Abstract
This is a review paper that covers the various technologies used for underwater communications. Research in this domain was initially restricted and in the defence sector but is now gaining much civilian exposure and applications. Communication was mainly with submarines using extremely low and very low electromagnetic frequencies. The review covers communication using acoustic waves, electromagnetic waves, combining acoustic and radio transmission and finally optical transmission. The benefits of various technologies are summarized, including hybrid techniques. For short distance communications, for example between Scuba divers and the ship, optical frequencies are feasible. For long distance undersea communications, very low electromagnetic frequencies are still the most established way to maintain contact, whilst the vessel remain submerged.
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Ali, M., Miraz, M.H. (2020). A Review of Underwater Acoustic, Electromagnetic and Optical Communications. In: Miraz, M.H., Excell, P.S., Ware, A., Soomro, S., Ali, M. (eds) Emerging Technologies in Computing. iCETiC 2020. Lecture Notes of the Institute for Computer Sciences, Social Informatics and Telecommunications Engineering, vol 332. Springer, Cham. https://doi.org/10.1007/978-3-030-60036-5_6
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