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On Alternative Approaches to 3D Image Perception: Monoscopic 3D Techniques

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3D Research

Abstract

In the eighteenth century, techniques that enabled a strong sense of 3D perception to be experienced without recourse to binocular disparities (arising from the spatial separation of the eyes) underpinned the first significant commercial sales of 3D viewing devices and associated content. However following the advent of stereoscopic techniques in the nineteenth century, 3D image depiction has become inextricably linked to binocular parallax and outside the vision science and arts communities relatively little attention has been directed towards earlier approaches. Here we introduce relevant concepts and terminology and consider a number of techniques and optical devices that enable 3D perception to be experienced on the basis of planar images rendered from a single vantage point. Subsequently we allude to possible mechanisms for non-binocular parallax based 3D perception. Particular attention is given to reviewing areas likely to be thought-provoking to those involved in 3D display development, spatial visualization, HCI, and other related areas of interdisciplinary research.

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Notes

  1. Here we assume that a 2D perceptual experience is one in which the image entities that are the focus of attention reside, or appear to reside, within two spatial dimensions—the negative space associated with the third dimension (normal to the depiction surface) being absent. However, such a perceptual experience is generally set within an overarching 3D framework. This arises because, for example, in most situations stimuli comprising a 2D image scene collectively continue to appear to be located at a finite distance. For near field viewing scenarios, this perceived distance is reduced (but not eliminated) when one eye is shaded.

  2. ‘Translucent penetrable space, pervious to sight and thrust, the purest image of my awareness, is not seen but intuited and in my seeing itself is intuited. The light is not without but within me, and I myself am the light’ translation from Pesic [45].

  3. See example of the Pulfrich effect: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=1mnWI_u_zBg. Accessed 20 March 2015.

  4. ‘The mirror and lenses used in the manner described above give a plastic effect which brings to mind that of the concave mirror, while greatly augmenting and improving it, as I have been able to establish by a series of comparative observations’ (translation courtesy P. J. Walker).

  5. Informal observation by the author suggests that framing elements do not necessarily impair perception of negative space in the monoscopic 3D experience, as demonstrated by mullion visibility in Video Wall displays.

  6. For viewing distances of less than a metre, a 2.5D cylindrical convex lens is recommended by Ames [2]. Informal trials by the author have failed to confirm Ames’ observations in respect of the efficacy of this technique.

  7. See example of s-bd/immersion (the early part of this content is recommended): https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=9SphgMxwD5M. Accessed 20 March 2015.

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  1. School of Computer and Mathematical Sciences, Auckland University of Technology, Private Bag 92006, Auckland, 1142, New Zealand

    Barry G. Blundell

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Blundell, B.G. On Alternative Approaches to 3D Image Perception: Monoscopic 3D Techniques. 3D Res 6, 18 (2015). https://doi.org/10.1007/s13319-015-0047-6

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