Abstract
A storm surge hazard indicator was developed based on the storm surge index and high-water index. Using this indicator, the storm surge hazard along the Chinese mainland coast was evaluated. Storm surges were simulated by the GPU-based high-resolution 2-D hydrodynamic operational storm surge model, driven by ERA5 reanalysis data. High waters were calculated from coastal warning water. The results show that the storm surge hazard for more than 80% of the mainland coast is moderate and low. The coasts with high-level storm surge hazard represent less than 20% of the total coast and included the three bays of Bohai, the head area of Hangzhou Bay, in the Pearl River Estuary, the areas along the eastern coast of the Leizhou Peninsula and the coastal area of Guangxi Province. In future work, different sea level rise scenarios will be considered using this indicator and method.
Similar content being viewed by others
References
Ailian Li, Ze Liu, Xin Hong et al (2021) Applicability of the ERA5 reanalysis data to China adjacent Sea under typhoon condition. Mar Sci 45(10):71–80
Aydin Demet, Şenoğlu Birdal (2015) Monte Carlo comparison of the parameter estimation methods for the two-parameter Gumbel distribution. J Modern Appl Statist Methods 14(2):12
Bacopoulos P (2017) Tide-surge historical assessment of extreme water levels for the St. johns river: 1928–2017. J Hydrol 553:624–636. https://doi.org/10.1016/j.jhydrol.2017.08.041
Booth JF, Reider HE, Kushnir Y (2016) Comparing hurricane and extratropical storm surge for the mid-Atlantic and Northeast coast of the United States for. Environ Res Lett 11:094004. https://doi.org/10.1088/1748-9326/11/9/094004
Christie EK, Spencer T, Owen D, McIvor AL, Möller I, Viavattene C (2018) Regional coastal flood risk assessment for a tidally dominant, natural coastal setting: North Norfolk, southern North Sea. Coast Eng 134:177–190
Ding Y, Ding L (2014) A numerical simulation of extratropical storm surge and hydrodynamic response in the Bohai Sea. Discrete Dyn Nature Soc 2014:1–8. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/282085
Dong Jianxi Fu, Wei Xiang Wu et al (2008) Operational Forecast and test of the high resolution numerical storm surge forecast model for China sea. Mar Forecasts 25(2):11–17
Dullaart JCM, Muis S, Bloemendaal N et al (2020) Advancing global storm surge modelling using the new ERA5 climate reanalysis. Clim Dyn 54:1007–1021
Fujiang Y, Zhanhai Z (2002) Implementation and application of a nested numerical storm surge forecast model in the East China Sea. Acta Oceanol Sin 21(1):19–31
Fuminori K, Kenichi T (2004) Risk assessment on storm surge flood. Asian Pacific Coasts 20(3):1–13
Fuminori K, Kenichi T (2004) Risk Assessment on Storm Surge. Floods. In: International conference on Asian and pacific coasts (APAC), 20040229-20040304. Chiba, JP, pp 260-261
Gao Y, Wang H, Liu GM, Sun XY, Fei XY, Wang PT, Lv TT, Xue ZS, He YW (2014) Risk assessment of tropical storm surges for coastal regions of China. J Geophys Res Atmos 119:5364–5374. https://doi.org/10.1002/2013JD021268
Gumbel EJ (1958) Statistics of extremes. Columbia University Press, New York
Haiyan T, Zhuxiao S, Bingchen L, Huijun G (2021) A comparative study on the applicability of ERA5 wind and NCEP wind for wave simulation in the Huanghai Sea and East China Sea (in Chinese). Mar Sci Bull 40(5):524–540
Hersbach H, Bell B, Berrisford P et al (2019) Global reanalysis: goodbye ERA-Inteirm, hello ERA5. ECMWF Newsl 159:17–24
Irish JL, Resio DT, Divoky D (2011) Statistical properties of hurricane surge along a coast. J Geophys Res 116:C10007. https://doi.org/10.1029/2010JC006626
Jiangxia L, Yuzhi H (2021) Assessment of typhoons in ERA-Interim and ERA-5 reanalysis datasets. Hydro Sci Eng 1:62–69
Keshtpoor M, Carnacina I, Yablonsky RM (2019) New statistical approach to select coastal flood-producing extratropical cyclones from a 10,000-year stochastic catalog. J Waterw Port Coast Ocean Eng 145(3):04019004. https://doi.org/10.1061/(asce)ww.1943-5460.0000505
Krien Y, Dudon B, Roger J, Arnaud G, Zahibo N (2017) Assessing storm surge hazard and impact of sea level rise in the lesser Antilles case study of Martinique. Natl Hazards Earth Syst Sci 17(9):1559–1571
Krien Y, Dudon B, Roger J, Zahibo N (2015) Probabilistic hurricane-induced storm surge hazard assessment in Guadeloupe, Lesser Antilles. Natl Hazards Earth Syst Sci 15:1711–1720
Tao L, Cifu F, Fangdong W et al (2017) Storm surge disaster risk assessment and zoning, taking Cangnan County for instance. Procedia IUTAM 25:92–99
Lin N, Emanuel KA, Smith JA, Vanmarcke E (2010) Risk assessment of hurricane storm surge for New York City. J Geophys Res 115:D18121
Liu HH, Yeh YY, Huang JJ (2014) Correlated analytic hierarchy process. Math Probl Eng 2014:1–7. https://doi.org/10.1155/2014/961714
Liu Q, Yang S (2014) Review of Different Methodologies and Risk Assessment Models in Storm Surge Disaster Management. In: Advances in civil and industrial engineering IV: Selected, peer reviewed papers from the 4th international conference on civil engineering, architecture and building materials (CEABM), May 24-25, 2014, Haikou, China. Trans Tech Publications, pp 2592-2598
Murdukhayeva A, August P, Bradley M, LaBash C, Shaw N (2013) Assessment of inundation risk from sea level rise and storm surge in northeastern coastal national parks. J Coast Res 29(6):1–16
Niedoroda AW, Resio DT, Toro GR, Divoky D, Das HS, Reed CW (2010) Analysis of the coastal Mississippi storm surge hazard. Ocean Eng 37(1):82–90
Qiuxing L, Jinrong J, Fujiang Y et al (2020) Typhoon storm surge ensemble forecast based on GPU technique. Acta Oceanol Sin 39(5):77–86
Ray T, Feng Z, Bedient PB (2009) Assessment of flood risk due to storm surge in coastal bayous using dynamic hydraulic modeling. World Environmental and Water Resources Congress
Resio DT, Irish JL, Cialone MA (2009) A surge response function approach to coastal hazard assessment –part 1: basic concepts. Natl Hazards. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-009-9379-y
Rizzi J, Torresan S, Zabeo A, Critto A, Tosoni A, Tomasin A, Marcomini A (2017) Assessing storm surge risk under future sea-level rise scenarios: a case study in the North Adriatic coast. J Coast Conservat 21(4):453–471
Saaty TL (1977) A scaling method for priorities in hierarchical structures. J Math Psychol 15(3):234–281
Shepard CC, Agostini VN, Gilmer B, Allen T, Stone J, Brooks W, Beck MW (2011) Assessing future risk: quantifying the effects of sea level rise on storm surge risk for the southern shores of Long Island New York. Natl Hazards 60(2):727–745
Sipahi S, Timor M (2010) The analytic hierarchy process and analytic network process: an overview of applications. Manage Decis 48(5):775–808. https://doi.org/10.1108/00251741011043920
Stanislawczyk I (2012) Storm-surges indicator for the polish Baltic coast. Int. J. Mar. Navigat. Safety Sea Transportat 6(1):123–129
Weatherall P, Marks KM, Jakobsson M et al (2015) A new digital bathymetric model of the world’s oceans. Earth Space Sci 2:331–345
Xianwu S, Ziqiang H, Jiayi F, Jun T, Zhixing G, Zhilin S (2019) Assessment and zonation of storm surge hazards in the coastal areas of China. Natl Hazards 100(1):39–48. https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-019-03793-z
Zhang Y, Li T, Wang H, Guo J (2016) Storm surge risk assessment for Yuhuan county in Taizhou city. Natl Hazards 84(1):1–16
Funding
This work was supported by [The National Key Research and Development Program of China] (Grant numbers [2017YFA0604901] and [2017YFA0604903])
Author information
Authors and Affiliations
Corresponding author
Ethics declarations
Conflict of interest
The authors have not disclosed any competing interests.
Additional information
Publisher's Note
Springer Nature remains neutral with regard to jurisdictional claims in published maps and institutional affiliations.
Rights and permissions
Springer Nature or its licensor (e.g. a society or other partner) holds exclusive rights to this article under a publishing agreement with the author(s) or other rightsholder(s); author self-archiving of the accepted manuscript version of this article is solely governed by the terms of such publishing agreement and applicable law.
About this article
Cite this article
Fu, X., Hou, J., Liu, Q. et al. Evaluation of surge hazard based on a storm surge hazard indicator along the mainland coast of China. Nat Hazards 116, 3481–3493 (2023). https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05820-6
Received:
Accepted:
Published:
Issue Date:
DOI: https://doi.org/10.1007/s11069-023-05820-6