This study entitled the effect of funds management on project performance in Rwanda. The general ... more This study entitled the effect of funds management on project performance in Rwanda. The general objective of this research is to assess the effect of funds management on project performance in Rwanda. Specific objectives were to analyse relationship between budgeting and project performance in Rwanda; to determine the influence of fundraising on project performance in Rwanda; to determine the effect of funds allocation on project performance in Rwanda; and to analyse the effect of funds control on project Performance in Rwanda. This research was a descriptive-correlational design and used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The population of this study was 91 employees. Questionnaires were used in this study as data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics were used to determine frequencies and percentages of respondents, while regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to establish relationship between variables under study. The Statistical Packaging for Social Sciences version 16was used in this study. The researcher found that there is a positive relationship between funds allocation and project performance in Rwanda, there is a positive relationship between funds control and project performance in Rwanda, there is a positive relationship between budgeting and project performance in Rwanda, there is a positive relationship between fundraising and project performance in Rwanda. The study also found that the regression analysis equation is projects performance (Y) =-0.274 + 0.178* budgeting + 0.635* fundraising + 0.136* funds allocation + 0.583* funds control. This implies that the transition from managing projects requires more focus on budgeting, fund raising, funds allocation and funds control. Based from the discussion, it is concluded that, budgeting, fundraising, funds control and funds allocation plays a big role towards performance of the project. The techniques used during this process of budgeting are supposed to make sure that effective management of funds is done. The management of the project should always make sure that, budgets systems, funds control, funds allocation and fundraising are clear and following the principles of project management to avoid audit queries all the time which may affect the implementation of the project activities.
Concrete is traditionally a solid, substantial building material. It needs to makeover. Small bui... more Concrete is traditionally a solid, substantial building material. It needs to makeover. Small buildings are replaced by high rise buildings and skyscraper. This arises one of the major problem in deriving natural light in building, due to obstruction of nearby structures. To overcome this problem, artificial sources are used to illuminate building, but artificial light leads to increase of heat level in the buildings. To evaluate the effectiveness of the smart transparent concrete, the present study aims at producing the concrete specimens by combining glass rods and optical fibers with different percentage and comparing it with the normal concrete. Two tests are carried out compressive test and light transmission test and cost comparisons are also done.
Geothermal energy has been used for centuries throughout the world. Although geothermal energy is... more Geothermal energy has been used for centuries throughout the world. Although geothermal energy is much more environmentally friendly than other types of energy production, there are still aspects of geothermal energy development that can have negative social, economic, and environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the Menengai Geothermal Development Project on the adjacent community. Specifically, the study sought to examine the effect of landscape alteration, environmental pollution, population change, and social responsibility activities associated with the project on the livelihood of adjacent communities. The target population of the study comprised of 1120 households situated in a 5 KM radius of the Menengai Geothermal Project. From this population, a sample of 104 participants was selected using clustered random sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive and the Pearson correlation technique. The statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) was used in the analysis. Results showed that landscape alteration (r=-0.202) and environment pollution (r=-0.260) had statistically significant, negative, but weak relationships with the livelihood of local communities. Social responsibility activities (r= 0.733) had a positive and strong relationship with the livelihoods of local communities. Only population change was found to have an insignificant relationship with community livelihood. The study recommended that geothermal project implementing companies should invest in social responsibility activities in order to optimize impact on community livelihoods. The company should also develop project designs and technologies that minimize landscape alterations and environmental pollution.
Non-governmental organisations have since the colonial period played a major role in socio econom... more Non-governmental organisations have since the colonial period played a major role in socio economic development in Kenya through designing and implementing projects as well as the actual provision of basic needs services to the disadvantaged groups in rural and urban areas. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of financial planning on project deliverables of Non-Governmental Organizations. The study aimed at analyzing the financial planning that will lead to a better project deliverable of NGOs. The study focused on the aspects of financial planning which include financial objectives, financial resources, financial efficiency and financial standards and their effect on the project deliverable of NGOs. The scope of the study was Pastoralist Integrated Support Programme (PISP), Marsabit town, Marsabit Sub-County, Marsabit County. The literature review highlighted the variables used in this study and review what other people have said about them. The researcher reviewed literature of past studies which was related to and consistent with the objectives of this study. Important theoretical and practical problems are brought out, relevant literature on the aspects pertaining to the effect of financial planning on the project deliverable of non-governmental organizations in Kenya. A total of 40 employees were interviewed in the office. The researcher used census method since the target population was less than one hundred persons. Data was collected using Questionnaires which were both closed ended and open ended, where descriptive statistics was utilized to organize and describe the data while excel computer package was used to present the analysis in tables, pie charts and bar graphs. The research found out that the effect of financial objectives to project deliverables was good. The organization was able to achieve its set project targets due to the use of financial planning. The study also found out that financial resources affected the project deliverables in PISP, as adequate financial planning resources resulted to achievement of project set targets. The study further found out that financial efficiency affected the project deliverables in PISP. An efficient financial system improved the performance of projects which consequently led to timely achievement of set project targets. Lastly, the research found out that financial standards influenced the performance of projects. The financial planning policies and procedures set by PISP determined how accurate the financial reports submitted to the donors were; they also ensured that the project funds were well utilized per each specific project deliverable. The study recommends for management to ensure financial objectives are set to determine the amount that is needed or desired, the time frame in which it must be made and how the money will be spent. It was also recommended that management needs to ensure adequate, suitable and appropriate financial resources are available to ensure achievement of project deliverables. Further, management should ensure financial planning is in place for optimized utilization of scarce resources. Further studies were recommended on the individual aspects of financial planning that is financial objectives, financial resources, financial efficiency and financial standards. Also, a study could also be carried out focusing on factors influencing formulation of financial plans or even challenges faced during formulation of financial plans in Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya.
Sociologists have again started meta-theoretical debates about their disciplines in terms of cris... more Sociologists have again started meta-theoretical debates about their disciplines in terms of crisis, fundamental goals and purposes, cores and identities. The achievement of " objective knowledge " through this discipline was never beyond question. Hence, the articulation of " truth " through the scientific approaches applied in social science is also obscure to many extents. Of late, often both in academic and in public discussions we hear that truth is contingent on time, space and culture. This contingency of truth also has been developed in many recent academic discourses. However, the basic aim of this paper is to enter into the wider debate ofsocial sciences theories in understanding the " truth/objectivity. " Through this paper, I argue that the forms of truth characteristic of our present are wider than social scientists recognized, their relations to objectivity more various, and their historicity more complex. The truth regime of advanced modernity is characterized by multiple, irreducible truth formulae that coexist and sometimes vie for dominance. Finally, this paper concludes that a new theory emerges from the end of another one and there is no panacea in achieving the truth/objectivity. Since, judging all alternatives rather than one is better as well as tenable to gain knowledge on truth/objectivity.Because trying many alternatives improve our self-evidence and self-evidence is comparatively better in judging the truth/objectivity.
Recurrent drought, the ultimate outcome of deforestation and degradation of resources, reduced ac... more Recurrent drought, the ultimate outcome of deforestation and degradation of resources, reduced access to grazing land and water, urbanization, and unwise mining affect the sustainability of enormous Dryland resources in Ethiopia. As a result, the Ethiopian government has initiated a number of projects including establishments of area exclosure and soil and water conservation. Therefore, this study investigated local people perception on the role of area exlosures in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha. A multistage sampling technique produced surveys from 92 households. The collected data showed that Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha society were highly benefited from area exclosure and they have had a positive attitudes towards the area exclosure practices. However, various problems were also identified such as shortages of firewood (41.3%) and scarcity of pastureland (35.9%) and are associated with the establishment of the area exclosures in the study area. Whilst, unequal distribution of benefits from exclosures (notably grass) among communities is also identified as the major problem in the management of the exclosures. Whereas, about 80.4% of the respondents expressed their conviction that overall the area exclosures are properly managed by the local communities, and they are willing to expand the practices to other unprotected areas in their localities. The study concludes local community had got a positive attitude towards area exclosures practices. Therefore, close relationship among the local communities and other related bodies is essential for the success and amend management practices of area exclosures.
The main aim of the study was be to establish the effects of Transformational leadership on Gover... more The main aim of the study was be to establish the effects of Transformational leadership on Governance in Kajiado County Government.To capture the required information, the study was be guided by four specific objectives in determining how governance in Kajiado County government was affected by Individualized Considerations, Inspirational Motivation, Idealized Influence and Intellectual Stimulation. The general objective of this study was to assess the effects of transformative leadership on governance in Kajiado County government. Elected and appointed leaders in the Kajiado County Government continue to pursue their self-interest as opposed to County interest by agitating for better emoluments among others even when they are the most well paid public servants in the county. The study reviewed several theories namely Burns theory of transforming leadership, Bass' theory of transforming leadership and Hersey-Blanchard's situational leadership theory. The study also conducted an empirical literature review in order to establish a link with similar past studies. The study sought to bridge the existing leadership gap and what should be done by both senior and junior staff in Kajiado county government to enhance governance. Purposive sampling technique was used in sampling a target population of 687,358 while Slovin's sample size formula and proportionate stratified sampling technique helped to select a sample size of 384 respondents from the targeted sub counties. The researcher administered questionnaires to the respondents to collect primary data while secondary data was collected through documents review. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 while the main methods of data presentation were frequency distribution tables, pie charts and bar graphs. Out the 384 respondents targeted, 346 of them responded. This gave an average return rate of 90%. This was deemed sufficient for analysis. The study findings indicate that the effects of transformative leadership have a significant negative relationship on governance in Kajiado County Government with both correlation and multiple regression analysis results supporting these findings. The Pearson correlation computation between all the independent variables and the dependent variable were highly significant. The study therefore recommends that performance of a county government needs to be relooked frequently through some measures of performance. Similar studies on transformative leadership should however be done on the other Counties. Further researches on the effects of transformative leadership are needed to ascertain if they agree or disagree with these research findings.
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of marketing strategies on the performance of... more The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of marketing strategies on the performance of Equity Bank. The study adapted a descriptive research design which was exploratory in nature to obtain qualitative information. The target population was customers of two branches of Equity Bank Westlands, Nairobi County. For the study, a questionnaire was the preferred instrument for data collection and before the study was conducted, the questionnaire was pre-tested to gauge its validity and reliability. In addition, the data analysis with the help of SPSS illustrated the relationship between market strategies and performance of Equity bank. The findings revealed that marketing strategies considered in this study namely customer relationship management and customer satisfaction have a positive relationship with performance. Additionally, the relationship was significant at 95% confidence since p<0.05 for all the four marketing strategies implying that they are important factors affecting performance of Equity bank. When the relationship between each marketing strategy and performance was considered individually, customer relationship management had a strong positive correlation with performance followed by customer satisfaction. The study therefore recommends that the bank should bear in mind factors related to customer relationship management and customer satisfaction in order to attract more customers and increase retention levels. Perhaps, the bank should explore market driven strategies which seeks to address customer needs and use segmentation, targeting and positioning as opposed to mass marketing.
Porter's Five Forces model is a powerful management tool for analyzing the current industry profi... more Porter's Five Forces model is a powerful management tool for analyzing the current industry profitability and attractiveness by using the outside perspective. The general objective of this study was to establish the influence of Porter's five models on the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific research objectives: to establish the influence of new entrants on the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya; to determine how substitute products affect performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya; to establish the effect of bargaining power of suppliers on performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya and; to establish the effect of industry rivalry on the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The population of study comprised of selected telecommunications companies operating in Kenya during the study period. The study used both primary and secondary data. The study used structured questionnaires so as to be able to collect the primary data. These questionnaires were pilot tested before they were fully disbursed to the respondents. Secondary data in this analysis covered a period of 6 years from 2010 to 2015. The results were presented in Figures and Tables. Out the 84 respondents targeted, 77 of them responded. This gave an average return rate of 92%. This was deemed sufficient for analysis. The findings show that there was no much of threat of new entrants in the telecommunications sector in Kenya. The fact that the sector was profitable did not mean automatic attraction of firms to it. The study went on to show that the threat of substitute products faced firms in the telecommunications sector was not much. It is apparent that although internet based communication services were present; they did not have enough subscribers and did not pose enough threat of substitution to the three telecommunications companies. In addition, the findings show that bargaining power of suppliers was not a very strong determinant of the performance of operators. In this regard, the findings obtained show that the suppliers in the telecommunications industry do not have high bargaining power. Industry rivalry was a strong factor affecting the performance of telecommunication firms. Such competition was however strong among suppliers themselves and did not seem to affect the performance of firms considerably. However, since entry to the industry was not easy, Industry rivalry among operators was high since it was not easy for customers to go for substitute products in the market. Performance in the telecommunications sectors was moderate. This could be due to the fact that performance in the three firms was not uniform-with Safaricom Limited having the best performance. Industry rivalry often made firms not achieve their goals and objectives. However, the firms were still able to make profit and perform well. They were also able to make high quality and quantity of products irrespective of Porters five forces in the telecommunications industry. It is recommended that since changes emanating from new entrants in the market could influence the power of suppliers, companies had to have mechanisms of responding to such changes so as to remain in business and since subscribers were the same and making gains in the market could only be achieved if competitors lost their grip on some of their customers; firms had to use all available strategies so as to retain competitive edge and deal with any threat from Porter five forces. The researcher recommends a study on the effect of Porter's five forces model strategy on singular aspects of the organizational performance such as financial, human resource productivity among others. In addition, a study could be undertaken on the effect of customer lock-in on operation of Porter's five forces model in the telecommunications model.
Find out nth order root of any real number by division method Using nth order root method calcula... more Find out nth order root of any real number by division method Using nth order root method calculation of cubic, 4th, 5th order root using value of nCr.
This study focused on the effect of project monitoring on project success in educational non-gove... more This study focused on the effect of project monitoring on project success in educational non-governmental projects in Gasabo District, Rwanda. It examined the relationship between project monitoring and project success. This research used descriptive research design to establish the relationship between project monitoring and project success of Wellspring Foundation project. Quantitative research approach was used. In this case, data was manipulated using Pearson's correlation, linear regression model. The population under investigation was 140 respondents. The sample of this research was selected using purposive and stratified random sampling method. The primary data was collected from the project managers, M&E Team, sponsors and the recipients from Wellspring Foundation. The findings indicated that project monitoring was being carried out in Wellspring Foundation. The relationship among frequent meetings, site visits, interim valuation and the analysis of financial statements and project success were positive high correlation to project success in Wellspring Foundation. Projects often possess a specialized set of critical success factors in which if well addressed and attended to, improves the likelihood of successful implementation thus project success. Project monitoring is being used widely in the education nongovernment organizations in Rwanda. This report therefore, identified the effect project monitoring on project success, particularly in the Rwandan context. Being a project report, this report provided a framework that identified the factors for project success. The framework was tested empirically using data from educational non government project in Rwanda. The study also recommends that the project sponsors, project managers, M&E team and the teacher Trainers continue to be involved in project monitoring to maintain the success of the project.
The study entitled Effect of Change Management on the Performance of Road Construction Projects i... more The study entitled Effect of Change Management on the Performance of Road Construction Projects in Rwanda was carried to analyse the Change Management Practices in the Road Construction Projects in Rwanda and establish their relative effect on the Performance of such Projects in Rwanda. The fact that construction projects are continually confronting challenges to remain competitive and successful compels construction project managers to regularly re-evaluate their strategies, structures, policies, operations, processes and culture. Managing changes in such construction projects effectively is however a main challenge due to its massive activities and human involvement. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish the status of construction change management in Rwanda, to determine the sources of change in construction projects in Rwanda and to establish the effect of change management on the performance construction Projects in Rwanda. The study employed a descriptive survey design based on a census design. The target population of 90 employees from Horizon Construction Company Limited was used. A sample size of 90 was drawn by census method. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and document reviews. The reliability and validity of the data collection instruments was tested by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient at an index of 0.70 and based on a 5-point Likert Scale for multiple items obtained from a pilot survey. The content validity of the questionnaires was done by supervisors from the University. Multiple regression analysis, correlation and content analysis were used to establish the effect of Change Management Practices on the Performance of Construction Projects in Rwanda. The findings indicate that there was a significant effect of change management practices on the performance construction projects in Rwanda.
The values of mechanical, potential, and kinetic energy were found for each planet. The orbit of ... more The values of mechanical, potential, and kinetic energy were found for each planet. The orbit of the planet was treated as an ellipse, producing two values-an aphelion and perihelion value. The data from " Equations for Planetary Orbits " was used as the " measured " values and the data from NASA was used as the accepted values. The percent error between the two values was between 0.1% and 0.9%. An adjustment to the equations in " Equations for Planetary Orbits " showed a decrease in this error.
The study aimed at establishing the factors that affect sustainability of fish farming projects i... more The study aimed at establishing the factors that affect sustainability of fish farming projects in public secondary schools in Kiambu County. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish costs of inputs effect on sustainability of fish farming in public secondary schools in Kiambu County; technology effect on sustainability of fish farming projects in public secondary schools in Kiambu County; skills and training effect on sustainability fish farming projects in public secondary schools in Kiambu County and social-cultural factors effect on sustainability of fish farming projects in secondary schools in Kiambu County. The research used the descriptive survey approach. The target population of the study was 65fish farming secondary schools project managers in Kiambu County and 10 fisheries officers in each of the constituency. This corresponded to a target population of 75.By the time of data collection some projects had closed down and therefore data was collected from 44 secondary schools. The study adopted the census sampling technique which involved sampling all project managers in the fish farming projects and a fishery officer in each of the constituencies. The sample size of the study was therefore 54 respondents. The study used questionnaires to gather data from project managers and informant interviews from fisheries officers. Descriptive (mean, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages) were adopted together with inferential statistics (correlation and regression) so as to come to a measure of relationship and meanings. The study established that fish farming sustainability in public secondary schools is greatly affected by social-cultural effects where attitudes play a key role. Cost of inputs was another factor where high costs would mean less production. Technology proved to have an effect on sustainability since adoption of technology would result to higher production and thus more sustainability. Skills and training did also have an effect as better skills and training would result to better management. The study recommended more involvement by the government to lower costs of inputs, avail technology together with extension services and enhance the campaign of " eat more fish " together with involving more women in the projects.
The study was conceptualized with a view to addressing the following objectives: to assess the ex... more The study was conceptualized with a view to addressing the following objectives: to assess the extent to which civic education influence public participation in County
A field experiment was conducted at the Research farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dha... more A field experiment was conducted at the Research farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh, during the period from November 2011 to April 2012 to study the effect of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and cowdung on growth, yield and proximate composition of brinjal (BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8). Experiment was comprised of 5 treatments with three replications. The highest plant height (80.11cm, 75.56 cm), branch per plant (16.47, 18.80), the lowest days to first flowering (70.47 days, 70.20 days), the highest number of fruit per plant (7.4, 20.47), weight of individual fruit (262.3 g, 70.99 g), yield per plant (1.938 kg, 1.452 kg) and yield per ha (41.03 tons, 30.73 tons) were recorded in T 3 treatment for BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8 respectively. In BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8, the highest dry matter (7.59 %, 8.60 %), carbohydrate (3.46%, 4.07 %) and lipid (0.367 %, 0.425 %) were recorded in T 1 whereas the highest crude fiber (2.15%, 2.34 %) and protein (1.323 %, 1.42 %) were obtained in T 3 treatment and the highest ash content (0.337 %, 0.41 %) were found in T 2 treatment. On dry weight basis, in BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8, the highest amount of Zn (1.879 mg %, 1.903 mg %) and Na (36.50 mg 536.69 mg %) was recorded in T 1 treatment whereas the highest P (272.6 mg %, 277.3 mg %), Ca (239.7 mg %, 235.4 mg %) and Fe (3.21 mg % 3.021 mg %) were found in T 2 and the highest K (282.4 mg) and Mg (186.4 mg %, 186.9 mg %) were obtained in T 3 treatment. The highest K (282.4 mg) in BARI Begun-6 was obtained in T 3 treatment and in BARI Begun-8, the highest amount K (288.3 mg %) was obtained in T 2 .
The train play a vital role in world i.e. mainly in transporting. The fuel used by train is getti... more The train play a vital role in world i.e. mainly in transporting. The fuel used by train is getting increase in past few year in India and other country's because of population reaching to its height rapidly, so how to utilize the natural energy for our needs is the main question bounce in every human mind .We see many vehicles use a alternator process for generation of electricity for their use, we can use this process of generation of electricity in train but in different manner so that every train single-single bogie can utilized this natural energy and also save the cost of fuel. This energy is utilized further for the safety of passengers in train and for many suitable Automation features which can be helpful for the railway workers in train to manage the safety of train as well as passengers and also backup data for further control.
Background: Transvaginal color Doppler has opened up exciting new possibilities for the better un... more Background: Transvaginal color Doppler has opened up exciting new possibilities for the better understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of ovarian blood flow, resulting in a number of completely new diagnostic parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome. Objective: To determine whether obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome show different ovarian blood flow pattern in comparison with lean patients. Study design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Al-Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital, Baghdad-Iraq. Patients Methods: Eighty patients who are already diagnosed as having polycystic ovary syndrome were arranged in two groups according to their BMI; obese with BMI>30 Kg/m 2 and lean with BMI<25 Kg/m 2. Ovarian blood flow study by Doppler ultrasound including PI, RI and S/D ratio were measured and compared in both groups. Same, serum levels of LH, FSH and total testosterone were measured and compared. Result: The PI index in obese and lean patients was (1.19+/-0.13, 1.02+/-0.21 respectively, p value=0.028), RI in obese and lean patients was (0.53 +/-0.07, 0.61 +/-0.06 respectively, p value=0.000) with statistically significant difference in these values between these two groups. While S/D ratio show no statistically significant difference. LH levels in obese and non obese patients were (10.78-\+1.31, 8.18-\+1.16 respectively, P value=0.000). FSH levels in obese and non obese patients were (3.80-\+1.04, 3.06-/+0.67 respectively, P value 0.000). Testosterone levels in obese and non obese were (1.59-/+0.65, 1.02-/+0.37 respectively, P value 0.ooo). Conclusion: Ovarian Doppler analysis showed an increase in blood flow in obese women with PCOS when compared to non obese PCOS women with significantly increased PI value and decreased RI value.
In this paper a design method for performance enhancement of Hydraulic Turbine Regulating Systemi... more In this paper a design method for performance enhancement of Hydraulic Turbine Regulating Systemis proposed.A multi-objective Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is implemented to the PID controller ofHydraulic Turbine Regulatory System(HTRS).Multi-objectivecontroller design method is differ from single-objectiveoptimization and it has more than one objective functions.In this paper ISE and ITSE are chosen as twoobjective functions.Objective is to achieve shortest risetime and minimum overshoot simultaneously.
As per standardized references definition of PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) is " An integrate... more As per standardized references definition of PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) is " An integrated information driven approach comprised of people, processes/practices & technology to all aspects of products life, from its design to manufacture, deployment & maintenance-culminating in the products removal from service & final disposal. " Due to the issues related to the inefficient production management in any enterprises it makes it essential to engineer & incorporate the knowledge of PLM in the production sites. Out of a wide knowledged body (PLM) some concepts are taken into consideration in our paper, like its importance, phases, product cannibalization & so on. The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear knowledge of what stages a product goes through starting from its appearance in the market, how companies are influenced in introducing updated version of their products, six-sigma & lean manufacturing methods, etc.
This study entitled the effect of funds management on project performance in Rwanda. The general ... more This study entitled the effect of funds management on project performance in Rwanda. The general objective of this research is to assess the effect of funds management on project performance in Rwanda. Specific objectives were to analyse relationship between budgeting and project performance in Rwanda; to determine the influence of fundraising on project performance in Rwanda; to determine the effect of funds allocation on project performance in Rwanda; and to analyse the effect of funds control on project Performance in Rwanda. This research was a descriptive-correlational design and used both qualitative and quantitative research approaches. The population of this study was 91 employees. Questionnaires were used in this study as data collection instruments. Descriptive statistics were used to determine frequencies and percentages of respondents, while regression analysis and Pearson correlation coefficient were used to establish relationship between variables under study. The Statistical Packaging for Social Sciences version 16was used in this study. The researcher found that there is a positive relationship between funds allocation and project performance in Rwanda, there is a positive relationship between funds control and project performance in Rwanda, there is a positive relationship between budgeting and project performance in Rwanda, there is a positive relationship between fundraising and project performance in Rwanda. The study also found that the regression analysis equation is projects performance (Y) =-0.274 + 0.178* budgeting + 0.635* fundraising + 0.136* funds allocation + 0.583* funds control. This implies that the transition from managing projects requires more focus on budgeting, fund raising, funds allocation and funds control. Based from the discussion, it is concluded that, budgeting, fundraising, funds control and funds allocation plays a big role towards performance of the project. The techniques used during this process of budgeting are supposed to make sure that effective management of funds is done. The management of the project should always make sure that, budgets systems, funds control, funds allocation and fundraising are clear and following the principles of project management to avoid audit queries all the time which may affect the implementation of the project activities.
Concrete is traditionally a solid, substantial building material. It needs to makeover. Small bui... more Concrete is traditionally a solid, substantial building material. It needs to makeover. Small buildings are replaced by high rise buildings and skyscraper. This arises one of the major problem in deriving natural light in building, due to obstruction of nearby structures. To overcome this problem, artificial sources are used to illuminate building, but artificial light leads to increase of heat level in the buildings. To evaluate the effectiveness of the smart transparent concrete, the present study aims at producing the concrete specimens by combining glass rods and optical fibers with different percentage and comparing it with the normal concrete. Two tests are carried out compressive test and light transmission test and cost comparisons are also done.
Geothermal energy has been used for centuries throughout the world. Although geothermal energy is... more Geothermal energy has been used for centuries throughout the world. Although geothermal energy is much more environmentally friendly than other types of energy production, there are still aspects of geothermal energy development that can have negative social, economic, and environmental impacts. The aim of this study was to investigate the impact of the Menengai Geothermal Development Project on the adjacent community. Specifically, the study sought to examine the effect of landscape alteration, environmental pollution, population change, and social responsibility activities associated with the project on the livelihood of adjacent communities. The target population of the study comprised of 1120 households situated in a 5 KM radius of the Menengai Geothermal Project. From this population, a sample of 104 participants was selected using clustered random sampling. Data was collected using structured questionnaires, and analyzed using descriptive and the Pearson correlation technique. The statistical program for social sciences (SPSS) was used in the analysis. Results showed that landscape alteration (r=-0.202) and environment pollution (r=-0.260) had statistically significant, negative, but weak relationships with the livelihood of local communities. Social responsibility activities (r= 0.733) had a positive and strong relationship with the livelihoods of local communities. Only population change was found to have an insignificant relationship with community livelihood. The study recommended that geothermal project implementing companies should invest in social responsibility activities in order to optimize impact on community livelihoods. The company should also develop project designs and technologies that minimize landscape alterations and environmental pollution.
Non-governmental organisations have since the colonial period played a major role in socio econom... more Non-governmental organisations have since the colonial period played a major role in socio economic development in Kenya through designing and implementing projects as well as the actual provision of basic needs services to the disadvantaged groups in rural and urban areas. The main objective of this study was to determine the effect of financial planning on project deliverables of Non-Governmental Organizations. The study aimed at analyzing the financial planning that will lead to a better project deliverable of NGOs. The study focused on the aspects of financial planning which include financial objectives, financial resources, financial efficiency and financial standards and their effect on the project deliverable of NGOs. The scope of the study was Pastoralist Integrated Support Programme (PISP), Marsabit town, Marsabit Sub-County, Marsabit County. The literature review highlighted the variables used in this study and review what other people have said about them. The researcher reviewed literature of past studies which was related to and consistent with the objectives of this study. Important theoretical and practical problems are brought out, relevant literature on the aspects pertaining to the effect of financial planning on the project deliverable of non-governmental organizations in Kenya. A total of 40 employees were interviewed in the office. The researcher used census method since the target population was less than one hundred persons. Data was collected using Questionnaires which were both closed ended and open ended, where descriptive statistics was utilized to organize and describe the data while excel computer package was used to present the analysis in tables, pie charts and bar graphs. The research found out that the effect of financial objectives to project deliverables was good. The organization was able to achieve its set project targets due to the use of financial planning. The study also found out that financial resources affected the project deliverables in PISP, as adequate financial planning resources resulted to achievement of project set targets. The study further found out that financial efficiency affected the project deliverables in PISP. An efficient financial system improved the performance of projects which consequently led to timely achievement of set project targets. Lastly, the research found out that financial standards influenced the performance of projects. The financial planning policies and procedures set by PISP determined how accurate the financial reports submitted to the donors were; they also ensured that the project funds were well utilized per each specific project deliverable. The study recommends for management to ensure financial objectives are set to determine the amount that is needed or desired, the time frame in which it must be made and how the money will be spent. It was also recommended that management needs to ensure adequate, suitable and appropriate financial resources are available to ensure achievement of project deliverables. Further, management should ensure financial planning is in place for optimized utilization of scarce resources. Further studies were recommended on the individual aspects of financial planning that is financial objectives, financial resources, financial efficiency and financial standards. Also, a study could also be carried out focusing on factors influencing formulation of financial plans or even challenges faced during formulation of financial plans in Non-Governmental Organizations in Kenya.
Sociologists have again started meta-theoretical debates about their disciplines in terms of cris... more Sociologists have again started meta-theoretical debates about their disciplines in terms of crisis, fundamental goals and purposes, cores and identities. The achievement of " objective knowledge " through this discipline was never beyond question. Hence, the articulation of " truth " through the scientific approaches applied in social science is also obscure to many extents. Of late, often both in academic and in public discussions we hear that truth is contingent on time, space and culture. This contingency of truth also has been developed in many recent academic discourses. However, the basic aim of this paper is to enter into the wider debate ofsocial sciences theories in understanding the " truth/objectivity. " Through this paper, I argue that the forms of truth characteristic of our present are wider than social scientists recognized, their relations to objectivity more various, and their historicity more complex. The truth regime of advanced modernity is characterized by multiple, irreducible truth formulae that coexist and sometimes vie for dominance. Finally, this paper concludes that a new theory emerges from the end of another one and there is no panacea in achieving the truth/objectivity. Since, judging all alternatives rather than one is better as well as tenable to gain knowledge on truth/objectivity.Because trying many alternatives improve our self-evidence and self-evidence is comparatively better in judging the truth/objectivity.
Recurrent drought, the ultimate outcome of deforestation and degradation of resources, reduced ac... more Recurrent drought, the ultimate outcome of deforestation and degradation of resources, reduced access to grazing land and water, urbanization, and unwise mining affect the sustainability of enormous Dryland resources in Ethiopia. As a result, the Ethiopian government has initiated a number of projects including establishments of area exclosure and soil and water conservation. Therefore, this study investigated local people perception on the role of area exlosures in Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha. A multistage sampling technique produced surveys from 92 households. The collected data showed that Adami Tulu Jido Kombolcha society were highly benefited from area exclosure and they have had a positive attitudes towards the area exclosure practices. However, various problems were also identified such as shortages of firewood (41.3%) and scarcity of pastureland (35.9%) and are associated with the establishment of the area exclosures in the study area. Whilst, unequal distribution of benefits from exclosures (notably grass) among communities is also identified as the major problem in the management of the exclosures. Whereas, about 80.4% of the respondents expressed their conviction that overall the area exclosures are properly managed by the local communities, and they are willing to expand the practices to other unprotected areas in their localities. The study concludes local community had got a positive attitude towards area exclosures practices. Therefore, close relationship among the local communities and other related bodies is essential for the success and amend management practices of area exclosures.
The main aim of the study was be to establish the effects of Transformational leadership on Gover... more The main aim of the study was be to establish the effects of Transformational leadership on Governance in Kajiado County Government.To capture the required information, the study was be guided by four specific objectives in determining how governance in Kajiado County government was affected by Individualized Considerations, Inspirational Motivation, Idealized Influence and Intellectual Stimulation. The general objective of this study was to assess the effects of transformative leadership on governance in Kajiado County government. Elected and appointed leaders in the Kajiado County Government continue to pursue their self-interest as opposed to County interest by agitating for better emoluments among others even when they are the most well paid public servants in the county. The study reviewed several theories namely Burns theory of transforming leadership, Bass' theory of transforming leadership and Hersey-Blanchard's situational leadership theory. The study also conducted an empirical literature review in order to establish a link with similar past studies. The study sought to bridge the existing leadership gap and what should be done by both senior and junior staff in Kajiado county government to enhance governance. Purposive sampling technique was used in sampling a target population of 687,358 while Slovin's sample size formula and proportionate stratified sampling technique helped to select a sample size of 384 respondents from the targeted sub counties. The researcher administered questionnaires to the respondents to collect primary data while secondary data was collected through documents review. Data analysis was done using both descriptive and inferential statistics with the aid of Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS) version 21 while the main methods of data presentation were frequency distribution tables, pie charts and bar graphs. Out the 384 respondents targeted, 346 of them responded. This gave an average return rate of 90%. This was deemed sufficient for analysis. The study findings indicate that the effects of transformative leadership have a significant negative relationship on governance in Kajiado County Government with both correlation and multiple regression analysis results supporting these findings. The Pearson correlation computation between all the independent variables and the dependent variable were highly significant. The study therefore recommends that performance of a county government needs to be relooked frequently through some measures of performance. Similar studies on transformative leadership should however be done on the other Counties. Further researches on the effects of transformative leadership are needed to ascertain if they agree or disagree with these research findings.
The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of marketing strategies on the performance of... more The purpose of the study was to examine the effects of marketing strategies on the performance of Equity Bank. The study adapted a descriptive research design which was exploratory in nature to obtain qualitative information. The target population was customers of two branches of Equity Bank Westlands, Nairobi County. For the study, a questionnaire was the preferred instrument for data collection and before the study was conducted, the questionnaire was pre-tested to gauge its validity and reliability. In addition, the data analysis with the help of SPSS illustrated the relationship between market strategies and performance of Equity bank. The findings revealed that marketing strategies considered in this study namely customer relationship management and customer satisfaction have a positive relationship with performance. Additionally, the relationship was significant at 95% confidence since p<0.05 for all the four marketing strategies implying that they are important factors affecting performance of Equity bank. When the relationship between each marketing strategy and performance was considered individually, customer relationship management had a strong positive correlation with performance followed by customer satisfaction. The study therefore recommends that the bank should bear in mind factors related to customer relationship management and customer satisfaction in order to attract more customers and increase retention levels. Perhaps, the bank should explore market driven strategies which seeks to address customer needs and use segmentation, targeting and positioning as opposed to mass marketing.
Porter's Five Forces model is a powerful management tool for analyzing the current industry profi... more Porter's Five Forces model is a powerful management tool for analyzing the current industry profitability and attractiveness by using the outside perspective. The general objective of this study was to establish the influence of Porter's five models on the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The study was guided by the following specific research objectives: to establish the influence of new entrants on the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya; to determine how substitute products affect performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya; to establish the effect of bargaining power of suppliers on performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya and; to establish the effect of industry rivalry on the performance of telecommunication companies in Kenya. The population of study comprised of selected telecommunications companies operating in Kenya during the study period. The study used both primary and secondary data. The study used structured questionnaires so as to be able to collect the primary data. These questionnaires were pilot tested before they were fully disbursed to the respondents. Secondary data in this analysis covered a period of 6 years from 2010 to 2015. The results were presented in Figures and Tables. Out the 84 respondents targeted, 77 of them responded. This gave an average return rate of 92%. This was deemed sufficient for analysis. The findings show that there was no much of threat of new entrants in the telecommunications sector in Kenya. The fact that the sector was profitable did not mean automatic attraction of firms to it. The study went on to show that the threat of substitute products faced firms in the telecommunications sector was not much. It is apparent that although internet based communication services were present; they did not have enough subscribers and did not pose enough threat of substitution to the three telecommunications companies. In addition, the findings show that bargaining power of suppliers was not a very strong determinant of the performance of operators. In this regard, the findings obtained show that the suppliers in the telecommunications industry do not have high bargaining power. Industry rivalry was a strong factor affecting the performance of telecommunication firms. Such competition was however strong among suppliers themselves and did not seem to affect the performance of firms considerably. However, since entry to the industry was not easy, Industry rivalry among operators was high since it was not easy for customers to go for substitute products in the market. Performance in the telecommunications sectors was moderate. This could be due to the fact that performance in the three firms was not uniform-with Safaricom Limited having the best performance. Industry rivalry often made firms not achieve their goals and objectives. However, the firms were still able to make profit and perform well. They were also able to make high quality and quantity of products irrespective of Porters five forces in the telecommunications industry. It is recommended that since changes emanating from new entrants in the market could influence the power of suppliers, companies had to have mechanisms of responding to such changes so as to remain in business and since subscribers were the same and making gains in the market could only be achieved if competitors lost their grip on some of their customers; firms had to use all available strategies so as to retain competitive edge and deal with any threat from Porter five forces. The researcher recommends a study on the effect of Porter's five forces model strategy on singular aspects of the organizational performance such as financial, human resource productivity among others. In addition, a study could be undertaken on the effect of customer lock-in on operation of Porter's five forces model in the telecommunications model.
Find out nth order root of any real number by division method Using nth order root method calcula... more Find out nth order root of any real number by division method Using nth order root method calculation of cubic, 4th, 5th order root using value of nCr.
This study focused on the effect of project monitoring on project success in educational non-gove... more This study focused on the effect of project monitoring on project success in educational non-governmental projects in Gasabo District, Rwanda. It examined the relationship between project monitoring and project success. This research used descriptive research design to establish the relationship between project monitoring and project success of Wellspring Foundation project. Quantitative research approach was used. In this case, data was manipulated using Pearson's correlation, linear regression model. The population under investigation was 140 respondents. The sample of this research was selected using purposive and stratified random sampling method. The primary data was collected from the project managers, M&E Team, sponsors and the recipients from Wellspring Foundation. The findings indicated that project monitoring was being carried out in Wellspring Foundation. The relationship among frequent meetings, site visits, interim valuation and the analysis of financial statements and project success were positive high correlation to project success in Wellspring Foundation. Projects often possess a specialized set of critical success factors in which if well addressed and attended to, improves the likelihood of successful implementation thus project success. Project monitoring is being used widely in the education nongovernment organizations in Rwanda. This report therefore, identified the effect project monitoring on project success, particularly in the Rwandan context. Being a project report, this report provided a framework that identified the factors for project success. The framework was tested empirically using data from educational non government project in Rwanda. The study also recommends that the project sponsors, project managers, M&E team and the teacher Trainers continue to be involved in project monitoring to maintain the success of the project.
The study entitled Effect of Change Management on the Performance of Road Construction Projects i... more The study entitled Effect of Change Management on the Performance of Road Construction Projects in Rwanda was carried to analyse the Change Management Practices in the Road Construction Projects in Rwanda and establish their relative effect on the Performance of such Projects in Rwanda. The fact that construction projects are continually confronting challenges to remain competitive and successful compels construction project managers to regularly re-evaluate their strategies, structures, policies, operations, processes and culture. Managing changes in such construction projects effectively is however a main challenge due to its massive activities and human involvement. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish the status of construction change management in Rwanda, to determine the sources of change in construction projects in Rwanda and to establish the effect of change management on the performance construction Projects in Rwanda. The study employed a descriptive survey design based on a census design. The target population of 90 employees from Horizon Construction Company Limited was used. A sample size of 90 was drawn by census method. Data was collected using structured questionnaires and document reviews. The reliability and validity of the data collection instruments was tested by Cronbach's Alpha coefficient at an index of 0.70 and based on a 5-point Likert Scale for multiple items obtained from a pilot survey. The content validity of the questionnaires was done by supervisors from the University. Multiple regression analysis, correlation and content analysis were used to establish the effect of Change Management Practices on the Performance of Construction Projects in Rwanda. The findings indicate that there was a significant effect of change management practices on the performance construction projects in Rwanda.
The values of mechanical, potential, and kinetic energy were found for each planet. The orbit of ... more The values of mechanical, potential, and kinetic energy were found for each planet. The orbit of the planet was treated as an ellipse, producing two values-an aphelion and perihelion value. The data from " Equations for Planetary Orbits " was used as the " measured " values and the data from NASA was used as the accepted values. The percent error between the two values was between 0.1% and 0.9%. An adjustment to the equations in " Equations for Planetary Orbits " showed a decrease in this error.
The study aimed at establishing the factors that affect sustainability of fish farming projects i... more The study aimed at establishing the factors that affect sustainability of fish farming projects in public secondary schools in Kiambu County. The study was guided by the following specific objectives: to establish costs of inputs effect on sustainability of fish farming in public secondary schools in Kiambu County; technology effect on sustainability of fish farming projects in public secondary schools in Kiambu County; skills and training effect on sustainability fish farming projects in public secondary schools in Kiambu County and social-cultural factors effect on sustainability of fish farming projects in secondary schools in Kiambu County. The research used the descriptive survey approach. The target population of the study was 65fish farming secondary schools project managers in Kiambu County and 10 fisheries officers in each of the constituency. This corresponded to a target population of 75.By the time of data collection some projects had closed down and therefore data was collected from 44 secondary schools. The study adopted the census sampling technique which involved sampling all project managers in the fish farming projects and a fishery officer in each of the constituencies. The sample size of the study was therefore 54 respondents. The study used questionnaires to gather data from project managers and informant interviews from fisheries officers. Descriptive (mean, standard deviations, frequencies and percentages) were adopted together with inferential statistics (correlation and regression) so as to come to a measure of relationship and meanings. The study established that fish farming sustainability in public secondary schools is greatly affected by social-cultural effects where attitudes play a key role. Cost of inputs was another factor where high costs would mean less production. Technology proved to have an effect on sustainability since adoption of technology would result to higher production and thus more sustainability. Skills and training did also have an effect as better skills and training would result to better management. The study recommended more involvement by the government to lower costs of inputs, avail technology together with extension services and enhance the campaign of " eat more fish " together with involving more women in the projects.
The study was conceptualized with a view to addressing the following objectives: to assess the ex... more The study was conceptualized with a view to addressing the following objectives: to assess the extent to which civic education influence public participation in County
A field experiment was conducted at the Research farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dha... more A field experiment was conducted at the Research farm, Sher-e-Bangla Agricultural University, Dhaka-1207, Bangladesh, during the period from November 2011 to April 2012 to study the effect of spent mushroom substrate (SMS) and cowdung on growth, yield and proximate composition of brinjal (BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8). Experiment was comprised of 5 treatments with three replications. The highest plant height (80.11cm, 75.56 cm), branch per plant (16.47, 18.80), the lowest days to first flowering (70.47 days, 70.20 days), the highest number of fruit per plant (7.4, 20.47), weight of individual fruit (262.3 g, 70.99 g), yield per plant (1.938 kg, 1.452 kg) and yield per ha (41.03 tons, 30.73 tons) were recorded in T 3 treatment for BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8 respectively. In BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8, the highest dry matter (7.59 %, 8.60 %), carbohydrate (3.46%, 4.07 %) and lipid (0.367 %, 0.425 %) were recorded in T 1 whereas the highest crude fiber (2.15%, 2.34 %) and protein (1.323 %, 1.42 %) were obtained in T 3 treatment and the highest ash content (0.337 %, 0.41 %) were found in T 2 treatment. On dry weight basis, in BARI Begun-6 and BARI Begun-8, the highest amount of Zn (1.879 mg %, 1.903 mg %) and Na (36.50 mg 536.69 mg %) was recorded in T 1 treatment whereas the highest P (272.6 mg %, 277.3 mg %), Ca (239.7 mg %, 235.4 mg %) and Fe (3.21 mg % 3.021 mg %) were found in T 2 and the highest K (282.4 mg) and Mg (186.4 mg %, 186.9 mg %) were obtained in T 3 treatment. The highest K (282.4 mg) in BARI Begun-6 was obtained in T 3 treatment and in BARI Begun-8, the highest amount K (288.3 mg %) was obtained in T 2 .
The train play a vital role in world i.e. mainly in transporting. The fuel used by train is getti... more The train play a vital role in world i.e. mainly in transporting. The fuel used by train is getting increase in past few year in India and other country's because of population reaching to its height rapidly, so how to utilize the natural energy for our needs is the main question bounce in every human mind .We see many vehicles use a alternator process for generation of electricity for their use, we can use this process of generation of electricity in train but in different manner so that every train single-single bogie can utilized this natural energy and also save the cost of fuel. This energy is utilized further for the safety of passengers in train and for many suitable Automation features which can be helpful for the railway workers in train to manage the safety of train as well as passengers and also backup data for further control.
Background: Transvaginal color Doppler has opened up exciting new possibilities for the better un... more Background: Transvaginal color Doppler has opened up exciting new possibilities for the better understanding of the physiology and pathophysiology of ovarian blood flow, resulting in a number of completely new diagnostic parameters in polycystic ovary syndrome. Objective: To determine whether obese patients with polycystic ovary syndrome show different ovarian blood flow pattern in comparison with lean patients. Study design: Cross sectional study. Setting: Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology Al-Elwiya Maternity Teaching Hospital, Baghdad-Iraq. Patients Methods: Eighty patients who are already diagnosed as having polycystic ovary syndrome were arranged in two groups according to their BMI; obese with BMI>30 Kg/m 2 and lean with BMI<25 Kg/m 2. Ovarian blood flow study by Doppler ultrasound including PI, RI and S/D ratio were measured and compared in both groups. Same, serum levels of LH, FSH and total testosterone were measured and compared. Result: The PI index in obese and lean patients was (1.19+/-0.13, 1.02+/-0.21 respectively, p value=0.028), RI in obese and lean patients was (0.53 +/-0.07, 0.61 +/-0.06 respectively, p value=0.000) with statistically significant difference in these values between these two groups. While S/D ratio show no statistically significant difference. LH levels in obese and non obese patients were (10.78-\+1.31, 8.18-\+1.16 respectively, P value=0.000). FSH levels in obese and non obese patients were (3.80-\+1.04, 3.06-/+0.67 respectively, P value 0.000). Testosterone levels in obese and non obese were (1.59-/+0.65, 1.02-/+0.37 respectively, P value 0.ooo). Conclusion: Ovarian Doppler analysis showed an increase in blood flow in obese women with PCOS when compared to non obese PCOS women with significantly increased PI value and decreased RI value.
In this paper a design method for performance enhancement of Hydraulic Turbine Regulating Systemi... more In this paper a design method for performance enhancement of Hydraulic Turbine Regulating Systemis proposed.A multi-objective Ant Colony Optimization algorithm is implemented to the PID controller ofHydraulic Turbine Regulatory System(HTRS).Multi-objectivecontroller design method is differ from single-objectiveoptimization and it has more than one objective functions.In this paper ISE and ITSE are chosen as twoobjective functions.Objective is to achieve shortest risetime and minimum overshoot simultaneously.
As per standardized references definition of PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) is " An integrate... more As per standardized references definition of PLM (Product Lifecycle Management) is " An integrated information driven approach comprised of people, processes/practices & technology to all aspects of products life, from its design to manufacture, deployment & maintenance-culminating in the products removal from service & final disposal. " Due to the issues related to the inefficient production management in any enterprises it makes it essential to engineer & incorporate the knowledge of PLM in the production sites. Out of a wide knowledged body (PLM) some concepts are taken into consideration in our paper, like its importance, phases, product cannibalization & so on. The purpose of this paper is to provide a clear knowledge of what stages a product goes through starting from its appearance in the market, how companies are influenced in introducing updated version of their products, six-sigma & lean manufacturing methods, etc.
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