Atomic commit protocols are used where data integrity is more important than data availability. T... more Atomic commit protocols are used where data integrity is more important than data availability. Two-Phase commit (2PC) is a standard commit protocol for commercial database management systems. To reduce certain drawbacks in 2PC protocol people have suggested different variance of this protocol. Short-Commit protocol is developed with an objective to achieve low cost transaction commitment cost with nonblocking capability. In this paper we have briefly explained short-commit protocol executing pattern. Experimental analysis and results are presented to support the claim that short-commit can work efficiently in extreme database environment. Commit Protocol ensures the transaction atomicity. To understand the role of commit protocols we consider an example of funds transfer from one account to another. We consider a transaction that transfers funds from account A to account B. This transaction consists of two sub transactions, one sub transaction debit sum A and second sub
Plant parasitic nematodes are considered worst enemies of mankind because of devastation they cau... more Plant parasitic nematodes are considered worst enemies of mankind because of devastation they cause to crops. They are distributed all over the world in different kinds of habitats and cause severe losses to economically important crops. Up to 40% nematode infection has been observed in chilli. Present study was aimed at checking the antagonistic activity and developing systemic resistance against nematodes. The influence of rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescence on mortality of nematodes was studied in-vitro as well as the seed treatment of rhizobacteria on growth parameters of chilli. The results obtained were highly significant that revealed P. fluorescence that induced systemic resistance against Meloidogyne javanica. Seedling of chilli were treated with P. fluorescence to see the efficacy on disease development and different growth parameters. The results achieved were highly significant. This showed that Pseudomonas fluorescence enhanced the growth of chilli by controlling del...
Mature seeds of groundnut varieties (Golden, Bari-2007, Chico, P.W, No.334, 2KCG020, 2KCG017, 96C... more Mature seeds of groundnut varieties (Golden, Bari-2007, Chico, P.W, No.334, 2KCG020, 2KCG017, 96CG005, 01CG005 and 02CG005) were procured from Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) Chakwal, Pakistan and were evaluated for chemical and fatty acids profile. BARI-2000 gave maximum (100-seed) weight 60.26g and width/length ratio was found to be highest in Chico (0.66) seeds. 01CG009 gave highest crude protein content 31.69%. The fat content of groundnut varieties 02CG005, 96CG005, P.W, 2KCG017, Chico, 01CG009, 2KCG020, No. 334, BARI-2000, Golden was 49.9, 42.65, 44, 46.65, 41.38, 45.31, 50.39, 51.82 and 43.3% respectively. The iron (Fe) content was found to be maximum (3.68 mg/100g) in groundnut variety Chico. The results of the present study indicated that groundnut varieties differ in their oil and protein contents. Most important varieties in this respect were Bari-2000 and 01CG009 varieties which should be recommended for commercial utilization.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual legume which is also known as peanut, earthnut, monk... more Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual legume which is also known as peanut, earthnut, monkeynut and ground bean. Among the major oil seed crops, groundnut has some specific advantages because of its use in many food products. The present study is planned to characterize different groundnut varieties, grown under similar conditions, for their chemical composition and nutritional assay. Fatty acids profile of groundnut will be determined through Gas Chromatography. The oleic acid (C18: 1) contents of groundnut varieties Bari-2000, P.W, 2KCG020, 2KCG017, 96CG005, Golden, No. 334, Chico, 01CG009 and 02CG005 were 43.6, 41.9, 36.4, 40.5, 38.0, 37.5, 35.8, 31.6, 30.4 and 32.9 g/100g respectively.
In utero, the fetus and its lungs develop in a hypoxic environment, where HIF-1α and VEGFA signal... more In utero, the fetus and its lungs develop in a hypoxic environment, where HIF-1α and VEGFA signaling constitute major determinants of further development. Disruption of this homeostasis after preterm delivery and extrauterine exposure to high fractions of oxygen are among the key events leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production constitutes the initial driver of pulmonary inflammation and cell death, altered gene expression, and vasoconstriction, leading to the distortion of further lung development. From preclinical studies mainly performed on rodents over the past two decades, the deleterious effects of oxygen toxicity and the injurious insults and downstream cascades arising from ROS production are well recognized. This article provides a concise overview of disease drivers and different therapeutic approaches that have been successfully tested within experimental models. Despite current studies, clinical researchers are still faced with...
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains one of the most devastating consequences of preterm birt... more Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains one of the most devastating consequences of preterm birth resulting in life-long restrictions in lung function. Distorted lung development is caused by its inflammatory response which is mainly provoked by mechanical ventilation, oxygen toxicity and bacterial infections. Dysfunction of resident lung mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represents one key hallmark that drives BPD pathology. Despite all progress in the understanding of pathomechanisms, therapeutics to prevent or treat BPD are to date restricted to a few drugs. The limited therapeutic efficacy of established drugs can be explained by the fact that they fail to concurrently tackle the broad spectrum of disease driving mechanisms and by the huge overlap between distorted signal pathways of lung development and inflammation. The great enthusiasm about MSC based therapies as novel therapeutic for BPD arises from the capacity to inhibit inflammation while simultaneously promoting lung develo...
Chronic lung diseases pose a tremendous global burden. At least one in four people suffer from se... more Chronic lung diseases pose a tremendous global burden. At least one in four people suffer from severe pulmonary sequelae over the course of a lifetime. Despite substantial improvements in therapeutic interventions, persistent alleviation of clinical symptoms cannot be offered to most patients affected to date. Despite broad discrepancies in origins and pathomechanisms, the important disease entities all have in common the pulmonary inflammatory response which is central to lung injury and structural abnormalities. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) attract particular attention due to their broadly acting anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties. Plenty of preclinical studies provided congruent and convincing evidence that MSC have the therapeutic potential to alleviate lung injuries across ages. These include the disease entities bronchopulmonary dysplasia, asthma and the different forms of acute lung injury and chronic pulmonary diseases in adulthood. While clinical trials are so fa...
Preponderance of proinflammatory signals is a characteristic feature of all acute and resulting l... more Preponderance of proinflammatory signals is a characteristic feature of all acute and resulting long-term morbidities of the preterm infant. The proinflammatory actions are best characterized for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) which is the chronic lung disease of the preterm infant with lifelong restrictions of pulmonary function and severe consequences for psychomotor development and quality of life. Besides BPD, the immature brain, eye, and gut are also exposed to inflammatory injuries provoked by infection, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen toxicity. Despite the tremendous progress in the understanding of disease pathologies, therapeutic interventions with proven efficiency remain restricted to a few drug therapies with restricted therapeutic benefit, partially considerable side effects, and missing option of applicability to the inflamed brain. The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)—also known as mesenchymal stem cells—has attracted much attention durin...
American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, Jan 12, 2018
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are released into the airways of preterm infants following lung ... more Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are released into the airways of preterm infants following lung injury. These cells display a pro-inflammatory phenotype and are associated with development of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We aimed to characterize the functional properties of MSCs obtained from tracheal aspirates of 50 preterm infants who required invasive ventilation. Samples were separated by disease severity. The increased proliferative capacity of MSCs was associated with longer duration of mechanical ventilation and higher severity of BPD. Augmented growth depended on nuclear accumulation of NFkBp65 and was accompanied by reduced expression of cytosolic α-SMA. The central role of NFkB signaling was confirmed by inhibition of IkBa phosphorylation. The combined score of proliferative capacity, accumulation of NFκBp65, and expression of α-SMA were used to predict the development of severe BPD with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.847. We mimicked the clinical situatio...
Calcium (Ca2+) is a cofactor of multiple cellular processes. The mechanisms that lead to elevated... more Calcium (Ca2+) is a cofactor of multiple cellular processes. The mechanisms that lead to elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration are unclear. To illuminate how bloody cerebrospinal fluid (bCSF) from patients with intraventricular hemorrhage causes cell death of cultured human astrocytes. Cultured astrocytes were incubated with bCSF. In control experiments, native CSF was used. Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was measured by fura-2 fluorescence. Apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by staining with Hoechst-3342 and propidium iodide. Incubation of astrocytes with bCSF provoked a steep Ca2+ concentration peak that was followed by a slow Ca2+ rise during the observation period of 50 minutes. Necrosis, but not apoptosis, was induced. Blockade of ATP-sensitive P2 receptors with suramin inhibited the bCSF-induced initial Ca2+ peak and necrosis. Blockade of P1 receptors with 8-phenyltheophylline or of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid had no significant effect. Preincubation with xestospongin D, a blocker of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, prevented the initial Ca2+ rise and reduced the rate of necrosis. Preemptying of the endoplasmic reticulum with thapsigargin protected astrocytes from the bCSF-induced Ca2+ peak. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pores opening with cyclosporin A reduced the rate of astrocytic necrosis significantly, although it did not influence the initial Ca peak. bCSF elicits a steep, transient Ca rise when administered to human astrocytes by activation of ATP-sensitive P2 receptors and subsequent inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Ca release from endoplasmic reticulum. This massive Ca overload leads to subsequent mitochondrial permeability transition pores opening and necrosis of the cells.
Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 2013
Experimental and clinical studies demonstrated that postconditioning confers protection against m... more Experimental and clinical studies demonstrated that postconditioning confers protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. However the underlying cellular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect of postconditioning are still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+)-handling. For this purpose adult rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to simulated in vitro ischemia (glucose-free hypoxia at pH6.4) followed by simulated reperfusion with a normoxic buffer (pH7.4; 2.5 mmol/L glucose). Postconditioning, i.e., 2 repetitive cycles of normoxic (5s) and hypoxic (2.5 min) superfusion, was applied during the first 5 min of reoxygenation. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations, cytosolic pH and necrosis were analysed applying JC-1, fura-2, fura-2/manganese, BCECF and propidium iodide, respectively. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening was detected by calcein release. Hypoxic treatment led to a reduction of ΔΨm, an increase in cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentration, and acidification of cardiomyocytes. During the first minutes of reoxygenation, ΔΨm transiently recovered, but irreversibly collapsed after 7 min of reoxygenation, which was accompanied by MPTP opening. Simultaneously, mitochondrial Ca(2+) increased during reperfusion and cardiomyocytes developed spontaneous cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillations and severe contracture followed by necrosis after 25 min of reoxygenation. In postconditioned cells, the collapse in ΔΨm as well as the leak of calcein, the increase in mitochondrial Ca(2+), cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillations, contracture and necrosis were significantly reduced. Furthermore postconditioning delayed cardiomyocyte pH recovery. Postconditioning by hypoxia/reoxygenation was as protective as treatment with cyclosporine A. Combining cyclosporine A and postconditioning had no additive effect. The data of the present study demonstrate that postconditioning by hypoxia/reoxygenation prevents reperfusion injury by limiting mitochondrial Ca(2+) load and thus opening of the MPTP in isolated cardiomyocytes. These effects seem to be supported by postconditioning-induced delay in pH recovery and suppression of Ca(2+) oscillations.
Atomic commit protocols are used where data integrity is more important than data availability. T... more Atomic commit protocols are used where data integrity is more important than data availability. Two-Phase commit (2PC) is a standard commit protocol for commercial database management systems. To reduce certain drawbacks in 2PC protocol people have suggested different variance of this protocol. Short-Commit protocol is developed with an objective to achieve low cost transaction commitment cost with nonblocking capability. In this paper we have briefly explained short-commit protocol executing pattern. Experimental analysis and results are presented to support the claim that short-commit can work efficiently in extreme database environment. Commit Protocol ensures the transaction atomicity. To understand the role of commit protocols we consider an example of funds transfer from one account to another. We consider a transaction that transfers funds from account A to account B. This transaction consists of two sub transactions, one sub transaction debit sum A and second sub
Plant parasitic nematodes are considered worst enemies of mankind because of devastation they cau... more Plant parasitic nematodes are considered worst enemies of mankind because of devastation they cause to crops. They are distributed all over the world in different kinds of habitats and cause severe losses to economically important crops. Up to 40% nematode infection has been observed in chilli. Present study was aimed at checking the antagonistic activity and developing systemic resistance against nematodes. The influence of rhizobacteria Pseudomonas fluorescence on mortality of nematodes was studied in-vitro as well as the seed treatment of rhizobacteria on growth parameters of chilli. The results obtained were highly significant that revealed P. fluorescence that induced systemic resistance against Meloidogyne javanica. Seedling of chilli were treated with P. fluorescence to see the efficacy on disease development and different growth parameters. The results achieved were highly significant. This showed that Pseudomonas fluorescence enhanced the growth of chilli by controlling del...
Mature seeds of groundnut varieties (Golden, Bari-2007, Chico, P.W, No.334, 2KCG020, 2KCG017, 96C... more Mature seeds of groundnut varieties (Golden, Bari-2007, Chico, P.W, No.334, 2KCG020, 2KCG017, 96CG005, 01CG005 and 02CG005) were procured from Barani Agricultural Research Institute (BARI) Chakwal, Pakistan and were evaluated for chemical and fatty acids profile. BARI-2000 gave maximum (100-seed) weight 60.26g and width/length ratio was found to be highest in Chico (0.66) seeds. 01CG009 gave highest crude protein content 31.69%. The fat content of groundnut varieties 02CG005, 96CG005, P.W, 2KCG017, Chico, 01CG009, 2KCG020, No. 334, BARI-2000, Golden was 49.9, 42.65, 44, 46.65, 41.38, 45.31, 50.39, 51.82 and 43.3% respectively. The iron (Fe) content was found to be maximum (3.68 mg/100g) in groundnut variety Chico. The results of the present study indicated that groundnut varieties differ in their oil and protein contents. Most important varieties in this respect were Bari-2000 and 01CG009 varieties which should be recommended for commercial utilization.
Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual legume which is also known as peanut, earthnut, monk... more Groundnut (Arachis hypogaea L.) is an annual legume which is also known as peanut, earthnut, monkeynut and ground bean. Among the major oil seed crops, groundnut has some specific advantages because of its use in many food products. The present study is planned to characterize different groundnut varieties, grown under similar conditions, for their chemical composition and nutritional assay. Fatty acids profile of groundnut will be determined through Gas Chromatography. The oleic acid (C18: 1) contents of groundnut varieties Bari-2000, P.W, 2KCG020, 2KCG017, 96CG005, Golden, No. 334, Chico, 01CG009 and 02CG005 were 43.6, 41.9, 36.4, 40.5, 38.0, 37.5, 35.8, 31.6, 30.4 and 32.9 g/100g respectively.
In utero, the fetus and its lungs develop in a hypoxic environment, where HIF-1α and VEGFA signal... more In utero, the fetus and its lungs develop in a hypoxic environment, where HIF-1α and VEGFA signaling constitute major determinants of further development. Disruption of this homeostasis after preterm delivery and extrauterine exposure to high fractions of oxygen are among the key events leading to bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production constitutes the initial driver of pulmonary inflammation and cell death, altered gene expression, and vasoconstriction, leading to the distortion of further lung development. From preclinical studies mainly performed on rodents over the past two decades, the deleterious effects of oxygen toxicity and the injurious insults and downstream cascades arising from ROS production are well recognized. This article provides a concise overview of disease drivers and different therapeutic approaches that have been successfully tested within experimental models. Despite current studies, clinical researchers are still faced with...
Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains one of the most devastating consequences of preterm birt... more Bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) remains one of the most devastating consequences of preterm birth resulting in life-long restrictions in lung function. Distorted lung development is caused by its inflammatory response which is mainly provoked by mechanical ventilation, oxygen toxicity and bacterial infections. Dysfunction of resident lung mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) represents one key hallmark that drives BPD pathology. Despite all progress in the understanding of pathomechanisms, therapeutics to prevent or treat BPD are to date restricted to a few drugs. The limited therapeutic efficacy of established drugs can be explained by the fact that they fail to concurrently tackle the broad spectrum of disease driving mechanisms and by the huge overlap between distorted signal pathways of lung development and inflammation. The great enthusiasm about MSC based therapies as novel therapeutic for BPD arises from the capacity to inhibit inflammation while simultaneously promoting lung develo...
Chronic lung diseases pose a tremendous global burden. At least one in four people suffer from se... more Chronic lung diseases pose a tremendous global burden. At least one in four people suffer from severe pulmonary sequelae over the course of a lifetime. Despite substantial improvements in therapeutic interventions, persistent alleviation of clinical symptoms cannot be offered to most patients affected to date. Despite broad discrepancies in origins and pathomechanisms, the important disease entities all have in common the pulmonary inflammatory response which is central to lung injury and structural abnormalities. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) attract particular attention due to their broadly acting anti-inflammatory and regenerative properties. Plenty of preclinical studies provided congruent and convincing evidence that MSC have the therapeutic potential to alleviate lung injuries across ages. These include the disease entities bronchopulmonary dysplasia, asthma and the different forms of acute lung injury and chronic pulmonary diseases in adulthood. While clinical trials are so fa...
Preponderance of proinflammatory signals is a characteristic feature of all acute and resulting l... more Preponderance of proinflammatory signals is a characteristic feature of all acute and resulting long-term morbidities of the preterm infant. The proinflammatory actions are best characterized for bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD) which is the chronic lung disease of the preterm infant with lifelong restrictions of pulmonary function and severe consequences for psychomotor development and quality of life. Besides BPD, the immature brain, eye, and gut are also exposed to inflammatory injuries provoked by infection, mechanical ventilation, and oxygen toxicity. Despite the tremendous progress in the understanding of disease pathologies, therapeutic interventions with proven efficiency remain restricted to a few drug therapies with restricted therapeutic benefit, partially considerable side effects, and missing option of applicability to the inflamed brain. The therapeutic potential of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs)—also known as mesenchymal stem cells—has attracted much attention durin...
American journal of physiology. Lung cellular and molecular physiology, Jan 12, 2018
Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are released into the airways of preterm infants following lung ... more Mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) are released into the airways of preterm infants following lung injury. These cells display a pro-inflammatory phenotype and are associated with development of severe bronchopulmonary dysplasia (BPD). We aimed to characterize the functional properties of MSCs obtained from tracheal aspirates of 50 preterm infants who required invasive ventilation. Samples were separated by disease severity. The increased proliferative capacity of MSCs was associated with longer duration of mechanical ventilation and higher severity of BPD. Augmented growth depended on nuclear accumulation of NFkBp65 and was accompanied by reduced expression of cytosolic α-SMA. The central role of NFkB signaling was confirmed by inhibition of IkBa phosphorylation. The combined score of proliferative capacity, accumulation of NFκBp65, and expression of α-SMA were used to predict the development of severe BPD with an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.847. We mimicked the clinical situatio...
Calcium (Ca2+) is a cofactor of multiple cellular processes. The mechanisms that lead to elevated... more Calcium (Ca2+) is a cofactor of multiple cellular processes. The mechanisms that lead to elevated cytosolic Ca2+ concentration are unclear. To illuminate how bloody cerebrospinal fluid (bCSF) from patients with intraventricular hemorrhage causes cell death of cultured human astrocytes. Cultured astrocytes were incubated with bCSF. In control experiments, native CSF was used. Cytosolic Ca2+ concentration was measured by fura-2 fluorescence. Apoptosis and necrosis were evaluated by staining with Hoechst-3342 and propidium iodide. Incubation of astrocytes with bCSF provoked a steep Ca2+ concentration peak that was followed by a slow Ca2+ rise during the observation period of 50 minutes. Necrosis, but not apoptosis, was induced. Blockade of ATP-sensitive P2 receptors with suramin inhibited the bCSF-induced initial Ca2+ peak and necrosis. Blockade of P1 receptors with 8-phenyltheophylline or of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors with D(-)-2-amino-5-phosphopentanoic acid had no significant effect. Preincubation with xestospongin D, a blocker of inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptors, prevented the initial Ca2+ rise and reduced the rate of necrosis. Preemptying of the endoplasmic reticulum with thapsigargin protected astrocytes from the bCSF-induced Ca2+ peak. Inhibition of mitochondrial permeability transition pores opening with cyclosporin A reduced the rate of astrocytic necrosis significantly, although it did not influence the initial Ca peak. bCSF elicits a steep, transient Ca rise when administered to human astrocytes by activation of ATP-sensitive P2 receptors and subsequent inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate-dependent Ca release from endoplasmic reticulum. This massive Ca overload leads to subsequent mitochondrial permeability transition pores opening and necrosis of the cells.
Journal of Molecular and Cellular Cardiology, 2013
Experimental and clinical studies demonstrated that postconditioning confers protection against m... more Experimental and clinical studies demonstrated that postconditioning confers protection against myocardial ischemia/reperfusion injury. However the underlying cellular mechanisms responsible for the beneficial effect of postconditioning are still poorly understood. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+)-handling. For this purpose adult rat cardiomyocytes were subjected to simulated in vitro ischemia (glucose-free hypoxia at pH6.4) followed by simulated reperfusion with a normoxic buffer (pH7.4; 2.5 mmol/L glucose). Postconditioning, i.e., 2 repetitive cycles of normoxic (5s) and hypoxic (2.5 min) superfusion, was applied during the first 5 min of reoxygenation. Mitochondrial membrane potential (ΔΨm), cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentrations, cytosolic pH and necrosis were analysed applying JC-1, fura-2, fura-2/manganese, BCECF and propidium iodide, respectively. Mitochondrial permeability transition pore (MPTP) opening was detected by calcein release. Hypoxic treatment led to a reduction of ΔΨm, an increase in cytosolic and mitochondrial Ca(2+) concentration, and acidification of cardiomyocytes. During the first minutes of reoxygenation, ΔΨm transiently recovered, but irreversibly collapsed after 7 min of reoxygenation, which was accompanied by MPTP opening. Simultaneously, mitochondrial Ca(2+) increased during reperfusion and cardiomyocytes developed spontaneous cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillations and severe contracture followed by necrosis after 25 min of reoxygenation. In postconditioned cells, the collapse in ΔΨm as well as the leak of calcein, the increase in mitochondrial Ca(2+), cytosolic Ca(2+) oscillations, contracture and necrosis were significantly reduced. Furthermore postconditioning delayed cardiomyocyte pH recovery. Postconditioning by hypoxia/reoxygenation was as protective as treatment with cyclosporine A. Combining cyclosporine A and postconditioning had no additive effect. The data of the present study demonstrate that postconditioning by hypoxia/reoxygenation prevents reperfusion injury by limiting mitochondrial Ca(2+) load and thus opening of the MPTP in isolated cardiomyocytes. These effects seem to be supported by postconditioning-induced delay in pH recovery and suppression of Ca(2+) oscillations.
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