Meltwaters collected from boreholes drilled to the base of the Haut Glacier d&amp... more Meltwaters collected from boreholes drilled to the base of the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland have chemical compositions that can be classified into three main groups. The first group is dilute, whereas the second group is similar to, though generally less concentrated in major ions, than contemporaneous bulk glacial runoff. The third group is more concentrated than any observed bulk runoff,
... 1982, a year with two overflow periods when the lake reached its maximum level (c); annual ..... more ... 1982, a year with two overflow periods when the lake reached its maximum level (c); annual ... discharge attributed to progressive filling of an initially drained system with water (Brown, 1972b ... of the morphological significance of tracer travel time (eg Stanton and Smart, 1981) is not ...
... glaciers retreat, newly exposed, unstable surfaces are commonly subject to rapid reworking by... more ... glaciers retreat, newly exposed, unstable surfaces are commonly subject to rapid reworking by ... overall assessment of the evidence for paraglacial sedimentation and its temporal scale in ... Mines and Resources, A24756-146 to 147), 1992 (Geographic Air Survey, G9207036-42 to ...
24 Hidden River Cave has a long history of exploitation as a power and water resource, as a touri... more 24 Hidden River Cave has a long history of exploitation as a power and water resource, as a tourist attraction and as the recipient of industrial waste and untreated municipal sewage, culminating in metal contamination, eutrophication and anaerobic conditions in the cave stream in the late 1970s. Upgraded treatment and construction of a trunk sewer in the early 1980s relieved the cave of the contamination, and water quality was restored along with the remarkable return of a variety of cave fauna, particularly the blind cave crayfish (Orconectes pellucidus). The geography of the contamination and recovery indicated that much of the recovery arose from a relatively pristine upstream tributary (Wheet River) that apparently acted as a refugium when much of the cave was contaminated. The catchment area of the Hidden River Cave has been gradually industrialised in subsequent years, and the blind crayfish populations have reportedly declined or been eliminated in response to undocumented c...
ABSTRACT Between 1988 and 1992 closely spaced arrays of boreholes were drilled at Small River Gla... more ABSTRACT Between 1988 and 1992 closely spaced arrays of boreholes were drilled at Small River Glacier, British Columbia. The borehole arrays have been used to investigate the interannual and spatial consistency of patterns of basal hydraulics beneath the glacier. A simple robust classification was devised identifying unconnected, high standing, low standing and dry base water levels in boreholes. Spatial and interannual comparisons were made using a simple nearest neighbour statistic, corrected for differences in frequency of different borehole types and evaluated using Monte Carlo confidence intervals to compensate for array form. Arrays in the lower ablation zone showed spatial and interannual coherence, with three distinct areas characterized by low water pressure, till-associated non-connection and high pressure. There was no indication of a dominant conduit. Slightly higher up-glacier borehole patterns were less coherent, and varied from year to year, probably a result of subglacial karst capturing basal waters at a number of low pressure points at the bed. Therefore both the upper and lower arrays at Small River Glacier appear to encompass unusual drainage conditions. The nearest neighbour analysis provides valuable constraints on more specific interpretation.
ABSTRACT Discharge exceedance probabilities are calculated for a simple model karst aquifer compo... more ABSTRACT Discharge exceedance probabilities are calculated for a simple model karst aquifer composed of a few multilevel conduits with recharge from a single sinking stream with an exponential flow exceedance distribution. It is assumed that outflow instantaneously matches inflow, so that the conduit volume is constant but discharge is governed by the head in a volumeless shaft at the top end of the system. It is shown that small single conduit aquifers will frequently overflow at the surface during floods and the exceedance probability of flow through the aquifer and over the surface can be defined as a function of the inflow distribution and the form of the aquifer. Systems with multiple conduits will overflow less frequently, but each conduit will exhibit a flow distribution characteristic of its form and position in the vertical hierarchy. Comparison of these findings with actual flow data from a conduit aquifer shows that the approach is valid, although imprecise. The model is unlikely to be applied directly, as it requires unusually detailed data. However, it provides for the first time an indication of typical flow durations for surface overflows and individual conduits in a karst aquifer. Contrasts in flow duration will have a profound influence on solutional and sedimentary processes in the karst system.
... CC SMART / 479 . . . . . 4 I - . I # I . 0 t i I f I I - . - 0 t Oo-tt - - - , t 0 o 0, - # -... more ... CC SMART / 479 . . . . . 4 I - . I # I . 0 t i I f I I - . - 0 t Oo-tt - - - , t 0 o 0, - # - * I 4 Page 10. ... The 280-m rise in water level required is also very unlikely, given the apparently abandoned springs lying between the two levels. The exact provenance of the cave floods is unclear. ...
Meltwaters collected from boreholes drilled to the base of the Haut Glacier d&amp... more Meltwaters collected from boreholes drilled to the base of the Haut Glacier d'Arolla, Switzerland have chemical compositions that can be classified into three main groups. The first group is dilute, whereas the second group is similar to, though generally less concentrated in major ions, than contemporaneous bulk glacial runoff. The third group is more concentrated than any observed bulk runoff,
... 1982, a year with two overflow periods when the lake reached its maximum level (c); annual ..... more ... 1982, a year with two overflow periods when the lake reached its maximum level (c); annual ... discharge attributed to progressive filling of an initially drained system with water (Brown, 1972b ... of the morphological significance of tracer travel time (eg Stanton and Smart, 1981) is not ...
... glaciers retreat, newly exposed, unstable surfaces are commonly subject to rapid reworking by... more ... glaciers retreat, newly exposed, unstable surfaces are commonly subject to rapid reworking by ... overall assessment of the evidence for paraglacial sedimentation and its temporal scale in ... Mines and Resources, A24756-146 to 147), 1992 (Geographic Air Survey, G9207036-42 to ...
24 Hidden River Cave has a long history of exploitation as a power and water resource, as a touri... more 24 Hidden River Cave has a long history of exploitation as a power and water resource, as a tourist attraction and as the recipient of industrial waste and untreated municipal sewage, culminating in metal contamination, eutrophication and anaerobic conditions in the cave stream in the late 1970s. Upgraded treatment and construction of a trunk sewer in the early 1980s relieved the cave of the contamination, and water quality was restored along with the remarkable return of a variety of cave fauna, particularly the blind cave crayfish (Orconectes pellucidus). The geography of the contamination and recovery indicated that much of the recovery arose from a relatively pristine upstream tributary (Wheet River) that apparently acted as a refugium when much of the cave was contaminated. The catchment area of the Hidden River Cave has been gradually industrialised in subsequent years, and the blind crayfish populations have reportedly declined or been eliminated in response to undocumented c...
ABSTRACT Between 1988 and 1992 closely spaced arrays of boreholes were drilled at Small River Gla... more ABSTRACT Between 1988 and 1992 closely spaced arrays of boreholes were drilled at Small River Glacier, British Columbia. The borehole arrays have been used to investigate the interannual and spatial consistency of patterns of basal hydraulics beneath the glacier. A simple robust classification was devised identifying unconnected, high standing, low standing and dry base water levels in boreholes. Spatial and interannual comparisons were made using a simple nearest neighbour statistic, corrected for differences in frequency of different borehole types and evaluated using Monte Carlo confidence intervals to compensate for array form. Arrays in the lower ablation zone showed spatial and interannual coherence, with three distinct areas characterized by low water pressure, till-associated non-connection and high pressure. There was no indication of a dominant conduit. Slightly higher up-glacier borehole patterns were less coherent, and varied from year to year, probably a result of subglacial karst capturing basal waters at a number of low pressure points at the bed. Therefore both the upper and lower arrays at Small River Glacier appear to encompass unusual drainage conditions. The nearest neighbour analysis provides valuable constraints on more specific interpretation.
ABSTRACT Discharge exceedance probabilities are calculated for a simple model karst aquifer compo... more ABSTRACT Discharge exceedance probabilities are calculated for a simple model karst aquifer composed of a few multilevel conduits with recharge from a single sinking stream with an exponential flow exceedance distribution. It is assumed that outflow instantaneously matches inflow, so that the conduit volume is constant but discharge is governed by the head in a volumeless shaft at the top end of the system. It is shown that small single conduit aquifers will frequently overflow at the surface during floods and the exceedance probability of flow through the aquifer and over the surface can be defined as a function of the inflow distribution and the form of the aquifer. Systems with multiple conduits will overflow less frequently, but each conduit will exhibit a flow distribution characteristic of its form and position in the vertical hierarchy. Comparison of these findings with actual flow data from a conduit aquifer shows that the approach is valid, although imprecise. The model is unlikely to be applied directly, as it requires unusually detailed data. However, it provides for the first time an indication of typical flow durations for surface overflows and individual conduits in a karst aquifer. Contrasts in flow duration will have a profound influence on solutional and sedimentary processes in the karst system.
... CC SMART / 479 . . . . . 4 I - . I # I . 0 t i I f I I - . - 0 t Oo-tt - - - , t 0 o 0, - # -... more ... CC SMART / 479 . . . . . 4 I - . I # I . 0 t i I f I I - . - 0 t Oo-tt - - - , t 0 o 0, - # - * I 4 Page 10. ... The 280-m rise in water level required is also very unlikely, given the apparently abandoned springs lying between the two levels. The exact provenance of the cave floods is unclear. ...
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