Purpose.This paper aims to understand the genesis and nature of the manganese ore deposits associ... more Purpose.This paper aims to understand the genesis and nature of the manganese ore deposits associated with the Ras Samra Member of the Um Bogma Formation in the southwest of Sinai. Methods. Mineralogical and geochemical studies of 50 selected samples of manganese ores and host shale have been conducted. These samples have been taken from different sites representing the Ras Samra Member. Findings. The dominant manganese minerals are pyrolusite and hausmannite. In most samples, helvite and hematite are noted in association with pyrolusite. In the investigated manganese ores, wide ranges of MnO (17.70-81.90 wt. %) and Fe2O3 (1.16-65.49 wt. %) concentrations are observed. Based on their Mn/Fe ratio, they can be classified into high-Mn ore content (76.94-6.46%), medium-Mn ore content (4.87-2.58%), and low-Mn ore content (1.51-0.30%). Originality. The compositions of major and trace elements in Ras Samra manganese ores, together with their textures and mineralogical compositions, suggest...
To assess the heavy metals concentration in the coastal sediments of the southern Kuwait coast, F... more To assess the heavy metals concentration in the coastal sediments of the southern Kuwait coast, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, Cd and Cr were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Whereas, the south of Kuwait coast is characterized by the presence of tourist resorts, and commercial and oil exports harbors. Moreover, environmental indicators were used to help in evaluating the degree and the intensity of pollutants in these sediments. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) revealed that the sediments of hard all Hamara and Al-Khiran coasts are moderately polluted by Cu, while Ras Al-Zour and Ras Al-Jula'ia coasts are moderately polluted by Cd. Moreover, the enrichment factor (EF) indicated that the sediments of Hadd Al-Hamara coast are severely enriched with Ni, Cr and Pb, while the Al-Khiran coast is moderate severely enriched with the same metals. Ras Al-Zour and Ras Al-Jula'ia coasts are severely enriched with Ni and very severely enriched with Pb. Simultaneously, all s...
The heavy minerals are often useful guides to the source rock where the sediments came from. This... more The heavy minerals are often useful guides to the source rock where the sediments came from. This paper discusses the spatial and temporal heavy mineral distributions and their relation to sediment sources. The studied sediments are composing the coastal plain of the central part of the Nile Delta and central part of north Sinai Peninsula. The study of the two segments shows different distribution of the heavy minerals concentration. The distribution pattern exhibited by opaques, rutile, zircon, tourmaline, epidote and garnet suggest that difference in specific gravity, settling velocity and differential transportation have played a major role in their distribution at micro environments under the study. Polarizing microscope analyses were used to study heavy and light mineral fractions. The study of the heavy minerals content revealed the predominance of ultrastable minerals derived originally from igneous and metamorphic rocks then affected by reworking. Additions may be come from ...
The objectives of this study are the correlation between the oil samples recovered from the Lower... more The objectives of this study are the correlation between the oil samples recovered from the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs and Lower and Upper Cretaceous source rocks. The investigated biomarkers of five oils indicated the oils were derived from mixed marine and terrigenous (lacustrine) organic matter and deposited under suboxic to anoxic conditions. These oils were also generated from source rocks of high thermal maturity at the peak oil window. So, based on the molecular indicators of organic source input,depositional environment and maturity parameters of oils and extracts, we can conclude that the oil recovered from Al Baraka oil field were derived from Lower Cretaceous source rocks especially KomOmbo (B) source rocks where it reached the oil window. Furthermore, we can indicate that the other lower Cretaceous formations as Abu Ballas Formation will have the opportunity to generate and expel oil at the deeper part of the basin as shown in the eastern part of the basin.
Allover the world, the urban growth increases the demand of fresh water supply. In some regions t... more Allover the world, the urban growth increases the demand of fresh water supply. In some regions the groundwater (GW) is the main sources of fresh water especially when the surface water in not sufficiently available or scarce. Where it is the second source for freshwater used for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. The present study discusses the sedimentological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Quaternary groundwater aquifer in El Salhyia area. The study is based on the field and laboratory measurements. The Quaternary aquifer is mainly composed of sands intercalated with clays and shale lenses. The agricultural activities and irrigation system has great impact on groundwater levels and water quality of the Quaternary aquifer in the study area. Distribution patterns of grain size characteristics in the estuary sediments of El Salhyia area have been studied. The sediments are varying from medium to fine grained, moderately to poorly sorted, strongly fine skewe...
Qalubiya drain suffers from the presence of large quantities of pollutants as a result of receivi... more Qalubiya drain suffers from the presence of large quantities of pollutants as a result of receiving industrial and sewage water from several governorates through which it passes. Some of the agricultural fields surrounding the drain are irrigated with untreated water, and the sediments of its banks are also used for soil fertilization. To assess the accumulation risk of pollutants in the soil of these agricultural fields, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Forty-one surface sediment samples collected from the drain banks and the neighboring wastewater-irrigated soils. The potential ecological index results demonstrated that the sediments of the studied drain are at a very high risk of being contaminated with Hg (3695), Cd (3017), Pb (634), Co (572), Cu (343), and at high-risk contamination of Ni (316). Also, there is considered a risk of being contaminated with Cr (84) and Zn (79). However, wastewater-irrigated soils were higher contaminated with Co, Cr, and Hg. The results of contamination factor and enrichment factor indicated that the source of the heavy metals was referred to wastewater plants, illegal domestic sewage pipes, and garbage collection sites. Besides, the Qalubiya drain showed higher levels of Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, and Cr than some ecotoxicological values as their levels in shale background, their average concentrations in the earth’s crust, the lowest effective level of metals, the severe effect levels, and even the recommended maximum limit of heavy metals.
The present work deals with isopach, lithofacies changes, and source rock characteristics of Khat... more The present work deals with isopach, lithofacies changes, and source rock characteristics of Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations of some wells in North East Western Desert. Isopach and lithofacies changes showed that the thickness of Khatatba Formation increases toward the south western direction and decreases toward northern parts, and the sediments consisting of sandstone and shale facies indicate a shallow marine environment. Alam El-Bueib sediments increase toward the north direction, and argillaceous sandstone facies reflect terrestrial-to-shallow marine environment. The geochemical analysis showed that Khatatba Formation bears a mature source rock and has poor-to good generating capability for both oil and gas and lie within the early generation window and oil window. Alam El Buieb Formation constitutes a mature source rock and has poor-to-good generating capability for both oil and gas. It can be stated that Khatatba and Alam El Buieb are the main source rock for hydrocarbon accumulations rich with organic sediments and could be considered as effective source rocks for generating hydrocarbons in the the studied wells.
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects
Total organic carbon (TOC) and pyrolysis analysis of the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in t... more Total organic carbon (TOC) and pyrolysis analysis of the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in the central Gulf of Suez were evaluated throughout the 25 rock samples collected from 6 formations, namely Wata, Raha, Nubia " A " (Cretaceous source rocks); and Nukhul, Zeit, and Belayim (Miocene source rocks) from Gharib-252, Gharib-153, Gharib-163, Gharib-164, Gharib-167, and Gharib-165 wells. These data are used to study the probabilities of the source rock in the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in the central Gulf of Suez for the hydrocarbon generation through identifying the organic richness, type of organic matters, and thermal maturation of these organic materials. The results revealed that the Cretaceous formations are immature source rocks, ranging from fair to good source rocks and have kerogen of type III and type III/II. Meanwhile, Miocene source rocks, ranging from immature to marginally mature source rocks, are considered to range from good to very good source rocks for potential generation of both oil and gas and are characterized by kerogen of type III/II and type II.
The main objective of this work is to evaluate the petrophysical characteristics of Alam-El Bueib... more The main objective of this work is to evaluate the petrophysical characteristics of Alam-El Bueib reservoirs (AEB-3E, AEB-3D, and AEB-3A) in North Western Desert, Egypt, where they are important targets in this area. Core plugs laboratory measurements (porosity and permeability) of about 275 core samples of these reservoirs in TUT-1X well are used to achieve reservoir petrophysical evaluation. The core data analysis involves the construction of histograms, relations, and statistical analysis for porosity and permeability of these reservoirs. The statistical analysis and histograms of AEB-3E porosity indicate a good to very good homogenous reservoir with mean values 16 and 18 % for helium and fluid summation porosities, respectively. The horizontal and vertical permeability are very good with mean values 835.5 and 429.25 md, indicating high-quality reservoir. The study of AEB-3D indicates good and heterogeneous reservoir with mean values 10 %, 80.66 and 59.28 md for porosity, horizontal, and vertical permeability, respectively. AEB-3A reservoir reflects a good to very good homogeneous porosity and very good to excellent permeability with mean values 14 %, 299.75 and 184.32 md for porosity, horizontal, and vertical permeability. Concerning the three reservoirs, the helium-fluid porosity relations and the horizontal-vertical permeability relations give positive trends with strong correlation coefficients ranging from 0.51 to 0.93 which give the ability to calculate one parameter from the other.
The present work deals with the identification of the potential and generating capability of oil ... more The present work deals with the identification of the potential and generating capability of oil generation in the Jurassic source rocks in the Salam-3x well. This depending on the organo-geochemical analyses of cutting samples representative of Masajid, Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations, as well as, representative extract samples of the Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations. The geochemical analysis suggested the potential source intervals within the encountered rock units as follows: Masajid Formation bears mature source rocks and have poor to fair generating capability for generating gas (type III kerogen). Khatatba Formation bears mature source rock, and has poor to good generating capability for both oil and gas. Ras Qattara Formation constituting mature source rock has good to very good generating capability for both oil and gas. The burial history modeling shows that the Masajid Formation lies within oil and gas windows; Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations lie within the gas window. From the biomarker characteristics of source rocks it appears that the extract is genetically related as the majority of them were derived from marine organic matters sources (mainly algae) deposited under reducing environment and take the direction of increasing maturity and far away from the direction of biodegradation. Therefore, Masajid Formation is considered as effective source rocks for generating hydrocarbons, while Kha-tatba and Ras Qattara formations are the main source rocks for hydrocarbon accumulations in the Salam-3x well.
Purpose.This paper aims to understand the genesis and nature of the manganese ore deposits associ... more Purpose.This paper aims to understand the genesis and nature of the manganese ore deposits associated with the Ras Samra Member of the Um Bogma Formation in the southwest of Sinai. Methods. Mineralogical and geochemical studies of 50 selected samples of manganese ores and host shale have been conducted. These samples have been taken from different sites representing the Ras Samra Member. Findings. The dominant manganese minerals are pyrolusite and hausmannite. In most samples, helvite and hematite are noted in association with pyrolusite. In the investigated manganese ores, wide ranges of MnO (17.70-81.90 wt. %) and Fe2O3 (1.16-65.49 wt. %) concentrations are observed. Based on their Mn/Fe ratio, they can be classified into high-Mn ore content (76.94-6.46%), medium-Mn ore content (4.87-2.58%), and low-Mn ore content (1.51-0.30%). Originality. The compositions of major and trace elements in Ras Samra manganese ores, together with their textures and mineralogical compositions, suggest...
To assess the heavy metals concentration in the coastal sediments of the southern Kuwait coast, F... more To assess the heavy metals concentration in the coastal sediments of the southern Kuwait coast, Fe, Mn, Cu, Pb, Ni, Co, Cd and Cr were measured by inductively coupled plasma mass spectroscopy. Whereas, the south of Kuwait coast is characterized by the presence of tourist resorts, and commercial and oil exports harbors. Moreover, environmental indicators were used to help in evaluating the degree and the intensity of pollutants in these sediments. Geoaccumulation index (Igeo) revealed that the sediments of hard all Hamara and Al-Khiran coasts are moderately polluted by Cu, while Ras Al-Zour and Ras Al-Jula'ia coasts are moderately polluted by Cd. Moreover, the enrichment factor (EF) indicated that the sediments of Hadd Al-Hamara coast are severely enriched with Ni, Cr and Pb, while the Al-Khiran coast is moderate severely enriched with the same metals. Ras Al-Zour and Ras Al-Jula'ia coasts are severely enriched with Ni and very severely enriched with Pb. Simultaneously, all s...
The heavy minerals are often useful guides to the source rock where the sediments came from. This... more The heavy minerals are often useful guides to the source rock where the sediments came from. This paper discusses the spatial and temporal heavy mineral distributions and their relation to sediment sources. The studied sediments are composing the coastal plain of the central part of the Nile Delta and central part of north Sinai Peninsula. The study of the two segments shows different distribution of the heavy minerals concentration. The distribution pattern exhibited by opaques, rutile, zircon, tourmaline, epidote and garnet suggest that difference in specific gravity, settling velocity and differential transportation have played a major role in their distribution at micro environments under the study. Polarizing microscope analyses were used to study heavy and light mineral fractions. The study of the heavy minerals content revealed the predominance of ultrastable minerals derived originally from igneous and metamorphic rocks then affected by reworking. Additions may be come from ...
The objectives of this study are the correlation between the oil samples recovered from the Lower... more The objectives of this study are the correlation between the oil samples recovered from the Lower Cretaceous reservoirs and Lower and Upper Cretaceous source rocks. The investigated biomarkers of five oils indicated the oils were derived from mixed marine and terrigenous (lacustrine) organic matter and deposited under suboxic to anoxic conditions. These oils were also generated from source rocks of high thermal maturity at the peak oil window. So, based on the molecular indicators of organic source input,depositional environment and maturity parameters of oils and extracts, we can conclude that the oil recovered from Al Baraka oil field were derived from Lower Cretaceous source rocks especially KomOmbo (B) source rocks where it reached the oil window. Furthermore, we can indicate that the other lower Cretaceous formations as Abu Ballas Formation will have the opportunity to generate and expel oil at the deeper part of the basin as shown in the eastern part of the basin.
Allover the world, the urban growth increases the demand of fresh water supply. In some regions t... more Allover the world, the urban growth increases the demand of fresh water supply. In some regions the groundwater (GW) is the main sources of fresh water especially when the surface water in not sufficiently available or scarce. Where it is the second source for freshwater used for domestic, agricultural and industrial purposes. The present study discusses the sedimentological and hydrogeochemical characteristics of the Quaternary groundwater aquifer in El Salhyia area. The study is based on the field and laboratory measurements. The Quaternary aquifer is mainly composed of sands intercalated with clays and shale lenses. The agricultural activities and irrigation system has great impact on groundwater levels and water quality of the Quaternary aquifer in the study area. Distribution patterns of grain size characteristics in the estuary sediments of El Salhyia area have been studied. The sediments are varying from medium to fine grained, moderately to poorly sorted, strongly fine skewe...
Qalubiya drain suffers from the presence of large quantities of pollutants as a result of receivi... more Qalubiya drain suffers from the presence of large quantities of pollutants as a result of receiving industrial and sewage water from several governorates through which it passes. Some of the agricultural fields surrounding the drain are irrigated with untreated water, and the sediments of its banks are also used for soil fertilization. To assess the accumulation risk of pollutants in the soil of these agricultural fields, Fe, Mn, Cu, Zn, Pb, Ni, Cd, Co, Cr, Hg metals were measured by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Forty-one surface sediment samples collected from the drain banks and the neighboring wastewater-irrigated soils. The potential ecological index results demonstrated that the sediments of the studied drain are at a very high risk of being contaminated with Hg (3695), Cd (3017), Pb (634), Co (572), Cu (343), and at high-risk contamination of Ni (316). Also, there is considered a risk of being contaminated with Cr (84) and Zn (79). However, wastewater-irrigated soils were higher contaminated with Co, Cr, and Hg. The results of contamination factor and enrichment factor indicated that the source of the heavy metals was referred to wastewater plants, illegal domestic sewage pipes, and garbage collection sites. Besides, the Qalubiya drain showed higher levels of Ni, Cu, Zn, Pb, Cd, Co, and Cr than some ecotoxicological values as their levels in shale background, their average concentrations in the earth’s crust, the lowest effective level of metals, the severe effect levels, and even the recommended maximum limit of heavy metals.
The present work deals with isopach, lithofacies changes, and source rock characteristics of Khat... more The present work deals with isopach, lithofacies changes, and source rock characteristics of Khatatba and Alam El Bueib formations of some wells in North East Western Desert. Isopach and lithofacies changes showed that the thickness of Khatatba Formation increases toward the south western direction and decreases toward northern parts, and the sediments consisting of sandstone and shale facies indicate a shallow marine environment. Alam El-Bueib sediments increase toward the north direction, and argillaceous sandstone facies reflect terrestrial-to-shallow marine environment. The geochemical analysis showed that Khatatba Formation bears a mature source rock and has poor-to good generating capability for both oil and gas and lie within the early generation window and oil window. Alam El Buieb Formation constitutes a mature source rock and has poor-to-good generating capability for both oil and gas. It can be stated that Khatatba and Alam El Buieb are the main source rock for hydrocarbon accumulations rich with organic sediments and could be considered as effective source rocks for generating hydrocarbons in the the studied wells.
Energy Sources, Part A: Recovery, Utilization, and Environmental Effects
Total organic carbon (TOC) and pyrolysis analysis of the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in t... more Total organic carbon (TOC) and pyrolysis analysis of the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in the central Gulf of Suez were evaluated throughout the 25 rock samples collected from 6 formations, namely Wata, Raha, Nubia " A " (Cretaceous source rocks); and Nukhul, Zeit, and Belayim (Miocene source rocks) from Gharib-252, Gharib-153, Gharib-163, Gharib-164, Gharib-167, and Gharib-165 wells. These data are used to study the probabilities of the source rock in the Cretaceous and Miocene source rocks in the central Gulf of Suez for the hydrocarbon generation through identifying the organic richness, type of organic matters, and thermal maturation of these organic materials. The results revealed that the Cretaceous formations are immature source rocks, ranging from fair to good source rocks and have kerogen of type III and type III/II. Meanwhile, Miocene source rocks, ranging from immature to marginally mature source rocks, are considered to range from good to very good source rocks for potential generation of both oil and gas and are characterized by kerogen of type III/II and type II.
The main objective of this work is to evaluate the petrophysical characteristics of Alam-El Bueib... more The main objective of this work is to evaluate the petrophysical characteristics of Alam-El Bueib reservoirs (AEB-3E, AEB-3D, and AEB-3A) in North Western Desert, Egypt, where they are important targets in this area. Core plugs laboratory measurements (porosity and permeability) of about 275 core samples of these reservoirs in TUT-1X well are used to achieve reservoir petrophysical evaluation. The core data analysis involves the construction of histograms, relations, and statistical analysis for porosity and permeability of these reservoirs. The statistical analysis and histograms of AEB-3E porosity indicate a good to very good homogenous reservoir with mean values 16 and 18 % for helium and fluid summation porosities, respectively. The horizontal and vertical permeability are very good with mean values 835.5 and 429.25 md, indicating high-quality reservoir. The study of AEB-3D indicates good and heterogeneous reservoir with mean values 10 %, 80.66 and 59.28 md for porosity, horizontal, and vertical permeability, respectively. AEB-3A reservoir reflects a good to very good homogeneous porosity and very good to excellent permeability with mean values 14 %, 299.75 and 184.32 md for porosity, horizontal, and vertical permeability. Concerning the three reservoirs, the helium-fluid porosity relations and the horizontal-vertical permeability relations give positive trends with strong correlation coefficients ranging from 0.51 to 0.93 which give the ability to calculate one parameter from the other.
The present work deals with the identification of the potential and generating capability of oil ... more The present work deals with the identification of the potential and generating capability of oil generation in the Jurassic source rocks in the Salam-3x well. This depending on the organo-geochemical analyses of cutting samples representative of Masajid, Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations, as well as, representative extract samples of the Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations. The geochemical analysis suggested the potential source intervals within the encountered rock units as follows: Masajid Formation bears mature source rocks and have poor to fair generating capability for generating gas (type III kerogen). Khatatba Formation bears mature source rock, and has poor to good generating capability for both oil and gas. Ras Qattara Formation constituting mature source rock has good to very good generating capability for both oil and gas. The burial history modeling shows that the Masajid Formation lies within oil and gas windows; Khatatba and Ras Qattara formations lie within the gas window. From the biomarker characteristics of source rocks it appears that the extract is genetically related as the majority of them were derived from marine organic matters sources (mainly algae) deposited under reducing environment and take the direction of increasing maturity and far away from the direction of biodegradation. Therefore, Masajid Formation is considered as effective source rocks for generating hydrocarbons, while Kha-tatba and Ras Qattara formations are the main source rocks for hydrocarbon accumulations in the Salam-3x well.
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