Page 1. I. Körner/R. Stegmann/MN Hassan AM Abdullah/J. Huijsmans/N. Ogink CHIMATRA – Chicken Manu... more Page 1. I. Körner/R. Stegmann/MN Hassan AM Abdullah/J. Huijsmans/N. Ogink CHIMATRA – Chicken Manure Treatment and ... Similar influence was also noticed in the humid tropics cropped to cassava or maize-groundnut rotation (Kogram et al., 2002; Mubarak et al., 2003a). ...
Objectives/Methods/Techniques: Civilisation biorefineries contain several parts – inventory, coll... more Objectives/Methods/Techniques: Civilisation biorefineries contain several parts – inventory, collection, transport of the local bioresources, their conversion via utilization cascades in a network of centralized and decentralized units into various products and the product utilization. These parts are introduced in a general way. Ways to reach a civilization biorefinery were studied more detailed on examples for the part of the inventory. Scientific basics to available regional waste and waste water based bioresources were investigated on the example of the District Hamburg-Bergedorf located in the North of Germany (120,000 inhabitants, area of 155 km²). In the BERBION-project 14 partners develop an integrated approach for the complete utilization of all municipal biogenic resources for the selected district HamburgBergedorf. One major part focuses on basic scientific questions regarding inventory studies; therefore studies were carried out by a multitude of methods. A practice rele...
Nitrogen plays an important role during composting since it may have valuable but also harmful ef... more Nitrogen plays an important role during composting since it may have valuable but also harmful effects when the compost is applied. An overview of the processes of N-dynamics is given. First, the theoretical courses of the processes most important for N-dynamics during composting are described, focusing on ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, immobilization and N released via leachate and exhaust gases. Experiments were carried out in a laboratory composting unit with 100-1 bioreactors to evaluate their importance in composting. The composting parameters, such as water content, aeration, pH and temperature were evaluated with respect on their effect to the processes of N-dynamics.
SUMMARY: The situation regarding biological treatment is significantly different between Europe a... more SUMMARY: The situation regarding biological treatment is significantly different between Europe and Asia regarding goals, substrates and technologies. Factors which have an impact on the establishment of a biological treatment technology were compiled and compared for European and Asian situations. Beside driving forces and the availability of suitable substrates, further impacts on the selection of a treatment system become discussed. They include treatment capacity, location and climate. Furthermore following case studies become presented: Decentralized composting in boxes in Cloppenburg-Stapelfeld, Germany; Decentralized composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh; Commercial large scale composting in India; Case study of
The behaviour of N during composting was studied in 31 composting experiments. N-balances consi-d... more The behaviour of N during composting was studied in 31 composting experiments. N-balances consi-dering N-compounds in the substrate and the emissions were generated. N2-formation could be detected in most experiments. Two different types of processes may be responsible. One probably occurred only at mesophilic temperatures and was only detectable under non-aerated conditions, the other took place at all relevant temperature zones and was measured also under aertion. N2 can be generated by denitrification under anoxic conditions. NO3- is a needed substrate, which may be formed via nitrification. Autotrophic nitrification occurs commonly under oxic and mesophilic conditions. Heterotrophic nitrification may occur under a wide range of conditions and is more important. Oxic-anoxic interfaces may be very important in any case.
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and trace elements (TEs) interactions (VFAs*TEs) during biomethanizat... more Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and trace elements (TEs) interactions (VFAs*TEs) during biomethanization have effects that could be exploited to enhance anaerobic digestion (AD) of biomass. The goal of this study was to validate biocatalytic effects of specialized VFAs*TEs identified from a batch-derived Optimum TEs Configuration (or simply ‘Optimum’) on high organic loading rate (OLR) involving mixed fruit residue (MFR) fed in semi-continuous AD operation. The specialized VFAs*TEs were formulated as Variants of the Optimum and included Optimum –Cobalt (Co) for specialized VFAs*Co effects, and Optimum +Selenium (Se) for specialized VFAs*Se effects. Four duplicate AD reactors were treated with formulations reflecting the Optimum and the Variants. Each duplicate reactor was semi-continuously fed with MFR at varying OLR until instability occurred. Methane production, total volatile organic acidity (FOS) / total alkalinity (TAC) and VFAs fingerprints were measured as main responses. The res...
To determine the optimal course of composting it is useful to carry out experiments. The selectio... more To determine the optimal course of composting it is useful to carry out experiments. The selection of the right experimental set-up depends on the question of concern. Each set-up is useful for a particular application and has its limits. Two test systems of different scales (up to 1500 ml; up to 100 l) are introduced. The purpose and importance of each system design shall be highlighted by application examples: (1). Suitability of a liquid industrial residue as composting accelerator; (2). Determination of the compost maturity; (3). Behaviour of odor-reducing additives during waste collection and composting; (4). Production of tailor-made compost with respect to Nitrogen (5). Suitability of O(2)-enriched air for acceleration of composting. Small-scale respiration experiments are useful to optimize parameters which have to be adjusted during substrate pre-treatment and composting, with the exception of particle size and temperature, and to reduce the number of variants which have to...
Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and management in Cuba was studied with a view to integrat... more Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and management in Cuba was studied with a view to integrating composting of the organic fractions of MSW into the system. Composting is already included as part of the environmental strategy of the country as an appropriate waste management solution. However, no programme for area-wide implementation yet exists. The evaluation of studies carried out by some Cuban and international organisations showed that organic matter comprises approximately 60-70% of the MSW, with households being the main source. If all organic waste fractions were considered, the theoretical amount of organic waste produced would be approximately 1 Mio. Mg/a, leading to the production of approximately 0.5 Mio. Mg/a of compost. Composting could, therefore, be a suitable solution for treating the organic waste fractions of the MSW. Composting would best be carried out in decentralised systems, since transportation is a problem in Cuba. Furthermore, low technology and low budget composting options should be considered due to the problematic local economic situation. The location for such decentralised composting units would optimally be located at urban agricultural farms, which can be found all over Cuba. These farms are a unique model for sustainable farming in the world, and have a high demand for organic fertiliser. In this paper, options for the collection and impurity-separation in urban areas are discussed, and a stepwise introduction of source-separation, starting with hotel and restaurant waste, is suggested. For rural areas, the implementation of home composting is recommended.
To determine the optimal course of composting it is useful to carry out experiments. The selectio... more To determine the optimal course of composting it is useful to carry out experiments. The selection of the right experimental set-up depends on the question of concern. Each set-up is useful for a particular application and has its limits. Two test systems of different scales (up to 1500 ml; up to 100 l) are introduced. The purpose and importance of each system design shall be highlighted by application examples: (1) Suitability of a liquid industrial residue as composting accelerator; (2) Determination of the compost maturity; (3) Behaviour of odor-reducing additives during waste collection and composting; (4) Production of tailor-made compost with respect to Nitrogen (5) Suitability of O2-enriched air for acceleration of composting. Small-scale respiration experiments are useful to optimize parameters which have to be adjusted during substrate pre-treatment and composting, with the exception of particle size and temperature, and to reduce the number of variants which have to be inv...
The behaviour of N during composting was studied in 31 composting experiments. N-balances consi- ... more The behaviour of N during composting was studied in 31 composting experiments. N-balances consi- dering N-compounds in the substrate and the emissions were generated. N2-formation could be detected in most experiments. Two different types of processes may be responsible. One probably occurred only at mesophilic temperatures and was only detectable under non-aerated conditions, the other took place at all relevant temperature zones and was measured also under aertion. N2 can be generated by denitrification under anoxic conditions. NO3- is a needed substrate, which may be formed via nitrification. Autotrophic nitrification occurs commonly under oxic and mesophilic conditions. Heterotrophic nitrification may occur under a wide range of conditions and is more important. Oxic-anoxic interfaces may be very important in any case.
ABSTRACT Die Anwendung der FTIR-Spektroskopie ermöglicht es, Veränderungen am Nadelholz infolge d... more ABSTRACT Die Anwendung der FTIR-Spektroskopie ermöglicht es, Veränderungen am Nadelholz infolge des Wachstums von Braunfäulepilzen anzuzeigen. Bei den meisten Banden des Spektrums konnten im Masserverlustbereich bis 11% Abnahmen der Bandenhöhenquotienten mit linearer Tendenz in der Größenordnung von etwa 7% bis 15% festgestellt werden. Stärkere Veränderungen lieferten Holzproben, die zusätzlich einer Alkaliextraktion unterzogen wurden. Für die energie- und bindemittelsparende Herstellung von Faserplatten durch eine mykologische Hackschnitzelvorbehandlung ist besonders der Bereich bis zu einem Masseverlust an Holzsubstanz von 4% interessant. In diesem Bereich eignen sich besonders die Banden bei den Wellenzahlen 897, 1375 und 1420 cm−1 zur Quantifizierung des Abbaugrades. Die Abnahme der Bandenhöhenquotienten um etwa 20% bis 35% bei einem Masseverlust von 4% gegenüber dem Holz im Ausgangszustand ist für die hier verfolgte Zielstellung ausreichend. Weiterhin zeigen die Höhenquotienten der Banden bei 1066, 2928 und 3410 cm−1 stark fallende Tendenzen mit einer durchschnittlichen Abnahme von 15 bis 25% bei 4% Masseverlust, allerdings ist hier die Streuung der Meßwerte vergleichsweise hoch. Veränderungen, die über diesen Masseverlustbereich hinausgehen, können allerdings mit keiner dieser Banden quantifiziert werden, da die dort stattfindenden Veränderungen der Bandenhöhenquotienten nur noch gering sind. Changes in coniferous wood due to the growth of brown rot fungi may be indicated as a result of applying FTIR spectroscopy. Regarding most of the spectrum’s bands in the weight loss range up to 11% reductions of the band height quotients with linear tendency could be ascertained in the orders of magnitude between 7% and 15%. More pronounced changes were observed in wood samples that had additionally been subjected to an alkali extraction. Particularly the range up to 4% wood substance weight loss is of interest for manufacturing fibreboards under energy- and binding-agent economical aspects based upon mycological pretreatment of chips. In this range, above all, the bands at the wave numbers 897, 1375, and 1420 cm−1 are suitable for quantifying the degree of degradation. The reduction in band height quotinets by about 20% to 35% relating to a weight loss by 4% compared with the wood of the initial state is sufficient for the purpose pursued here. Furthermore, the height quotients of the bands at 1066, 2928, and 3410 cm−1 show strongly declining tendencies with an average decrease of 15 to 25% relating to a weight loss of 4%, the dispersion of the measured values, however, was comparatively large in this case. Changes lying beyond this range of weight loss can, however, not be quantified with any of these bands, since the changes of band height quotients occurring there show only slight variations yet.
Page 1. I. Körner/R. Stegmann/MN Hassan AM Abdullah/J. Huijsmans/N. Ogink CHIMATRA – Chicken Manu... more Page 1. I. Körner/R. Stegmann/MN Hassan AM Abdullah/J. Huijsmans/N. Ogink CHIMATRA – Chicken Manure Treatment and ... Similar influence was also noticed in the humid tropics cropped to cassava or maize-groundnut rotation (Kogram et al., 2002; Mubarak et al., 2003a). ...
Objectives/Methods/Techniques: Civilisation biorefineries contain several parts – inventory, coll... more Objectives/Methods/Techniques: Civilisation biorefineries contain several parts – inventory, collection, transport of the local bioresources, their conversion via utilization cascades in a network of centralized and decentralized units into various products and the product utilization. These parts are introduced in a general way. Ways to reach a civilization biorefinery were studied more detailed on examples for the part of the inventory. Scientific basics to available regional waste and waste water based bioresources were investigated on the example of the District Hamburg-Bergedorf located in the North of Germany (120,000 inhabitants, area of 155 km²). In the BERBION-project 14 partners develop an integrated approach for the complete utilization of all municipal biogenic resources for the selected district HamburgBergedorf. One major part focuses on basic scientific questions regarding inventory studies; therefore studies were carried out by a multitude of methods. A practice rele...
Nitrogen plays an important role during composting since it may have valuable but also harmful ef... more Nitrogen plays an important role during composting since it may have valuable but also harmful effects when the compost is applied. An overview of the processes of N-dynamics is given. First, the theoretical courses of the processes most important for N-dynamics during composting are described, focusing on ammonification, nitrification, denitrification, immobilization and N released via leachate and exhaust gases. Experiments were carried out in a laboratory composting unit with 100-1 bioreactors to evaluate their importance in composting. The composting parameters, such as water content, aeration, pH and temperature were evaluated with respect on their effect to the processes of N-dynamics.
SUMMARY: The situation regarding biological treatment is significantly different between Europe a... more SUMMARY: The situation regarding biological treatment is significantly different between Europe and Asia regarding goals, substrates and technologies. Factors which have an impact on the establishment of a biological treatment technology were compiled and compared for European and Asian situations. Beside driving forces and the availability of suitable substrates, further impacts on the selection of a treatment system become discussed. They include treatment capacity, location and climate. Furthermore following case studies become presented: Decentralized composting in boxes in Cloppenburg-Stapelfeld, Germany; Decentralized composting in Dhaka, Bangladesh; Commercial large scale composting in India; Case study of
The behaviour of N during composting was studied in 31 composting experiments. N-balances consi-d... more The behaviour of N during composting was studied in 31 composting experiments. N-balances consi-dering N-compounds in the substrate and the emissions were generated. N2-formation could be detected in most experiments. Two different types of processes may be responsible. One probably occurred only at mesophilic temperatures and was only detectable under non-aerated conditions, the other took place at all relevant temperature zones and was measured also under aertion. N2 can be generated by denitrification under anoxic conditions. NO3- is a needed substrate, which may be formed via nitrification. Autotrophic nitrification occurs commonly under oxic and mesophilic conditions. Heterotrophic nitrification may occur under a wide range of conditions and is more important. Oxic-anoxic interfaces may be very important in any case.
Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and trace elements (TEs) interactions (VFAs*TEs) during biomethanizat... more Volatile fatty acids (VFAs) and trace elements (TEs) interactions (VFAs*TEs) during biomethanization have effects that could be exploited to enhance anaerobic digestion (AD) of biomass. The goal of this study was to validate biocatalytic effects of specialized VFAs*TEs identified from a batch-derived Optimum TEs Configuration (or simply ‘Optimum’) on high organic loading rate (OLR) involving mixed fruit residue (MFR) fed in semi-continuous AD operation. The specialized VFAs*TEs were formulated as Variants of the Optimum and included Optimum –Cobalt (Co) for specialized VFAs*Co effects, and Optimum +Selenium (Se) for specialized VFAs*Se effects. Four duplicate AD reactors were treated with formulations reflecting the Optimum and the Variants. Each duplicate reactor was semi-continuously fed with MFR at varying OLR until instability occurred. Methane production, total volatile organic acidity (FOS) / total alkalinity (TAC) and VFAs fingerprints were measured as main responses. The res...
To determine the optimal course of composting it is useful to carry out experiments. The selectio... more To determine the optimal course of composting it is useful to carry out experiments. The selection of the right experimental set-up depends on the question of concern. Each set-up is useful for a particular application and has its limits. Two test systems of different scales (up to 1500 ml; up to 100 l) are introduced. The purpose and importance of each system design shall be highlighted by application examples: (1). Suitability of a liquid industrial residue as composting accelerator; (2). Determination of the compost maturity; (3). Behaviour of odor-reducing additives during waste collection and composting; (4). Production of tailor-made compost with respect to Nitrogen (5). Suitability of O(2)-enriched air for acceleration of composting. Small-scale respiration experiments are useful to optimize parameters which have to be adjusted during substrate pre-treatment and composting, with the exception of particle size and temperature, and to reduce the number of variants which have to...
Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and management in Cuba was studied with a view to integrat... more Municipal solid waste (MSW) generation and management in Cuba was studied with a view to integrating composting of the organic fractions of MSW into the system. Composting is already included as part of the environmental strategy of the country as an appropriate waste management solution. However, no programme for area-wide implementation yet exists. The evaluation of studies carried out by some Cuban and international organisations showed that organic matter comprises approximately 60-70% of the MSW, with households being the main source. If all organic waste fractions were considered, the theoretical amount of organic waste produced would be approximately 1 Mio. Mg/a, leading to the production of approximately 0.5 Mio. Mg/a of compost. Composting could, therefore, be a suitable solution for treating the organic waste fractions of the MSW. Composting would best be carried out in decentralised systems, since transportation is a problem in Cuba. Furthermore, low technology and low budget composting options should be considered due to the problematic local economic situation. The location for such decentralised composting units would optimally be located at urban agricultural farms, which can be found all over Cuba. These farms are a unique model for sustainable farming in the world, and have a high demand for organic fertiliser. In this paper, options for the collection and impurity-separation in urban areas are discussed, and a stepwise introduction of source-separation, starting with hotel and restaurant waste, is suggested. For rural areas, the implementation of home composting is recommended.
To determine the optimal course of composting it is useful to carry out experiments. The selectio... more To determine the optimal course of composting it is useful to carry out experiments. The selection of the right experimental set-up depends on the question of concern. Each set-up is useful for a particular application and has its limits. Two test systems of different scales (up to 1500 ml; up to 100 l) are introduced. The purpose and importance of each system design shall be highlighted by application examples: (1) Suitability of a liquid industrial residue as composting accelerator; (2) Determination of the compost maturity; (3) Behaviour of odor-reducing additives during waste collection and composting; (4) Production of tailor-made compost with respect to Nitrogen (5) Suitability of O2-enriched air for acceleration of composting. Small-scale respiration experiments are useful to optimize parameters which have to be adjusted during substrate pre-treatment and composting, with the exception of particle size and temperature, and to reduce the number of variants which have to be inv...
The behaviour of N during composting was studied in 31 composting experiments. N-balances consi- ... more The behaviour of N during composting was studied in 31 composting experiments. N-balances consi- dering N-compounds in the substrate and the emissions were generated. N2-formation could be detected in most experiments. Two different types of processes may be responsible. One probably occurred only at mesophilic temperatures and was only detectable under non-aerated conditions, the other took place at all relevant temperature zones and was measured also under aertion. N2 can be generated by denitrification under anoxic conditions. NO3- is a needed substrate, which may be formed via nitrification. Autotrophic nitrification occurs commonly under oxic and mesophilic conditions. Heterotrophic nitrification may occur under a wide range of conditions and is more important. Oxic-anoxic interfaces may be very important in any case.
ABSTRACT Die Anwendung der FTIR-Spektroskopie ermöglicht es, Veränderungen am Nadelholz infolge d... more ABSTRACT Die Anwendung der FTIR-Spektroskopie ermöglicht es, Veränderungen am Nadelholz infolge des Wachstums von Braunfäulepilzen anzuzeigen. Bei den meisten Banden des Spektrums konnten im Masserverlustbereich bis 11% Abnahmen der Bandenhöhenquotienten mit linearer Tendenz in der Größenordnung von etwa 7% bis 15% festgestellt werden. Stärkere Veränderungen lieferten Holzproben, die zusätzlich einer Alkaliextraktion unterzogen wurden. Für die energie- und bindemittelsparende Herstellung von Faserplatten durch eine mykologische Hackschnitzelvorbehandlung ist besonders der Bereich bis zu einem Masseverlust an Holzsubstanz von 4% interessant. In diesem Bereich eignen sich besonders die Banden bei den Wellenzahlen 897, 1375 und 1420 cm−1 zur Quantifizierung des Abbaugrades. Die Abnahme der Bandenhöhenquotienten um etwa 20% bis 35% bei einem Masseverlust von 4% gegenüber dem Holz im Ausgangszustand ist für die hier verfolgte Zielstellung ausreichend. Weiterhin zeigen die Höhenquotienten der Banden bei 1066, 2928 und 3410 cm−1 stark fallende Tendenzen mit einer durchschnittlichen Abnahme von 15 bis 25% bei 4% Masseverlust, allerdings ist hier die Streuung der Meßwerte vergleichsweise hoch. Veränderungen, die über diesen Masseverlustbereich hinausgehen, können allerdings mit keiner dieser Banden quantifiziert werden, da die dort stattfindenden Veränderungen der Bandenhöhenquotienten nur noch gering sind. Changes in coniferous wood due to the growth of brown rot fungi may be indicated as a result of applying FTIR spectroscopy. Regarding most of the spectrum’s bands in the weight loss range up to 11% reductions of the band height quotients with linear tendency could be ascertained in the orders of magnitude between 7% and 15%. More pronounced changes were observed in wood samples that had additionally been subjected to an alkali extraction. Particularly the range up to 4% wood substance weight loss is of interest for manufacturing fibreboards under energy- and binding-agent economical aspects based upon mycological pretreatment of chips. In this range, above all, the bands at the wave numbers 897, 1375, and 1420 cm−1 are suitable for quantifying the degree of degradation. The reduction in band height quotinets by about 20% to 35% relating to a weight loss by 4% compared with the wood of the initial state is sufficient for the purpose pursued here. Furthermore, the height quotients of the bands at 1066, 2928, and 3410 cm−1 show strongly declining tendencies with an average decrease of 15 to 25% relating to a weight loss of 4%, the dispersion of the measured values, however, was comparatively large in this case. Changes lying beyond this range of weight loss can, however, not be quantified with any of these bands, since the changes of band height quotients occurring there show only slight variations yet.
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