This article traces the development of a research project with a Native American community. Four ... more This article traces the development of a research project with a Native American community. Four principles were used to guide the development of the “Community Partnership to Affect Cherokee Adolescent Substance Abuse” project using a community-based participatory research approach. The principles suggest that establishing trust is key when developing and conducting research with a Native American community.
Many women going through the major life transition of pregnancy experience decreases in physical ... more Many women going through the major life transition of pregnancy experience decreases in physical activity behaviour, which may compromise maternal and infant health and wellbeing. Although research suggests that the social environment plays a large role in influencing women's physical activity behaviour, little is known about the association between societal attitudes and physical activity behaviour during the course of pregnancy. Through a qualitative longitudinal study, we explored women's physical activity experiences throughout pregnancy and how these were formed, supported and/or opposed by their social environment. This research included telephone interviews with 30 pregnant participants, recruited via a regional public hospital. Using a feminist standpoint analysis incorporating modern dialectics, three major tensions were identified, reflecting dominant societal discourses around physical activity and pregnancy: (1) engaging in physical activity and keeping the baby ...
Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 2015
Introduces context and current thinking, often without a specific question, is general and covers... more Introduces context and current thinking, often without a specific question, is general and covers several aspects of a topic. Focus of review Uses a precise question to produce evidence to underpin a piece of research. A stand-alone piece of research, it should be conducted prior to undertaking further research, particularly in higher degree theses. Finds papers through a fairly random process, usually searching only a few databases. Use of grey literature common, but not usually systematic. Methods for data collection Searches of several specified databases using precise search terms; a similar systematic search of grey literature sometimes included, depending on the question. Papers are read, ‘take home’ messages used in the review. Methods for data extraction Data extraction tool used to identify precise pieces of information; two or more researchers undertake data extraction. Anything up to 150 papers or more. Number of papers included in review Usually less than 50 papers; often fewer than 10.
The objectives of this paper were to determine the rate of misclassification of smoking and nonsm... more The objectives of this paper were to determine the rate of misclassification of smoking and nonsmoking status by self-reports and saliva continine of pregnant women participating in a smoking cessation trial, determine the relationship of the number of cigarettes smoked per day and saliva continine, and examine whether misclassification was due to an inappropriate saliva continine cutoff point. End of pregnancy self-reports of smoking status and saliva continine were used to calculate misclassification rates. The findings revealed that 61 of 441 self-reported smokers had biochemical values inconsistent with smoking status for a smoking misclassification rate of 13.8%. The results also revealed that 28 of 107 self-reported quitters had continine values consistent with smoking status for a nonsmoking misclassification rate of 26.2%. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were then plotted to determine whether misclassification resulted from an inappropriate cutoff point. The c...
To explore public health nutritionists' perceptions of nutrition and its place in community p... more To explore public health nutritionists' perceptions of nutrition and its place in community pharmacy (CP) presently and into the future; and to explore perceived opportunities, feasibility and scope of public health nutrition (PHN) interventions in CP, with a focus on maternal and infant nutrition. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and drew on hermeneutics as the theoretical framework for analysis and interpretation. Queensland, Australia. Public health nutritionists, identified through purposive, criterion sampling, were chosen due to (i) their role as potential stakeholders, (ii) their knowledge and emphasis on nutrition and (iii) their practice experience. Opportunities for PHN action focused primarily on actions relating to early nutrient supplementation in pregnancy and breast-feeding protection and promotion. Opportunities in CP were constrained by practitioners' perception of (i) conflict between health care and commercial interests in ...
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1993
To evaluate the impact of cotinine-confirmed smoking reduction during pregnancy on infant birth w... more To evaluate the impact of cotinine-confirmed smoking reduction during pregnancy on infant birth weight and gestational age at birth. Group analyses from a prospective, randomized smoking-cessation intervention trial using cotinine levels to assess smoking cessation and reduction. Four maternity clinics of Jefferson County Health Department in Birmingham, Ala. A total of 803 pregnant smokers and 474 never smokers with a fetal gestational age of 32 weeks or less at the first prenatal visit to a clinic. Infant birth weight and gestational age at birth. Infants who were born to women who quit smoking (quitters) had the highest mean birth weight (3371 +/- 581 g), followed by infants who were born to women who did not change smoking behavior (no changers) (3043 +/- 587 g). The mean infant birth weight of infants born to the quitters, adjusted by mother's age, race, height, weight at baseline, and gestational age at delivery was 241 g heavier than that among the no changers (P = .0008) and 167 g heavier than the reducers (P = .04). The adjusted mean infant birth weight of infants born to the reducers was 92 g heavier than that among the no changers (P = .08). White reducers with baseline cotinine levels greater than 100 ng/mL had infants who were 241 g heavier than did white no changers. A 220-g difference was also seen in black reducers with a baseline cotinine level of 100 ng/mL or less. Although smoking cessation increased infant gestational age at delivery by 1 week, smoking reduction had little effect. Cotinine-validated smoking reduction rates were positively associated with an increase in infant birth weight. While smoking cessation must continue to be the primary objective for pregnant smokers, specific intervention methods should also be directed toward smoking reduction for women who cannot quit.
To examine the relationship between physicians&am... more To examine the relationship between physicians' smoking behaviors and their attitudes toward tobacco use by their patients and tobacco control in the Ukraine, a 70-item questionnaire was administered to 799 general practitioners (287 men and 512 women) working in both rural (278 physicians) and urban (521 physicians) areas of three regions of Ukraine. In all, 13.9% of physicians were current smokers and 21.6% reported being past smokers, with significantly (P<0.001) more men than women being current or past smokers. Odds ratios from logistic regression analysis reveal that physicians who are heavy smokers are 26% less likely to record tobacco use by patients than medium smokers. Heavy smokers devote significantly less effort to providing cessation information to patients and are 36% less likely to support the complete prohibition of smoking in the physician's workplace. Older physicians, female physicians and physicians working in urban areas are significantly more likely than younger, male and rural physicians to advise their patients on smoking. The provision of smoking cessation to patients by general practitioners in Ukraine is influenced by several factors, a major one being the smoking status of the physician. If smoking among physicians declines, this will encourage the patient to consider a serious quit attempt in several ways, most notably: (1) physicians act as societal role models and can promote non-smoking as a norm and (2) the likelihood that a patient will be provided smoking cessation counseling increases.
Because the prevalence of smoking among nurses remains higher than that among members of other he... more Because the prevalence of smoking among nurses remains higher than that among members of other health professions, a study was designed to evaluate whether competition among nursing groups would be an effective way of recruiting nurses into a worksite self-help ...
This article traces the development of a research project with a Native American community. Four ... more This article traces the development of a research project with a Native American community. Four principles were used to guide the development of the “Community Partnership to Affect Cherokee Adolescent Substance Abuse” project using a community-based participatory research approach. The principles suggest that establishing trust is key when developing and conducting research with a Native American community.
Many women going through the major life transition of pregnancy experience decreases in physical ... more Many women going through the major life transition of pregnancy experience decreases in physical activity behaviour, which may compromise maternal and infant health and wellbeing. Although research suggests that the social environment plays a large role in influencing women's physical activity behaviour, little is known about the association between societal attitudes and physical activity behaviour during the course of pregnancy. Through a qualitative longitudinal study, we explored women's physical activity experiences throughout pregnancy and how these were formed, supported and/or opposed by their social environment. This research included telephone interviews with 30 pregnant participants, recruited via a regional public hospital. Using a feminist standpoint analysis incorporating modern dialectics, three major tensions were identified, reflecting dominant societal discourses around physical activity and pregnancy: (1) engaging in physical activity and keeping the baby ...
Australian and New Zealand journal of public health, 2015
Introduces context and current thinking, often without a specific question, is general and covers... more Introduces context and current thinking, often without a specific question, is general and covers several aspects of a topic. Focus of review Uses a precise question to produce evidence to underpin a piece of research. A stand-alone piece of research, it should be conducted prior to undertaking further research, particularly in higher degree theses. Finds papers through a fairly random process, usually searching only a few databases. Use of grey literature common, but not usually systematic. Methods for data collection Searches of several specified databases using precise search terms; a similar systematic search of grey literature sometimes included, depending on the question. Papers are read, ‘take home’ messages used in the review. Methods for data extraction Data extraction tool used to identify precise pieces of information; two or more researchers undertake data extraction. Anything up to 150 papers or more. Number of papers included in review Usually less than 50 papers; often fewer than 10.
The objectives of this paper were to determine the rate of misclassification of smoking and nonsm... more The objectives of this paper were to determine the rate of misclassification of smoking and nonsmoking status by self-reports and saliva continine of pregnant women participating in a smoking cessation trial, determine the relationship of the number of cigarettes smoked per day and saliva continine, and examine whether misclassification was due to an inappropriate saliva continine cutoff point. End of pregnancy self-reports of smoking status and saliva continine were used to calculate misclassification rates. The findings revealed that 61 of 441 self-reported smokers had biochemical values inconsistent with smoking status for a smoking misclassification rate of 13.8%. The results also revealed that 28 of 107 self-reported quitters had continine values consistent with smoking status for a nonsmoking misclassification rate of 26.2%. Receiver Operating Characteristic (ROC) curves were then plotted to determine whether misclassification resulted from an inappropriate cutoff point. The c...
To explore public health nutritionists' perceptions of nutrition and its place in community p... more To explore public health nutritionists' perceptions of nutrition and its place in community pharmacy (CP) presently and into the future; and to explore perceived opportunities, feasibility and scope of public health nutrition (PHN) interventions in CP, with a focus on maternal and infant nutrition. Qualitative data were gathered through semi-structured interviews and drew on hermeneutics as the theoretical framework for analysis and interpretation. Queensland, Australia. Public health nutritionists, identified through purposive, criterion sampling, were chosen due to (i) their role as potential stakeholders, (ii) their knowledge and emphasis on nutrition and (iii) their practice experience. Opportunities for PHN action focused primarily on actions relating to early nutrient supplementation in pregnancy and breast-feeding protection and promotion. Opportunities in CP were constrained by practitioners' perception of (i) conflict between health care and commercial interests in ...
JAMA: The Journal of the American Medical Association, 1993
To evaluate the impact of cotinine-confirmed smoking reduction during pregnancy on infant birth w... more To evaluate the impact of cotinine-confirmed smoking reduction during pregnancy on infant birth weight and gestational age at birth. Group analyses from a prospective, randomized smoking-cessation intervention trial using cotinine levels to assess smoking cessation and reduction. Four maternity clinics of Jefferson County Health Department in Birmingham, Ala. A total of 803 pregnant smokers and 474 never smokers with a fetal gestational age of 32 weeks or less at the first prenatal visit to a clinic. Infant birth weight and gestational age at birth. Infants who were born to women who quit smoking (quitters) had the highest mean birth weight (3371 +/- 581 g), followed by infants who were born to women who did not change smoking behavior (no changers) (3043 +/- 587 g). The mean infant birth weight of infants born to the quitters, adjusted by mother's age, race, height, weight at baseline, and gestational age at delivery was 241 g heavier than that among the no changers (P = .0008) and 167 g heavier than the reducers (P = .04). The adjusted mean infant birth weight of infants born to the reducers was 92 g heavier than that among the no changers (P = .08). White reducers with baseline cotinine levels greater than 100 ng/mL had infants who were 241 g heavier than did white no changers. A 220-g difference was also seen in black reducers with a baseline cotinine level of 100 ng/mL or less. Although smoking cessation increased infant gestational age at delivery by 1 week, smoking reduction had little effect. Cotinine-validated smoking reduction rates were positively associated with an increase in infant birth weight. While smoking cessation must continue to be the primary objective for pregnant smokers, specific intervention methods should also be directed toward smoking reduction for women who cannot quit.
To examine the relationship between physicians&am... more To examine the relationship between physicians' smoking behaviors and their attitudes toward tobacco use by their patients and tobacco control in the Ukraine, a 70-item questionnaire was administered to 799 general practitioners (287 men and 512 women) working in both rural (278 physicians) and urban (521 physicians) areas of three regions of Ukraine. In all, 13.9% of physicians were current smokers and 21.6% reported being past smokers, with significantly (P<0.001) more men than women being current or past smokers. Odds ratios from logistic regression analysis reveal that physicians who are heavy smokers are 26% less likely to record tobacco use by patients than medium smokers. Heavy smokers devote significantly less effort to providing cessation information to patients and are 36% less likely to support the complete prohibition of smoking in the physician's workplace. Older physicians, female physicians and physicians working in urban areas are significantly more likely than younger, male and rural physicians to advise their patients on smoking. The provision of smoking cessation to patients by general practitioners in Ukraine is influenced by several factors, a major one being the smoking status of the physician. If smoking among physicians declines, this will encourage the patient to consider a serious quit attempt in several ways, most notably: (1) physicians act as societal role models and can promote non-smoking as a norm and (2) the likelihood that a patient will be provided smoking cessation counseling increases.
Because the prevalence of smoking among nurses remains higher than that among members of other he... more Because the prevalence of smoking among nurses remains higher than that among members of other health professions, a study was designed to evaluate whether competition among nursing groups would be an effective way of recruiting nurses into a worksite self-help ...
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Papers by John Lowe