Cryosphaera

Cryosphaera (Graece κρύος 'frigor, pruina, gelu' + σφαῖρα 'globus'^[1]) est illae superficiei telluris regiones ubi aqua forma solida fit, inter quas glacies marinae, glacies lacustrinae, glacies fluviales, nix, glaciaria, glaciaria continentalis, capita glaciei, et humus conglaciatus (glacie perpetua non exclusa). Ergo, cryosphaera multum cum hydrosphaera congruit. Cryosphaera est necessaria systematis climatis globalis pars, cui sunt coniunctiones et retroactio per eius momentum in energia superficiali et fluxibus umidis, nubibus, praecipitatione, hydrologia, et circulatione atmosphaerica oceanicaque effecta. Per quas rationes retroactionis, partes magni momenti agit in climate globali et in responsis exemplaris climatici mutationibus globalibus effectis. Regressus proprietatum cryosphaericarum est deglaciatio; studium cryosphaerarum est cryologia.

Aqua conglaciata, praecipue stratum nivis, glacies aquae dulcis in lacubus et fluminibus, glacies marina, glaciaria, laminae glaciei, et humus conglaciatus glaciesque perpetua (solum semper conglaciatum), super superficie telluris late invenitur.

Plurimum glaciei terrestris per volumen in Antarctica patet, plerumque in Lamina Glaciei Antarcticae Orientalis.

• Arsuaga, J. L. 2019. "Un descubrimiento tan grande que nadie se ha dado cuenta." Breve historia de la tierra con nosotros dentro. Planeta editorial, S. A.: 2: 13–17.
• Barry, Roger G., et Thian Yew Gan. 2021. The global cryosphere: past, present and future. Cantabrigiae et Novi Eboraci: Cambridge University Press. ISBN 9781108487559, ISBN 9781108720588.
• Brown, R. D., et P. Cote. 1992. "Inter annual variability in land fast ice thickness in the Canadian High Arctic, 1950–89." Arctic 45: 273–84.
• Chahine, M. T. 1992. "The hydrological cycle and its influence on climate." Nature 359: 373–80.
• Fedorov, R. 2019. "Cryogenic Resources: Ice, Snow, and Permafrost in Traditional Subsistence Systems in Russia." Resources 8 (1): 17. Editio interretialis.
• Flato, G. M., et R. D. Brown. 1996. "Variability and climate sensitivity of landfast Arctic sea ice." Journal of Geophysical Research 101 (C10):, 25,767–777.
• Greve, R., et H. Blatter. 2009. Dynamics of Ice Sheets and Glaciers. Berolini: Springer-Veelag. ISBN 978-3-642-03414-5. doi:10.1007/978-3-642-03415-2.
• Groisman, P. Ya, T. R. Karl, et R. W. Knight. 1994. "Changes of snow cover, temperature and radiative heat balance over the Northern Hemisphere." Journal of Climate 7: 1633–56.
• Hughes, M. G., A. Frei, et D. A. Robinson. 1996. "Historical analysis of North American snow cover extent: merging satellite and station-derived snow cover observations." Proceedings of the 53rd Eastern Snow Conference, Williamsburg, Virginia, 21–31.
• Huybrechts, P. 1990. "The Antarctic ice sheet during the last glacial inter glacial cycle: a three-dimensional experiment." Annals of Glaciology 14: 115–19.
• IPCC. 1996. "Climate Change 1995: The Science of Climate Change." In Contribution of WGI to the Second Assessment Report of the Intergovernmental Panel on Climate Change, ed. J. T. Houghton, L. G. Meira Filho, B. A. Callander, N. Harris, A. Kattenberg, et K. Maskell. Cantabrigiae: Cambridge University Press.
• Ledley, T. S. 1991. "Snow on sea ice: competing effects in shaping climate." Journal of Geophysical Research 96: 17,195–208.
• Ledley, T. S. 1993. "Variations in snow on sea ice: a mechanism for producing climate variations." Journla of Geophysical Research 98(D6): 10,401–410.
• Lynch-Stieglitz, M. 1994. "The development and validation of a simple snow model for the GISS GCM." Journal of Climate 7: 1842–55.
• Marshall, Shawn. 2012. The cryosphere. Princetoniae Novae Caesareae: Princeton University Press. ISBN 9780691145259, ISBN 0691145253, ISBN 9780691145266, ISBN 0691145261.
• Martin, S., K. Steffen, J. Comiso, D. Cavalieri, M. R. Drinkwater, et B. Holt. 1992. "Microwave remote sensing of polynyas." In Microwave remote sensing of sea ice, ed. F. D. Carsey, 303–311. Vasintoniae: American Geophysical Union.
• Meier, M. F. 1984. "Contribution of small glaciers to global sea level rise." Science 226: 1418–21.
• Parkinson, C. L., J. C. Comiso, H. J. Zwally, D. J. Cavalieri, P. Gloersen, et W. J. Campbell. 1987. Arctic Sea Ice, 1973–1976: Satellite Passive-Microwave Observations, NASA SP-489. Vasintoniae: National Aeronautics and Space Administration.
• Paterson, W. S. B. 1993. "World sea level and the present mass balance of the Antarctic ice sheet." In Ice in the Climate System, ed. W. R. Peltier, 131–40. NATO ASI Series, I12. Berolini: Springer-Verlag.
• Robinson, D. A., K. F. Dewey, et R. R. Heim. 1993. "Global snow cover monitoring: an update." Bulletin of the American Meteorolical Sociert 74: 1689–96.
• Slaymaker, Olav, et Richard E. J. Kelly. 2007. The cryosphere and global environmental change. Malden Massachusettae: Blackwell Publishing. ISBN 9781405129763.
• Steffen, K., et A. Ohmura. 1985. "Heat exchange and surface conditions in North Water, northern Baffin Bay." Annals of Glaciology 6, 178–81.
• Van den Broeke, M. R. 1996. The atmospheric boundary layer over ice sheets and glaciers. Utrecht: Universities Utrecht.
• Van den Broeke, M. R., et R. Bintanja. 1995. "The interaction of katabatic wind and the formation of blue ice areas in East Antarctica." Journal of Glaciology 41, 395–407.
• Welch, H. E. 1992. "Energy flow through the marine ecosystem of the Lancaster Sound region, Arctic Canada." Arctic 45: 343.

Vicimedia Communia plura habent quae ad cryosphaeram spectant.

• Canadian Cryospheric Information Network.
• Cryosphere Today. Department of Atmospheric Sciences at the University of Illinois.
• De summa glaciei nivisque globalis.
• National Snow and Ice Data Center/
• ResearchChannel – Cryospheric Response to Climate Change. Pellicula, University of Washington, Martio 2008.
• State of the Canadian Cryosphere.
• Tabula geographica. UN Environment Programme.