<p>Note:</p><p>Mortality rates 2003–2010 exclude villages added to the study si... more <p>Note:</p><p>Mortality rates 2003–2010 exclude villages added to the study site (Karemo) 2008–2010.</p><p>LT: linear trend 2003–2010; MHRR: Mantel Haenszel Relative Risk.</p><p>%Respiratory Ca– the proportion of respiratory cancer deaths among all cancer deaths by year and sex.</p><p>Cancer Mortality Rates per 100,000 population by sex by 65y age threshold by year.</p
Population reports. Series L, Issues in world health, 1983
Editors' Summary. For men and women both, the most common preventable cause of infertility is... more Editors' Summary. For men and women both, the most common preventable cause of infertility is infection. In some areas infection-related infertility is so widespread that it constitutes not only a personal problem but also a public health challenge. Pelvic inflammatory disease in women, due to sexually transmitted disease (STD) and other infec tions, probably accounts for more than half of all female infertility in many regions. Although the woman is usually blamed when a couple cannot have children, male factors explain about one-third of all infertility. Low sperm count, often the result of infection, is the most important male factor.
The study described levels and trends in child mortality in Jordan and provided a multivariate mo... more The study described levels and trends in child mortality in Jordan and provided a multivariate model relating child mortality to socioeconomic differentials. The South pattern from the Coale-Demeny model family life tables was chosen for the analysis of the proportions dead among children ever born, which was converted into the probability of dying by age. The probability of dying by the age of 5 years declined from 270/1000 live births around 1950 to 90/1000 by 1975. By age 5 the risks of child mortality have fallen to relatively low levels. Viability of the child was conceptualized as related to nutrition and body growth. Nutrition was considered to be affected by household socioeconomic conditions, culture, community conditions, early childhood factors, and household hygiene and disease prevention. The Mosley and Chen framework was not usable due to lack of data. Socioeconomic factors were included as important determinants of proximate determinants: type of place of residence, parental education, household income, housing conditions, and marriage age. Data were obtained from the 1976 Jordan Fertility Survey and the 1981 Jordan Demographic Survey, which provided consistent and reliable child mortality estimates. Age heaping at digits of 0 and 5 did occur. The multivariate analysis involved ordinary least squares regressions for estimating the relationship between the child mortality measure and a variety of independent, categorical variables represented as dummy variables. Findings indicated that rural residence was associated with higher child mortality risks in 1976 and 1981. Children of mothers or fathers with fewer than 6 years of education had higher child mortality risks. Maternal education levels of more than 6 years were thought to have a greater impact on rural child mortality. Variables which were unrelated to child mortality included method of lighting, source of water supply from wells and private taps, and duration of marriage. Household water supply from public taps was significantly associated with lower rural child mortality risks in 1976 and 1981. Marriage age of 20 years or higher was only significant in the 1976 data. The results suggested a widening differential associated with socioeconomic differences over time. Little variance was explained by the variables. Programs need to target health services to less educated rural women.
The World Bank is the most powerful international agency concerned with economic development. It ... more The World Bank is the most powerful international agency concerned with economic development. It is for this reason that some special aspects of the World Bank’s influence on events in Bangladesh are examined in a wider setting. Its programmes may or may not be greater than those of other aid-givers but the Bank is invariably regarded by its members as being in the position of giving leadership to their activities. This reflects the prestige that it has built up over the years, based on the high quality of the individuals it employs and its vast and specialised resources. Nowhere else in the world is there such a concentration of talent and know-how directed to the business of development. It has the resources to monitor continually the economies of the countries with which it is concerned and to report on them for the benefit of Bank members; it studies each aspect of the economy in depth and it has the technical knowledge of project preparation and lending for development that can...
In the transition from high to low fertility, different biological and behavioural proximate dete... more In the transition from high to low fertility, different biological and behavioural proximate determinants play roles of varying importance in mediating the change. In most regions of the world, the practice of contraception has come to play the major role, so much so that there is a close relationship worldwide between the level of practice of contraception and the level of fertility. In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of contraceptive practice is low, and fertility levels are exceptionally high for recorded levels of contraceptive practice, even where levels of contraceptive practice are comparable to other regions. The discrepancies are explained to a very large extent by differences between Africa and other regions in other proximate determinants--notably exposure to the risk of pregnancy, and abstinence after delivery. It would seem that transition in African countries will follow one of two patterns that are different to the pattern of transition observed in all other regions. First, fertility may rise before it declines, due to abandonment of traditional fertility regulation for some time prior to the eventual adoption of contraceptive practice. Second, the prevalence of contraceptive practice may rise for a time before there is an observable decline in fertility, because at the same time that contraception is adopted, traditional regulation of fertility is being abandoned, offsetting any effect on fertility. Kenya is an example of the first pattern, while Botswana, Ghana, and Zimbabwe are probably examples of the second.
Countries with fertility rates well above the levels expected on the basis of their contraceptive... more Countries with fertility rates well above the levels expected on the basis of their contraceptive prevalence rates include Kenya Rwanda and Zimbabwe in sub-Saharan Africa and Jordan... Syria and Yemen...in West Asia whereas a notable example of a country with low fertility in Africa is Gabon. The present analysis of the behavioral and biological proximate determinants of natural fertility--breastfeeding abstinence marriage and infertility--yields insights into these exceptional cases and underscores the relevance of variables other than contraceptive use in interpreting levels and trends of fertility particularly in countries in the early phases of the fertility transition. (EXCERPT)
The introduction to this review of international research on sex behavior and reproductive health... more The introduction to this review of international research on sex behavior and reproductive health notes that the three lines of sexual enquiry (treatment of sexual disorders contraception and sociocultural research into human sexuality) have reconverged. The review begins with a look at research on human sexuality and reproductive health in terms of sex behavior contraception and fertility. An overview is then provided for each of the following reproductive health issues that includes the questions raised by the issues and highlights of their research history: sex behavior and fertility sex behavior and contraception (in general in women and in men) sex behavior and sexually transmitted disease (including HIV/AIDS) and adolescent sexuality and sexual health. The paper continues with discussion of the following methodological issues: 1) validity and reliability 2) method of enquiry 3) social desirability and social disapproval 4) sample selection 5) terminology and frames of reference and 6) sociocultural biases. This introduces the review of selected current research on patterns of sexual behavior in developed countries (Belgium France Germany the Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland the UK and the US) and in developing countries (with special emphasis on surveys of the behavior of adolescents and young adults). The paper ends by discussing the needs and constraints of future research on sex behavior.
sub-Saharan Africa is lagging behind the rest of the world in what otherwise seems to be a global... more sub-Saharan Africa is lagging behind the rest of the world in what otherwise seems to be a global - encompassing even the giant, China - demographic transition to fertility decline. The author analyzes the present types of family structure and divisions of responsibility and forecasts four scenarios, what she calls the feminist, impoverishment, Americas, and Caldwellian scenarios. She also discusses the importance ofgender roles and fertility regulating behavior in sub-Saharan Africa - particularly the importance in the African family structure of child fostering. Finally, she addresses the methodological difficulties of conducting research on family structure and fertility in Africa, and outlines an agenda for research.
Page 1. An Interpretation of Fertility and Population Policy in Kenya Odile Frank Geoffrey McNico... more Page 1. An Interpretation of Fertility and Population Policy in Kenya Odile Frank Geoffrey McNicoll ... well-the outcome from the standpoint of population policy has been a highly conspicuous failure. This article addresses three questions: Why is Kenya&#x27;s fertility so high? ...
<p>Note:</p><p>Mortality rates 2003–2010 exclude villages added to the study si... more <p>Note:</p><p>Mortality rates 2003–2010 exclude villages added to the study site (Karemo) 2008–2010.</p><p>LT: linear trend 2003–2010; MHRR: Mantel Haenszel Relative Risk.</p><p>%Respiratory Ca– the proportion of respiratory cancer deaths among all cancer deaths by year and sex.</p><p>Cancer Mortality Rates per 100,000 population by sex by 65y age threshold by year.</p
Population reports. Series L, Issues in world health, 1983
Editors' Summary. For men and women both, the most common preventable cause of infertility is... more Editors' Summary. For men and women both, the most common preventable cause of infertility is infection. In some areas infection-related infertility is so widespread that it constitutes not only a personal problem but also a public health challenge. Pelvic inflammatory disease in women, due to sexually transmitted disease (STD) and other infec tions, probably accounts for more than half of all female infertility in many regions. Although the woman is usually blamed when a couple cannot have children, male factors explain about one-third of all infertility. Low sperm count, often the result of infection, is the most important male factor.
The study described levels and trends in child mortality in Jordan and provided a multivariate mo... more The study described levels and trends in child mortality in Jordan and provided a multivariate model relating child mortality to socioeconomic differentials. The South pattern from the Coale-Demeny model family life tables was chosen for the analysis of the proportions dead among children ever born, which was converted into the probability of dying by age. The probability of dying by the age of 5 years declined from 270/1000 live births around 1950 to 90/1000 by 1975. By age 5 the risks of child mortality have fallen to relatively low levels. Viability of the child was conceptualized as related to nutrition and body growth. Nutrition was considered to be affected by household socioeconomic conditions, culture, community conditions, early childhood factors, and household hygiene and disease prevention. The Mosley and Chen framework was not usable due to lack of data. Socioeconomic factors were included as important determinants of proximate determinants: type of place of residence, parental education, household income, housing conditions, and marriage age. Data were obtained from the 1976 Jordan Fertility Survey and the 1981 Jordan Demographic Survey, which provided consistent and reliable child mortality estimates. Age heaping at digits of 0 and 5 did occur. The multivariate analysis involved ordinary least squares regressions for estimating the relationship between the child mortality measure and a variety of independent, categorical variables represented as dummy variables. Findings indicated that rural residence was associated with higher child mortality risks in 1976 and 1981. Children of mothers or fathers with fewer than 6 years of education had higher child mortality risks. Maternal education levels of more than 6 years were thought to have a greater impact on rural child mortality. Variables which were unrelated to child mortality included method of lighting, source of water supply from wells and private taps, and duration of marriage. Household water supply from public taps was significantly associated with lower rural child mortality risks in 1976 and 1981. Marriage age of 20 years or higher was only significant in the 1976 data. The results suggested a widening differential associated with socioeconomic differences over time. Little variance was explained by the variables. Programs need to target health services to less educated rural women.
The World Bank is the most powerful international agency concerned with economic development. It ... more The World Bank is the most powerful international agency concerned with economic development. It is for this reason that some special aspects of the World Bank’s influence on events in Bangladesh are examined in a wider setting. Its programmes may or may not be greater than those of other aid-givers but the Bank is invariably regarded by its members as being in the position of giving leadership to their activities. This reflects the prestige that it has built up over the years, based on the high quality of the individuals it employs and its vast and specialised resources. Nowhere else in the world is there such a concentration of talent and know-how directed to the business of development. It has the resources to monitor continually the economies of the countries with which it is concerned and to report on them for the benefit of Bank members; it studies each aspect of the economy in depth and it has the technical knowledge of project preparation and lending for development that can...
In the transition from high to low fertility, different biological and behavioural proximate dete... more In the transition from high to low fertility, different biological and behavioural proximate determinants play roles of varying importance in mediating the change. In most regions of the world, the practice of contraception has come to play the major role, so much so that there is a close relationship worldwide between the level of practice of contraception and the level of fertility. In sub-Saharan Africa, the prevalence of contraceptive practice is low, and fertility levels are exceptionally high for recorded levels of contraceptive practice, even where levels of contraceptive practice are comparable to other regions. The discrepancies are explained to a very large extent by differences between Africa and other regions in other proximate determinants--notably exposure to the risk of pregnancy, and abstinence after delivery. It would seem that transition in African countries will follow one of two patterns that are different to the pattern of transition observed in all other regions. First, fertility may rise before it declines, due to abandonment of traditional fertility regulation for some time prior to the eventual adoption of contraceptive practice. Second, the prevalence of contraceptive practice may rise for a time before there is an observable decline in fertility, because at the same time that contraception is adopted, traditional regulation of fertility is being abandoned, offsetting any effect on fertility. Kenya is an example of the first pattern, while Botswana, Ghana, and Zimbabwe are probably examples of the second.
Countries with fertility rates well above the levels expected on the basis of their contraceptive... more Countries with fertility rates well above the levels expected on the basis of their contraceptive prevalence rates include Kenya Rwanda and Zimbabwe in sub-Saharan Africa and Jordan... Syria and Yemen...in West Asia whereas a notable example of a country with low fertility in Africa is Gabon. The present analysis of the behavioral and biological proximate determinants of natural fertility--breastfeeding abstinence marriage and infertility--yields insights into these exceptional cases and underscores the relevance of variables other than contraceptive use in interpreting levels and trends of fertility particularly in countries in the early phases of the fertility transition. (EXCERPT)
The introduction to this review of international research on sex behavior and reproductive health... more The introduction to this review of international research on sex behavior and reproductive health notes that the three lines of sexual enquiry (treatment of sexual disorders contraception and sociocultural research into human sexuality) have reconverged. The review begins with a look at research on human sexuality and reproductive health in terms of sex behavior contraception and fertility. An overview is then provided for each of the following reproductive health issues that includes the questions raised by the issues and highlights of their research history: sex behavior and fertility sex behavior and contraception (in general in women and in men) sex behavior and sexually transmitted disease (including HIV/AIDS) and adolescent sexuality and sexual health. The paper continues with discussion of the following methodological issues: 1) validity and reliability 2) method of enquiry 3) social desirability and social disapproval 4) sample selection 5) terminology and frames of reference and 6) sociocultural biases. This introduces the review of selected current research on patterns of sexual behavior in developed countries (Belgium France Germany the Netherlands Norway Sweden Switzerland the UK and the US) and in developing countries (with special emphasis on surveys of the behavior of adolescents and young adults). The paper ends by discussing the needs and constraints of future research on sex behavior.
sub-Saharan Africa is lagging behind the rest of the world in what otherwise seems to be a global... more sub-Saharan Africa is lagging behind the rest of the world in what otherwise seems to be a global - encompassing even the giant, China - demographic transition to fertility decline. The author analyzes the present types of family structure and divisions of responsibility and forecasts four scenarios, what she calls the feminist, impoverishment, Americas, and Caldwellian scenarios. She also discusses the importance ofgender roles and fertility regulating behavior in sub-Saharan Africa - particularly the importance in the African family structure of child fostering. Finally, she addresses the methodological difficulties of conducting research on family structure and fertility in Africa, and outlines an agenda for research.
Page 1. An Interpretation of Fertility and Population Policy in Kenya Odile Frank Geoffrey McNico... more Page 1. An Interpretation of Fertility and Population Policy in Kenya Odile Frank Geoffrey McNicoll ... well-the outcome from the standpoint of population policy has been a highly conspicuous failure. This article addresses three questions: Why is Kenya&#x27;s fertility so high? ...
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