<p>Permethrin resistance intensity in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>, <i>An<... more <p>Permethrin resistance intensity in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>coluzzii</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>arabiensis</i> from Lagos (LA), Ogun (OG), Edo (ED), Anambra (AN), Niger (NG) and Kwara (KW).</p
<p>Mortality of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. after 24-hr post exposure to 1x, ... more <p>Mortality of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. after 24-hr post exposure to 1x, 5x and 10x concentrations of deltamethrin in WHO bioassays and associated resistance intensity based on WHO classification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0205230#pone.0205230.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>].</p
Table S3. Insecticide susceptibility results. Number of dead/alive mosquitoes at the end of holdi... more Table S3. Insecticide susceptibility results. Number of dead/alive mosquitoes at the end of holding period (24 h). (DOCX 13 kb)
Table S2. Human blood indices of female Anopheles mosquitoes in the intervention and control comm... more Table S2. Human blood indices of female Anopheles mosquitoes in the intervention and control communities. (DOCX 17 kb)
Table S1. Actual female Anopheles man-biting rate calculations in the intervention and control co... more Table S1. Actual female Anopheles man-biting rate calculations in the intervention and control communities. (DOCX 18 kb)
Malaria is a leading public health challenge causing mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Afric... more Malaria is a leading public health challenge causing mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Prominent malaria vector control methods employed in sub-Saharan Africa include Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual spraying (IRS). This study investigated knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of malaria vector control methods in Lagos, South-West Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were employed for the cross-sectional survey which was carried out between May and August 2018. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select Lagos Mainland, Kosofe, and Ojo local government areas (LGAs). Five hundred and twenty questionnaires were used for the study. Data were analyzed for descriptive statistics, whereas χ 2 was used to determine influence of respondents’ LGA, level of education and type of dwelling on respondents’ attitude and practice. Respondents’ LGAs have no significant impact on attitude and practice to malaria vector control methods. However, ‘level of e...
Despite the availability of effective malaria vector control intervention tools, implementation o... more Despite the availability of effective malaria vector control intervention tools, implementation of control programmes in Nigeria is challenged by inadequate entomological surveillance data. This study was designed to assess and build the existing capacity for malaria vector surveillance, control and research (MVSC&R) in Nigerian institutions. Application call to select qualified candidates for the capacity building (CB) intervention training programme was advertised in a widely read newspaper and online platforms of national and international professional bodies. Two trainings were organized to train selected applicants on field activities, laboratory tools and techniques relevant to malaria vector surveillance and control research. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics of participants, knowledge and access of participants to field and laboratory techniques in MVSC&R. Similarly, pre and post-intervention tests were cond...
Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected between November 2013 and May 2014 using Pyrethrum spray... more Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected between November 2013 and May 2014 using Pyrethrum spray collection (PSC). The mosquitoes were identified using morphological keys and species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The species composition of members of the An. gambiae complex and reported malaria cases in the selected study communities were spatially mapped using Arc GIS software. A total of 645 mosquitoes were collected from the study sites and morphologically identified. This comprised of 598 (92%) Anopheles species, 42 (7%) Culex species and 5 (1%) Aedes species. One hundredand ninety-six An. gambiaes. l. samples were randomly selected and successfully identified by PCR. The composition of the mosquitoes species collected in Gaa Bolohunduro showed that a higher proportion 53 (64.6%) were An. arabiensis compared to lower proportions 5(6.1%) of An. coluzzii and 24 (29.3%) An. gambiae . In Osin, only 12 (10.5%) were An. arabiensis compared to 13 (11.4%) and 89 (78.1%) identified as An. coluzzii and An. gambiae respectively. The variation in the composition of members of the An. gambiaes. l. identified in Gaa Bolohunduro was not significant ( p =0.070) compared to Osin ( p =0.043). A weak correlation coefficient showed that the predominance of Anopheles in both communities was not dependent on rainfall, though variation in the members of the complex within the wet and dry season was significant ( p <0.01). The sympatric occurrence and availability of An. gambiaes. s. and An. arabiensis during the dry and wet seasons corroborated the high malaria prevalence identified in Ilorin South. This suggests that both vectors will sustain malaria transmission in the study sites. Hence, a vector control strategy in these localities should be informed by the individual behaviour of each vector species identified. Keywords: Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzi, Anopheles gambiae , distribution, composition, malaria case
Baseline survey is an integral component of a malaria vector control programme, providing valuabl... more Baseline survey is an integral component of a malaria vector control programme, providing valuable information on mosquito behaviour that guide the suitability of chosen interventions. A need assessment of baseline entomological indices towards the future implementation of indoor residual spray (IRS) was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria. Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected in human households from three Local Government Areas. These were morphologically identified, subjected to species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and analyzed for sporozoite infection and blood meal origin using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All female Anopheles identified fed on human blood but tested negative to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen. The PCR analysis showed a predominance of An. gambiae s.s. (95%) over An. arabiensis (5%). The preponderance of indoor resting An. gambiae s.s and the incidence of exophilic An. arabiensis suggest a combination of IRS and l...
Urban malaria is on the rise in Nigeria due to rapid industrialisation and developmental activiti... more Urban malaria is on the rise in Nigeria due to rapid industrialisation and developmental activities. A study was undertaken in Lagos, Nigeria to study the Anopheles breeding in polluted water bodies. Anopheles larval breeding habitats were surveyed and water samples from 24 larval breeding sites from four strategic areas in urban Lagos were analysed. The relationship between eight abiotic variables (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, hardness, nitrate, total dissolved solids, turbidity and oil) and density of Anopheles larvae were investigated. The levels of heavy metals (Zn, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe, Hg and Ni) pollution were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Morphological and PCR analysis of 2358 anopheline larvae revealed only the presence of two members of the Anopheles gambiae complex consisting of 93.1% Anopheles gambiae s.s. and 6.9% An. arabiensis. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between occurrence of An. arabiensis larvae and two in...
ABSTRACT An entomological study was conducted on vectors of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in... more ABSTRACT An entomological study was conducted on vectors of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in Kainji Lake Area of Niger State, Nigeria. A total of 1,545 mosquitoes were collected in this study, and of this, anopheline mosquito represented 72.6% of the total collected while culicine mosquito comprised only 27.4%. Anopheles gambiae complex constituted 60% of the mosquitoes collected. A further identification with PCR showed that An. arabiensis and An. gambiae s.s were 34.5% and 28.5 % (of the mosquitoes collected) respectively. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites rate of 6.7% for An. arabiensis and 4.6% for An. gambiae s.s were obtained by ELISA. None of the 1,122 anopheline tested was positive for Plasmodium malariae. Dissection of Anopheles, Culex and Aedes species revealed infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti only in Anopheles gambiae s.s. with an overall infection rate of 0.5%. These results indicate that the current malaria vector control using pyrethroid treated nets also stand a chance of controlling the vector of bancroftian filariasis in communities where both diseases co-exist.
Three communities along Badagry axis of the Lagos lagoon were sampled for indoor resting Anophele... more Three communities along Badagry axis of the Lagos lagoon were sampled for indoor resting Anopheles mosquitoes in order to determine their species composition, relative abundance, density and contribution to malaria transmission in the coastal ecosystem. A total of 1938 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes collected from 2005 to 2007 constituted three species viz Anopheles gambiae, An melas and An. nili. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)–-based tests indicated that more than three-fourth of the An. gambiae s.l (75.8%) population belongs to An. gambiae s.s the remaining were An. melas. Further analysis showed that all the An. gambiae s.s was the M form. ELISA-based analyses indicated that An. gambiae s.s and An. melas were the main vectors of malaria in this area with an overall P. falciparum sporozoite infection rate of 4.8% and 6.5% respectively. Both species also maintained relatively high EIR indicating their prominent roles in malaria transmission in the study area. All the An. ni...
<p>Permethrin resistance intensity in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>, <i>An<... more <p>Permethrin resistance intensity in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>coluzzii</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>arabiensis</i> from Lagos (LA), Ogun (OG), Edo (ED), Anambra (AN), Niger (NG) and Kwara (KW).</p
<p>Mortality of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. after 24-hr post exposure to 1x, ... more <p>Mortality of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. after 24-hr post exposure to 1x, 5x and 10x concentrations of deltamethrin in WHO bioassays and associated resistance intensity based on WHO classification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0205230#pone.0205230.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>].</p
<p>Permethrin resistance intensity in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>, <i>An<... more <p>Permethrin resistance intensity in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>coluzzii</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>arabiensis</i> from Lagos (LA), Ogun (OG), Edo (ED), Anambra (AN), Niger (NG) and Kwara (KW).</p
<p>Mortality of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. after 24-hr post exposure to 1x, ... more <p>Mortality of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. after 24-hr post exposure to 1x, 5x and 10x concentrations of deltamethrin in WHO bioassays and associated resistance intensity based on WHO classification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0205230#pone.0205230.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>].</p
Table S3. Insecticide susceptibility results. Number of dead/alive mosquitoes at the end of holdi... more Table S3. Insecticide susceptibility results. Number of dead/alive mosquitoes at the end of holding period (24 h). (DOCX 13 kb)
Table S2. Human blood indices of female Anopheles mosquitoes in the intervention and control comm... more Table S2. Human blood indices of female Anopheles mosquitoes in the intervention and control communities. (DOCX 17 kb)
Table S1. Actual female Anopheles man-biting rate calculations in the intervention and control co... more Table S1. Actual female Anopheles man-biting rate calculations in the intervention and control communities. (DOCX 18 kb)
Malaria is a leading public health challenge causing mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Afric... more Malaria is a leading public health challenge causing mortality and morbidity in sub-Saharan Africa. Prominent malaria vector control methods employed in sub-Saharan Africa include Long Lasting Insecticide Nets (LLINs) and Indoor Residual spraying (IRS). This study investigated knowledge, attitude and practices (KAP) of malaria vector control methods in Lagos, South-West Nigeria. Structured questionnaires were employed for the cross-sectional survey which was carried out between May and August 2018. Multi-stage sampling technique was used to select Lagos Mainland, Kosofe, and Ojo local government areas (LGAs). Five hundred and twenty questionnaires were used for the study. Data were analyzed for descriptive statistics, whereas χ 2 was used to determine influence of respondents’ LGA, level of education and type of dwelling on respondents’ attitude and practice. Respondents’ LGAs have no significant impact on attitude and practice to malaria vector control methods. However, ‘level of e...
Despite the availability of effective malaria vector control intervention tools, implementation o... more Despite the availability of effective malaria vector control intervention tools, implementation of control programmes in Nigeria is challenged by inadequate entomological surveillance data. This study was designed to assess and build the existing capacity for malaria vector surveillance, control and research (MVSC&R) in Nigerian institutions. Application call to select qualified candidates for the capacity building (CB) intervention training programme was advertised in a widely read newspaper and online platforms of national and international professional bodies. Two trainings were organized to train selected applicants on field activities, laboratory tools and techniques relevant to malaria vector surveillance and control research. A semi-structured questionnaire was administered to collect data on socio-demographic characteristics of participants, knowledge and access of participants to field and laboratory techniques in MVSC&R. Similarly, pre and post-intervention tests were cond...
Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected between November 2013 and May 2014 using Pyrethrum spray... more Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected between November 2013 and May 2014 using Pyrethrum spray collection (PSC). The mosquitoes were identified using morphological keys and species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assays. The species composition of members of the An. gambiae complex and reported malaria cases in the selected study communities were spatially mapped using Arc GIS software. A total of 645 mosquitoes were collected from the study sites and morphologically identified. This comprised of 598 (92%) Anopheles species, 42 (7%) Culex species and 5 (1%) Aedes species. One hundredand ninety-six An. gambiaes. l. samples were randomly selected and successfully identified by PCR. The composition of the mosquitoes species collected in Gaa Bolohunduro showed that a higher proportion 53 (64.6%) were An. arabiensis compared to lower proportions 5(6.1%) of An. coluzzii and 24 (29.3%) An. gambiae . In Osin, only 12 (10.5%) were An. arabiensis compared to 13 (11.4%) and 89 (78.1%) identified as An. coluzzii and An. gambiae respectively. The variation in the composition of members of the An. gambiaes. l. identified in Gaa Bolohunduro was not significant ( p =0.070) compared to Osin ( p =0.043). A weak correlation coefficient showed that the predominance of Anopheles in both communities was not dependent on rainfall, though variation in the members of the complex within the wet and dry season was significant ( p <0.01). The sympatric occurrence and availability of An. gambiaes. s. and An. arabiensis during the dry and wet seasons corroborated the high malaria prevalence identified in Ilorin South. This suggests that both vectors will sustain malaria transmission in the study sites. Hence, a vector control strategy in these localities should be informed by the individual behaviour of each vector species identified. Keywords: Anopheles arabiensis, Anopheles coluzzi, Anopheles gambiae , distribution, composition, malaria case
Baseline survey is an integral component of a malaria vector control programme, providing valuabl... more Baseline survey is an integral component of a malaria vector control programme, providing valuable information on mosquito behaviour that guide the suitability of chosen interventions. A need assessment of baseline entomological indices towards the future implementation of indoor residual spray (IRS) was conducted in Osun State, Nigeria. Indoor resting mosquitoes were collected in human households from three Local Government Areas. These were morphologically identified, subjected to species specific polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay and analyzed for sporozoite infection and blood meal origin using enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). All female Anopheles identified fed on human blood but tested negative to Plasmodium falciparum circumsporozoite antigen. The PCR analysis showed a predominance of An. gambiae s.s. (95%) over An. arabiensis (5%). The preponderance of indoor resting An. gambiae s.s and the incidence of exophilic An. arabiensis suggest a combination of IRS and l...
Urban malaria is on the rise in Nigeria due to rapid industrialisation and developmental activiti... more Urban malaria is on the rise in Nigeria due to rapid industrialisation and developmental activities. A study was undertaken in Lagos, Nigeria to study the Anopheles breeding in polluted water bodies. Anopheles larval breeding habitats were surveyed and water samples from 24 larval breeding sites from four strategic areas in urban Lagos were analysed. The relationship between eight abiotic variables (pH, dissolved oxygen, conductivity, hardness, nitrate, total dissolved solids, turbidity and oil) and density of Anopheles larvae were investigated. The levels of heavy metals (Zn, Co, Cu, Pb, Mn, Fe, Hg and Ni) pollution were analysed by Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometry. Morphological and PCR analysis of 2358 anopheline larvae revealed only the presence of two members of the Anopheles gambiae complex consisting of 93.1% Anopheles gambiae s.s. and 6.9% An. arabiensis. Multiple regression analysis revealed a significant association between occurrence of An. arabiensis larvae and two in...
ABSTRACT An entomological study was conducted on vectors of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in... more ABSTRACT An entomological study was conducted on vectors of malaria and bancroftian filariasis in Kainji Lake Area of Niger State, Nigeria. A total of 1,545 mosquitoes were collected in this study, and of this, anopheline mosquito represented 72.6% of the total collected while culicine mosquito comprised only 27.4%. Anopheles gambiae complex constituted 60% of the mosquitoes collected. A further identification with PCR showed that An. arabiensis and An. gambiae s.s were 34.5% and 28.5 % (of the mosquitoes collected) respectively. Plasmodium falciparum sporozoites rate of 6.7% for An. arabiensis and 4.6% for An. gambiae s.s were obtained by ELISA. None of the 1,122 anopheline tested was positive for Plasmodium malariae. Dissection of Anopheles, Culex and Aedes species revealed infective larvae of Wuchereria bancrofti only in Anopheles gambiae s.s. with an overall infection rate of 0.5%. These results indicate that the current malaria vector control using pyrethroid treated nets also stand a chance of controlling the vector of bancroftian filariasis in communities where both diseases co-exist.
Three communities along Badagry axis of the Lagos lagoon were sampled for indoor resting Anophele... more Three communities along Badagry axis of the Lagos lagoon were sampled for indoor resting Anopheles mosquitoes in order to determine their species composition, relative abundance, density and contribution to malaria transmission in the coastal ecosystem. A total of 1938 adult female Anopheles mosquitoes collected from 2005 to 2007 constituted three species viz Anopheles gambiae, An melas and An. nili. The Polymerase Chain Reaction (PCR)–-based tests indicated that more than three-fourth of the An. gambiae s.l (75.8%) population belongs to An. gambiae s.s the remaining were An. melas. Further analysis showed that all the An. gambiae s.s was the M form. ELISA-based analyses indicated that An. gambiae s.s and An. melas were the main vectors of malaria in this area with an overall P. falciparum sporozoite infection rate of 4.8% and 6.5% respectively. Both species also maintained relatively high EIR indicating their prominent roles in malaria transmission in the study area. All the An. ni...
<p>Permethrin resistance intensity in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>, <i>An<... more <p>Permethrin resistance intensity in <i>Anopheles gambiae</i>, <i>An</i>. <i>coluzzii</i> and <i>An</i>. <i>arabiensis</i> from Lagos (LA), Ogun (OG), Edo (ED), Anambra (AN), Niger (NG) and Kwara (KW).</p
<p>Mortality of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. after 24-hr post exposure to 1x, ... more <p>Mortality of <i>Anopheles gambiae</i> s.l. after 24-hr post exposure to 1x, 5x and 10x concentrations of deltamethrin in WHO bioassays and associated resistance intensity based on WHO classification [<a href="http://www.plosone.org/article/info:doi/10.1371/journal.pone.0205230#pone.0205230.ref014" target="_blank">14</a>].</p
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