The identification of particulate matter sources is an important step in the development of indoo... more The identification of particulate matter sources is an important step in the development of indoor air quality control strategies. Advanced modelling techniques, termed as receptor modelling, are used to identify the presence, determine the sources of aerosols and most importantly quantify the source contributions. This study presents a source apportionment analysis, supported by targeted experimental campaign, to identify the main pollution sources in an office indoor environment. For the purpose of the experimental campaign, continuous monitoring of particle (0.3 > 20.0 μm in aerodynamic diameter) number concentrations took place during the period between 16 th and 27 th July 2007 in two office environments, in Athens, Greece. A portable dust monitor (GRIMM model 1.108) was used to measure in real-time the particles size distribution in 16 different size channels. Two adjacent offices -with similar characteristics except for the presence of smokerswere used. Additionally, the c...
Abstract Two primary schools and one kindergarten were selected in the city of Kozani, Greece in ... more Abstract Two primary schools and one kindergarten were selected in the city of Kozani, Greece in order to investigate the school environment, the indoor air pollutants that children are exposed to and possible health risks at school. In each school three classrooms and one outdoor position were monitored from Monday to Friday, in both non-heating (26/09/2011–14/10/2011) and heating (23/01/2012–10/02/2012) period. Temperature, relative humidity and CO2, were continuously monitored. Formaldehyde, benzene, trichloroethylene, pinene, limonene, NO2 and O3 were measured with diffusive samplers. CO was monitored every day (30 min/day). Radon was measured for four weeks with short term radon detectors. PM2.5 was gravimetrically determined while PM2.5 and PM10 fractions were measured using the optical light scattering technique. Building material emission testing for VOCs was performed using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The ventilation rate for each classroom was calculated based on the CO2 measurements. Results indicated that indoor air concentrations of the measured pollutants were within accepted limits with indicative ranges 1.5–9.4 μg/m3 for benzene, 2.3–28.5 μg/m3 for formaldehyde, 4.6–43 μg/m3 for NO2 and 0.1–15.6 μg/m3 for O3. Emissions from building materials seem to have a significant contribution to the indoor air quality. Very low ventilation rates (0.1–3.7 L/s per person) were observed, indicating inadequate ventilation and possible indoor air quality problems requiring intervention measures. The estimated average lifetime cancer risks for benzene, formaldehyde and trichloroethylene were very low.
The EU-MED APICE project (Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitig... more The EU-MED APICE project (Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitigation of Port, Industries and Cities Emissions; www.apiceproject.eu) aims to quantify the impact of harbour and harbour related activities to PM concentration observed in 5 Mediterranean harbours: Barcelona (Spain), Marseille (France), Genoa (Italy), Venice (Italy) and Thessaloniki (Greece). For that purpose, long term monitoring campaigns are currently underway in these 5 harbours by each of the local scientific partner of the project. In order to intercompare source apportionment approaches used by each partner and to harmonize the methodologies between areas under study, a 6 weeks intercomparison campaign has been conducted in Marseille during winter 2011. Marseille is the most important harbour of the Mediterranean Sea. It handles twice the traffic compared to Genoa, and nearly three times the traffic of Barcelona or Valencia. A huge petrochemical area, among other industrial plants (steel mill, coke plant...), is also located close to Marseille, the second most populated city in France with more than 1 million inhabitants. Industrial and shipping emissions of PM are generally among the least well known sources in the field of atmospheric research and largely merit in depth studies in this context. Furthermore, this intercomparison campaign is also the ideal framework to test our ability to apportion such specific sources among many others in a densely populated area. Comprehensive chemical characterization of PM2.5 and PM10 have been performed by each partner on the same 24h basis during this 6 week-long campaign, including measurements of major ions, OC/EC, metals/elements and organic markers (hopanes, levoglucosan, PAHs, n-alkanes, fatty acids, resin acids, methoxy phenol,..). Independent results from each partner are now intercompared. High temporal resolution measurements were also achieved with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometers (HR-ToFAMS), aethalometer, multi-angle absorption photometer ( AAP), scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) for VOC measurements. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) were used to apportion sources. Preliminary example of source apportionment is presented with figure 1. In this presentation, we will compare several source apportionment approaches: - CMB with organics markers and elements/metals, - PMF with elements/metals and major aerosol fractions (OC/EC, major ons), - PMF with elements/metals, organic markers and major aerosol fractions (OC/EC, major ions) (figure 1), - AMS/PMF. Combination of CMB and PMF has also been performed (i.e. factors derived from PMF analysis have been injected as source profiles in CMB calculation). This combined approach is particularly interesting for sources such as mineral or road dust, for which no source profile exists or presents too much variability between environments to be considered as scientifically sounded)
Indoor air quality depends on the presence of both indoor and outdoor particle sources each of wh... more Indoor air quality depends on the presence of both indoor and outdoor particle sources each of which produces different particles’ size distribution that may have mortality and morbidity effects. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) is a mathematical (statistical) procedure for identifying and quantifying the sources of air pollutants at a receptor location. A critical step in PMF is the number of factors determination and the present study aims at discussing this critical issue, by applying PMF on particles size distribution measurements data in a residential environment, in Athens, Greece. A main focal point of the present research is the investigation of the temporal behaviour of the particles size, as recorded in the time series, closely relating the averaging period of the utilised data with the number and type of factors in the PMF. The analysis is based on the estimation of the spectral properties of data and estimation of the integral time scale using the autocorrelation properties of the series. Furthermore, different factor analysis techniques have been applied, namely the rotated Principle Component Analysis (rPCA) and
The identification of particulate matter sources is an important step in the development of indoo... more The identification of particulate matter sources is an important step in the development of indoor air quality control strategies. Advanced modelling techniques, termed as receptor modelling, are used to identify the presence, determine the sources of aerosols and most importantly quantify the source contributions. This study presents a source apportionment analysis, supported by targeted experimental campaign, to identify the main pollution sources in an office indoor environment. For the purpose of the experimental campaign, continuous monitoring of particle (0.3 > 20.0 μm in aerodynamic diameter) number concentrations took place during the period between 16 th and 27 th July 2007 in two office environments, in Athens, Greece. A portable dust monitor (GRIMM model 1.108) was used to measure in real-time the particles size distribution in 16 different size channels. Two adjacent offices -with similar characteristics except for the presence of smokerswere used. Additionally, the c...
Abstract Two primary schools and one kindergarten were selected in the city of Kozani, Greece in ... more Abstract Two primary schools and one kindergarten were selected in the city of Kozani, Greece in order to investigate the school environment, the indoor air pollutants that children are exposed to and possible health risks at school. In each school three classrooms and one outdoor position were monitored from Monday to Friday, in both non-heating (26/09/2011–14/10/2011) and heating (23/01/2012–10/02/2012) period. Temperature, relative humidity and CO2, were continuously monitored. Formaldehyde, benzene, trichloroethylene, pinene, limonene, NO2 and O3 were measured with diffusive samplers. CO was monitored every day (30 min/day). Radon was measured for four weeks with short term radon detectors. PM2.5 was gravimetrically determined while PM2.5 and PM10 fractions were measured using the optical light scattering technique. Building material emission testing for VOCs was performed using the Field and Laboratory Emission Cell (FLEC). The ventilation rate for each classroom was calculated based on the CO2 measurements. Results indicated that indoor air concentrations of the measured pollutants were within accepted limits with indicative ranges 1.5–9.4 μg/m3 for benzene, 2.3–28.5 μg/m3 for formaldehyde, 4.6–43 μg/m3 for NO2 and 0.1–15.6 μg/m3 for O3. Emissions from building materials seem to have a significant contribution to the indoor air quality. Very low ventilation rates (0.1–3.7 L/s per person) were observed, indicating inadequate ventilation and possible indoor air quality problems requiring intervention measures. The estimated average lifetime cancer risks for benzene, formaldehyde and trichloroethylene were very low.
The EU-MED APICE project (Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitig... more The EU-MED APICE project (Common Mediterranean strategy and local practical Actions for the mitigation of Port, Industries and Cities Emissions; www.apiceproject.eu) aims to quantify the impact of harbour and harbour related activities to PM concentration observed in 5 Mediterranean harbours: Barcelona (Spain), Marseille (France), Genoa (Italy), Venice (Italy) and Thessaloniki (Greece). For that purpose, long term monitoring campaigns are currently underway in these 5 harbours by each of the local scientific partner of the project. In order to intercompare source apportionment approaches used by each partner and to harmonize the methodologies between areas under study, a 6 weeks intercomparison campaign has been conducted in Marseille during winter 2011. Marseille is the most important harbour of the Mediterranean Sea. It handles twice the traffic compared to Genoa, and nearly three times the traffic of Barcelona or Valencia. A huge petrochemical area, among other industrial plants (steel mill, coke plant...), is also located close to Marseille, the second most populated city in France with more than 1 million inhabitants. Industrial and shipping emissions of PM are generally among the least well known sources in the field of atmospheric research and largely merit in depth studies in this context. Furthermore, this intercomparison campaign is also the ideal framework to test our ability to apportion such specific sources among many others in a densely populated area. Comprehensive chemical characterization of PM2.5 and PM10 have been performed by each partner on the same 24h basis during this 6 week-long campaign, including measurements of major ions, OC/EC, metals/elements and organic markers (hopanes, levoglucosan, PAHs, n-alkanes, fatty acids, resin acids, methoxy phenol,..). Independent results from each partner are now intercompared. High temporal resolution measurements were also achieved with high-resolution time-of-flight aerosol mass spectrometers (HR-ToFAMS), aethalometer, multi-angle absorption photometer ( AAP), scanning mobility particle sizer (SMPS) and proton transfer reaction mass spectrometer (PTR-MS) for VOC measurements. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) and Chemical Mass Balance (CMB) were used to apportion sources. Preliminary example of source apportionment is presented with figure 1. In this presentation, we will compare several source apportionment approaches: - CMB with organics markers and elements/metals, - PMF with elements/metals and major aerosol fractions (OC/EC, major ons), - PMF with elements/metals, organic markers and major aerosol fractions (OC/EC, major ions) (figure 1), - AMS/PMF. Combination of CMB and PMF has also been performed (i.e. factors derived from PMF analysis have been injected as source profiles in CMB calculation). This combined approach is particularly interesting for sources such as mineral or road dust, for which no source profile exists or presents too much variability between environments to be considered as scientifically sounded)
Indoor air quality depends on the presence of both indoor and outdoor particle sources each of wh... more Indoor air quality depends on the presence of both indoor and outdoor particle sources each of which produces different particles’ size distribution that may have mortality and morbidity effects. Positive Matrix Factorization (PMF) is a mathematical (statistical) procedure for identifying and quantifying the sources of air pollutants at a receptor location. A critical step in PMF is the number of factors determination and the present study aims at discussing this critical issue, by applying PMF on particles size distribution measurements data in a residential environment, in Athens, Greece. A main focal point of the present research is the investigation of the temporal behaviour of the particles size, as recorded in the time series, closely relating the averaging period of the utilised data with the number and type of factors in the PMF. The analysis is based on the estimation of the spectral properties of data and estimation of the integral time scale using the autocorrelation properties of the series. Furthermore, different factor analysis techniques have been applied, namely the rotated Principle Component Analysis (rPCA) and
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Papers by D. Saraga