholar 

  25. Arora KS, Pandey S, Schaper M, Kumar R (2010) Effect of process parameters on friction stir welding of aluminum alloy 2219-T87. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 50:941–952

    Article  Google Scholar 

  26. Schneider JA, Nunes AC, Brendel MS (2010) The influence of friction stir weld tool form and welding parameters on weld structure and properties: nugget bulge in self-reacting friction stir welds. Proceedings of the 8th International Symposium on Friction Stir Welding, May 18–20, Timmendorfer Strand, Germany

  27. Murr LE, Liu G, McClure JC (1998) A TEM study of precipitation and related microstructures in friction sitir welded 6061 aluminium. J Mater Sci 33(5):1243–1251

    Article  Google Scholar 

  28. Sauvage X, Muñoz AC, Dédé A, Huneau B (2008) Precipitate stability and recrystallisation in the weld nuggets of friction stir welded Al–Mg–Si and Al–Mg–Sc alloy. Mater Sci Eng A 491(1–2):364–371

    Article  Google Scholar 

  29. Starink MJ, Deschamps A, Wang SC (2008) The strength of friction stir welded and friction stir processed aluminum alloy. Scr Mater 58(5):377–382

    Article  Google Scholar 

  30. Woo W, Balogh L, Ungár T, Choo H, Feng ZL (2008) Grain structure and dislocation density measurements in a friction-stir welded aluminum alloy using X-ray peak profile analysis. Mater Sci Eng A 498(1–2):308–313

    Article  Google Scholar 

Download references

Author information

Authors and Affiliations

  1. State Key Laboratory of Advanced Welding and Joining, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, 150001, China

    J. C. Hou, H. J. Liu & Y. Q. Zhao

  2. School of Material Science and Technology, Shaanxi University of Technology, Hanzhong, 723003, China

    J. C. Hou

Authors
  1. J. C. Hou
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  2. H. J. Liu
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

  3. Y. Q. Zhao
    View author publications

    You can also search for this author in PubMed Google Scholar

Corresponding author

Correspondence to H. J. Liu.

Rights and permissions

Reprints and permissions

About this article

Check for updates. Verify currency and authenticity via CrossMark

Cite this article

Hou, J.C., Liu, H.J. & Zhao, Y.Q. Influences of rotation speed on microstructures and mechanical properties of 6061-T6 aluminum alloy joints fabricated by self-reacting friction stir welding tool. Int J Adv Manuf Technol 73, 1073–1079 (2014). https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-5857-9

Download citation

  • Received:

  • Accepted:

  • Published:

  • Issue Date:

  • DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s00170-014-5857-9

Keywords

Search

Navigation