Tobacco has been in use for over 10,000 years and worldwide for over 500 years, but its use was l... more Tobacco has been in use for over 10,000 years and worldwide for over 500 years, but its use was limited by the intensity of time and labour involved in producing, preparing and using it. From the late 1800s, developments in mechanisation, transport and technology led to greater ease of production and use. Marketing, advertising and promotion by tobacco companies led to tobacco use on such a scale as to be called an epidemic. Tobacco regulation has existed since at least 1500. Growing scientific evidence based on tobacco-related mortality and morbidity, notably since the early 20th century, and public health interventions in place since the mid-20th century, led to a decrease in tobacco use amongst better-off, industrialised, western populations. There has been a concomitant increase in tobacco use among middle- and lower-income countries. As tobacco is a main risk factor for chronic diseases, including cancer, lung diseases and cardiovascular diseases, the late 20th and early 21st century have been characterised by public health campaigns to regulate tobacco. Many countries have enacted legislation in conformity with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, but the number of smokers continues to rise, and tobacco-related disease and death continue to increase.
Of 864 consecutive culture positive cases of tuberculosis (TB) treated in the period 1991-2001, a... more Of 864 consecutive culture positive cases of tuberculosis (TB) treated in the period 1991-2001, a total of 19 (2.1%) were M. bovis and 32 (3.7%) were drug resistant - Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (8); poly drug resistant (7); mono drug resistant (17). Iatrogenic factors were important in the cause of resistance in 9 cases (4 cases of MDR-TB): in 6 cases patients factors were important. Comparison with previous report for the period 1982-1985 showed relatively more isolates of M. bovis (p = 0.02); drug resistant TB (p = 0.005); and MDR-TB (p = 0.01) in the current study. Comparison with the background population of TB patients showed that patients with resistant TB were more likely to have a previous history of TB (Relative Risk = 3.58) and more likely to be foreign nationals (Relative Risk = 1.93) We conclude that while overall incidence of TB has declined that in relative terms the caseload of drug resistant TB and MDR-TB has increased. The drug cost of treating MDR-T...
The feasibility of a tobacco endgame strategy, aiming to bring smoking prevalence to near-zero le... more The feasibility of a tobacco endgame strategy, aiming to bring smoking prevalence to near-zero levels, is currently under debate. We provide information on public support for such a strategy in Europe. In 2010 we conducted a face-to-face representative survey in 18 European countries (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden). The present analysis is based on 16,947 individuals aged ≥ 15 years providing information on their attitudes towards a complete ban on the use or sale of tobacco. Overall, 34.9% of adults (32.8% in men and 37.0% in women; p<0.001) supported a complete ban strategy on use or sale of tobacco, 41.2% of never, 29.4% of ex- and 25.6% of current smokers. The highest support was observed in southern Europe (42.5%), followed by eastern (39.1%), northern (27.5%) and western Europe (23.0%; p<0.001). A significant inverse trend was observed...
... D. O'Donnell, CP Kelly P. Cotter and L. Clancy* Department of Respiratory Medicine, St. ... more ... D. O'Donnell, CP Kelly P. Cotter and L. Clancy* Department of Respiratory Medicine, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8. ... For effective nebulization with the "Acorn", Clay et al, 1983 recommended driving gas flow rates of between 6 and 6 litres/ minute for 10 to 16 minutes duration. ...
Tobacco has been in use for over 10,000 years and worldwide for over 500 years, but its use was l... more Tobacco has been in use for over 10,000 years and worldwide for over 500 years, but its use was limited by the intensity of time and labour involved in producing, preparing and using it. From the late 1800s, developments in mechanisation, transport and technology led to greater ease of production and use. Marketing, advertising and promotion by tobacco companies led to tobacco use on such a scale as to be called an epidemic. Tobacco regulation has existed since at least 1500. Growing scientific evidence based on tobacco-related mortality and morbidity, notably since the early 20th century, and public health interventions in place since the mid-20th century, led to a decrease in tobacco use amongst better-off, industrialised, western populations. There has been a concomitant increase in tobacco use among middle- and lower-income countries. As tobacco is a main risk factor for chronic diseases, including cancer, lung diseases and cardiovascular diseases, the late 20th and early 21st century have been characterised by public health campaigns to regulate tobacco. Many countries have enacted legislation in conformity with the WHO Framework Convention on Tobacco Control, but the number of smokers continues to rise, and tobacco-related disease and death continue to increase.
Of 864 consecutive culture positive cases of tuberculosis (TB) treated in the period 1991-2001, a... more Of 864 consecutive culture positive cases of tuberculosis (TB) treated in the period 1991-2001, a total of 19 (2.1%) were M. bovis and 32 (3.7%) were drug resistant - Multi-Drug Resistant Tuberculosis (MDR-TB) (8); poly drug resistant (7); mono drug resistant (17). Iatrogenic factors were important in the cause of resistance in 9 cases (4 cases of MDR-TB): in 6 cases patients factors were important. Comparison with previous report for the period 1982-1985 showed relatively more isolates of M. bovis (p = 0.02); drug resistant TB (p = 0.005); and MDR-TB (p = 0.01) in the current study. Comparison with the background population of TB patients showed that patients with resistant TB were more likely to have a previous history of TB (Relative Risk = 3.58) and more likely to be foreign nationals (Relative Risk = 1.93) We conclude that while overall incidence of TB has declined that in relative terms the caseload of drug resistant TB and MDR-TB has increased. The drug cost of treating MDR-T...
The feasibility of a tobacco endgame strategy, aiming to bring smoking prevalence to near-zero le... more The feasibility of a tobacco endgame strategy, aiming to bring smoking prevalence to near-zero levels, is currently under debate. We provide information on public support for such a strategy in Europe. In 2010 we conducted a face-to-face representative survey in 18 European countries (Albania, Austria, Bulgaria, the Czech Republic, Croatia, England, Finland, France, Greece, Hungary, Ireland, Italy, Latvia, Poland, Portugal, Romania, Spain and Sweden). The present analysis is based on 16,947 individuals aged ≥ 15 years providing information on their attitudes towards a complete ban on the use or sale of tobacco. Overall, 34.9% of adults (32.8% in men and 37.0% in women; p<0.001) supported a complete ban strategy on use or sale of tobacco, 41.2% of never, 29.4% of ex- and 25.6% of current smokers. The highest support was observed in southern Europe (42.5%), followed by eastern (39.1%), northern (27.5%) and western Europe (23.0%; p<0.001). A significant inverse trend was observed...
... D. O'Donnell, CP Kelly P. Cotter and L. Clancy* Department of Respiratory Medicine, St. ... more ... D. O'Donnell, CP Kelly P. Cotter and L. Clancy* Department of Respiratory Medicine, St. James' Hospital, Dublin 8. ... For effective nebulization with the "Acorn", Clay et al, 1983 recommended driving gas flow rates of between 6 and 6 litres/ minute for 10 to 16 minutes duration. ...
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