Ihe mkpofu eletrọniki

Ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu na-akọwa ngwa eletriki ma ọ bụ eletrọnịkị tụfuru atụfu. A na-akpọkarị ya dị ka ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị ihe mkpofu (WEEE) ma ọ bụ elektrọnik ọgwụgwụ nke ndụ (EOL). Ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe bụ nke a kara aka maka nrụzigharị, ijikwa ya, resa, recycling recycling site na mgbake ihe, ma ọ bụ mkpofu ka a na-ewerekwa dị ka ihe mkpofu. Nhazi ezighi ezi nke e-ifufe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe nwere ike bute nsogbu ahụike mmadụ na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi. Nri na-eto eto nke ngwa ngwa eletrọnịkị n'ihi mgbanwe dijitalụ na ihe ọhụrụ dị na sayensị na nkà na ụzụ, dị ka bitcoin, ebutela nsogbu na ihe ize ndụ e-n'efu zuru ụwa ọnụ. Mmụba ngwa ngwa nke e-ifufu bụ n'ihi mwepụta ọhụrụ ọhụrụ ugboro ugboro yana ịzụrụ ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị (EEE) na-adịghị mkpa, okirikiri ọhụrụ dị mkpirikpi na ọnụego mweghachi dị ala, yana mbelata nkezi ogologo ndụ kọmputa.

Ngwa eletrọnịkị ihe mkpofu, dị ka CPUs, nwere ihe ndị nwere ike imerụ ahụ dị ka lead, cadmium, beryllium, ma ọ bụ ihe mgbochi ire ọkụ. Imegharị na mkpofu e-ifufe nwere ike itinye nnukwu ihe egwu na ahụike ndị ọrụ na obodo ha.

  A na-emepụta ihe mkpofu ma ọ bụ eletrọnịkị mgbe a tụfuru ngwaahịa eletrọnịkị ka njedebe nke ndụ bara uru. Mgbasa ngwa ngwa nke nkà na ụzụ na ọha mmadụ na-eri nri na-ebute n'ichepụta nnukwu ego e-ifufe.

  Ndị a na-agụnye ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe bụ nke a kara aka maka ijigharị, resa, ịzọpụta, nrụgharị, ma ọ bụ mkpofu yana ihe eji arụ ọrụ (elektrọnịkị na-arụ ọrụ na nrụzi) na akụrụngwa nke abụọ (ọla kọpa, nchara, plastik, ma ọ bụ ihe yiri ya). A na-edobe okwu a bụ "ihe mkpofu" maka ihe fọdụrụ ma ọ bụ ihe nke onye zụrụ ya tụfuru kama ịmegharị ya, gụnyere ihe fọdụrụ na iji ya eme ihe na imegharị ihe, n'ihi na a na-ejikọta ọtụtụ ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa (ọ dị mma, nke a na-emegharị, na nke na-adịghị emezigharị). Ọtụtụ ndị na-akwado amụma ọha na-etinye okwu ahụ bụ "e-waste" na "e-scrap" n'ụzọ sara mbara iji tinye aka na ngwa ngwa ngwa ngwa niile. A na-ewere tubes ray cathode (CRTs) dị ka otu n'ime ụdị kachasị sie ike iji megharịa.

Ngwaahịa dị n'ụdị ọ bụla dịgasị iche na profaịlụ ogologo ndụ, mmetụta na ụzọ nchịkọta, n'etiti ndịiche ndị ọzọ. Ihe dị ka 70% nke ihe mkpofu na-egbu egbu na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa bụ ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị.

Ndị CRT nwere ọkwa dị elu nke ndu na phosphor (ka a ghara inwe mgbagwoju anya na phosphorus), nke abụọ dị mkpa maka ngosi. Ụlọ ọrụ nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States (EPA) gụnyere ndị nlekota CRT tụfuru n'ụdị ya nke "ihe mkpofu ụlọ dị ize ndụ" mana na-ewere CRT ndị ewepụtala maka ule dị ka ngwa ahịa ma ọ bụrụ na a tụfuru ha, na-akwakọba, ma ọ bụ hapụ ya n'enweghị nchebe site na ihu igwe na mmebi ọzọ. Ngwaọrụ CRT ndị a na-enwekarị mgbagwoju anya n'etiti DLP Rear Projection TV, ha abụọ nwere usoro ịmegharị ihe dị iche n'ihi ihe eji eme ya.

EU na obodo ndị otu ya na-arụ usoro site na European Waste katalọgụ (EWC) - Ntuziaka European Council, nke a sụgharịrị n'ime "iwu obodo ndị otu". Na UK, nke a bụ n'ụdị ndepụta ntụzịaka mkpofu. Agbanyeghị, ndepụta ahụ (na EWC) na-enye nkọwa sara mbara (EWC Code 16 02 13*) nke ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị dị ize ndụ, na-achọ “ndị na-ahụ maka mkpofu” iji were Usoro iwu mkpofu egwu (Annex 1A, Annex 1B) maka nkọwa a nụchara anụcha. Ngwa ndị dị na mkpofu na-achọkwa ntule site na nchikota nke Annex II na Annex III, na-enye ndị ọrụ ohere ọzọ ịchọpụta ma mkpofu ọ dị ize ndụ.

Mkparịta ụka na-aga n'ihu maka ọdịiche dị n'etiti nkọwa "ngwaahịa" na "ihe mkpofu" nke eletrọnịkị. A na-ebo ụfọdụ ndị na-ebupụ mbupụ ebubo na ha kpachaara anya hapụ ngwa ndị siri ike iji megharịa, ndị na-adịghị adị, ma ọ bụ ndị anaghị arụzi arụkwaghị ọrụ gwakọtara n'ọtụtụ ngwa ọrụ (n'agbanyeghị na nke a nwekwara ike ịbịa site n'amaghị ama, ma ọ bụ iji zere usoro ọgwụgwọ dị oke ọnụ). Ndị na-ahụ maka nchekwa nwere ike gbasaa nkọwa nke ngwa elektrọnịkị "ihe mkpofu" iji chebe ahịa ụlọ site na ngwa nke abụọ na-arụ ọrụ.

Ọnụ ahịa dị elu nke ihe mkpofu kọmputa na-arụ ọrụ na kọmputa (laptọọpụ na-arụ ọrụ na reusable, desktọpụ, na ihe ndị dị ka RAM) nwere ike inye aka kwụọ ụgwọ njem maka ọnụ ọgụgụ buru ibu nke mpempe akwụkwọ na-abaghị uru karịa ihe a ga-enweta na ngwaọrụ ngosi, nke nwere obere ihe. (ma ọ bụ nke na-adịghị mma) uru mkpofu. Otu akụkọ 2011, "Ghana E-waste Country Assessment", chọpụtara na n'ime tọn eletrọnịkị 215,000 ebubata na Ghana, 30% bụ nke ọhụrụ yana 70% jiri. N'ime ngwaahịa eji eme ihe, ọmụmụ ahụ kwubiri na 15% ejighị ya mee ihe ma kpochapụ ma ọ bụ tụfuo ya. Nke a dị iche na nkwupụta ebipụtara mana enweghị nkwenye na 80% nke mbubata na Ghana na-agba ọkụ n'ọnọdụ ochie.

A na-ewere e-ifufe dị ka "iyi iyi na-eto ngwa ngwa n'ụwa" yana nde tọn 44.7 emepụtara na 2016 - nke ya na ụlọ elu Eiffel 4500. N'afọ 2018, a kọrọ ihe dị ka nde tọn 50 nke e-waste, yabụ aha 'tsunami nke e-waste' nke UN nyere. Ọnụ ahịa ya dịkarịa ala ijeri $62.5 kwa afọ.

Mgbanwe ngwa ngwa na teknụzụ, mgbanwe na mgbasa ozi (teepu, sọftụwia, MP3), ọnụ ahịa na-ada ada, na oge a na-eme atụmatụ agaghị eme ya emewo ka mjupụta eletrọnịkị na-eto ngwa ngwa na gburugburu ụwa. Ngwọta teknụzụ dị, mana n'ọtụtụ ọnọdụ, ọ dị mkpa ka emejuputa usoro iwu, mkpokọta, ngwa agha na ọrụ ndị ọzọ tupu etinyere usoro teknụzụ.

Ngosipụta nkeji (CRT, LCD, LED Monitors), processors (CPU, GPU, ma ọ bụ APU ibe), ebe nchekwa (DRAM ma ọ bụ SRAM), na ihe ọdịyo nwere ndụ bara uru dị iche iche. Ndị na-eme nhazi na-abụkarị oge ochie (site na ngwanrọ anaghịzi emeziwanye ya) ma yikarịrị ka ọ ga-abụ "e-waste" ebe a na-edochi akụkụ ngosi mgbe ọ na-arụ ọrụ na-enweghị mbọ nrụzi, n'ihi mgbanwe nke mba bara ọgaranya agụụ maka teknụzụ ngosi ọhụrụ. . Enwere ike idozi nsogbu a site na iji ekwentị modular (dị ka echiche ekwentịbloks). Ụdị ekwentị ndị a na-adịte aka ma nwee nkà na ụzụ iji gbanwee akụkụ ụfọdụ nke ekwentị na-eme ka ha dịkwuo mma na gburugburu ebe obibi. Inwe ike iji dochie naanị akụkụ ekwentị mebiri emebi ga-ebelata ihe mkpofu. A na-emepụta ihe dị ka nde tọn 50 nke e-ifu ihe kwa afọ. USA na-atụfu kọmputa nde 30 kwa afọ yana a na-atụfukwa ekwentị 100 million na Europe kwa afọ. Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka nchekwa gburugburu ebe obibi na-eme atụmatụ na ọ bụ naanị 15-20% nke e-n'efu ka a na-emegharịgharị, ihe ndị ọzọ n'ime ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị a na-abanye ozugbo n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na ndị na-ere ọkụ.

N'afọ 2006, United Nations mere atụmatụ na ego mkpofu eletrọnịkị zuru ụwa ọnụ a na-atụfu kwa afọ bụ nde metric ton 50. Dịka akụkọ UNEP siri kwuo nke akpọrọ, "Recycling - from e-waste to Resources," ọnụ ọgụgụ e-ifufu a na-emepụta - gụnyere ekwentị mkpanaaka na kọmputa - nwere ike ịrị elu ihe ruru pasenti 500 n'ime afọ iri na-abịanụ na mba ụfọdụ. dị ka India. United States bụ onye isi ụwa na-emepụta ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị, na-atụfu ihe dị ka nde tọn atọ kwa afọ. China ewepụtala ihe dị ka nde tọn 2.3 (atụmatụ 2010) n'ime ụlọ, nke abụọ na United States. Na, n'agbanyeghị na amachibidoro mbubata e-ifufe, China ka bụ nnukwu ebe mkpofu e-n'efu maka mba ndị mepere emepe.

Society taa na-agbagharị gburugburu nkà na ụzụ na site na mkpa mgbe nile maka Kacha ọhụrụ na kasị elu-tech ngwaahịa anyị na-atụnye na a uka ego nke e-ifufe. Kemgbe e mepụtara iPhone, ekwentị aghọọla isi mmalite nke ngwaahịa e-wepụ . Ihe mkpofu ọkụ eletrik nwere ihe dị ize ndụ mana ọ nwekwara ihe bara uru na ụkọ. Enwere ike ịchọta ihe ruru 60 na ngwa elektrọn siri ike. Ntụkwasị nke ọla n'ime ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na-adịkarị elu karịa ihe a na-ahụkarị, dị ka ọla kọpa, aluminium, iron, gold, silver, na palladium. Dị ka nke 2013, Apple erewo ihe karịrị 796 nde iDevices (iPod, iPhone, iPad). Ụlọ ọrụ ekwentị na-eme ka ekwentị ndị a na-emeghị ka ọ dịgide ka ndị ahịa wee zụta ekwentị ọhụrụ. Ndị ụlọ ọrụ na-enye ngwaahịa ndị a ogologo ndụ dị mkpụmkpụ n'ihi na ha maara na ndị na-azụ ahịa ga-achọ ngwaahịa ọhụrụ ma zụta ya ma ọ bụrụ na ha emee ya. Na United States, e mere atụmatụ na 70% nke ọla dị arọ na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na-abịa site na ngwa eletrọnịkị a tụfuru.

Ọ bụ ezie na e nwere nkwekọrịta na ọnụ ọgụgụ nke ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị ndị a tụfuru atụfu na-abawanye, enwere nghọtahie dị ukwuu banyere ihe ize ndụ dị n'ihe ize ndụ (ma e jiri ya tụnyere scrap ụgbọ ala, dịka ọmụmaatụ), na esemokwu siri ike ma ibelata ahia na ngwá electronic eji eme ihe ga-eme ka ọnọdụ dịkwuo mma, ma ọ bụ mee ka ha ka njọ. Dị ka otu akụkọ dị na Motherboard si kwuo, mbọ iji gbochie ahia a achụpụla ụlọ ọrụ ndị a ma ama n'usoro ọkọnọ, na-ebute nsonaazụ na-atụghị anya ya.

Na 2016, Eshia bụ ókèala nwere oke e-ifufe (18.2 Mt), yana Europe (12.3 metric ton), America (11.3 metric ton), Africa (2.2 metric ton), na Oceania (0.7 metric ton). tọn). Nke kacha nta n'ihe gbasara mkpokọta e-ifufu e-mere, Oceania bụ onye na-emepụta ihe na-emepụta e-waste kwa onye ọ bụla (17.3 kg/onye bi), na-enwechaghị 6% nke e-ifufu e kwuru ka a na-achịkọta ma megharịa ya. Europe bụ nke abụọ na-emepụta ihe e-ifufe n'otu nwa amaala, yana nkezi nke 16.6 kg/onye bi; Otú ọ dị, Europe nwere ọnụ ọgụgụ mgbakọ kasị elu (35%). America na-ewepụta 11.6 kg/onye bi na ya na-arịọ naanị 17% nke ihe mkpofu e-mere na mpaghara, nke dabara na ọnụọgụ dị iche iche na Eshia (15%). Agbanyeghị, Eshia na-ewepụta e-ifufe dị ole na ole maka nwa amaala (4,2 kg/onye bi). Africa na-ewepụta naanị 1.9 kg/onye bi, yana ozi nwere oke dị na pasentị mkpokọta ya. Ihe ndekọ ahụ na-enye ndakpọ mpaghara maka Africa, America, Asia, Europe, na Oceania. Ihe omume a na-egositụ ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ntakịrị nke jikọtara ọnụ ọgụgụ e-ifufe n'ozuzu ya mere na mba 41 nwere data e-ifufe onye nchịkwa. Maka mba 16 ndị ọzọ, a nakọtara mpịakọta e-n'efu site na nyocha na nyocha. Amabeghị ihe ga-esi na nnukwu ihe mkpofu e-efu (34.1 metrik tọn) pụta. N'ime obodo ebe enweghị iwu E-waste nke mba na nkwụnye, e-ifufu nwere ike ịtụgharị dị ka ihe ọzọ ma ọ bụ mkpofu n'ozuzu. Nke a juputara n'ala ma ọ bụ megharịa ya, yana igwe ọzọ ma ọ bụ iberibe plastik. Enwere nkwekọrịta dị ukwuu na nsị adịghị adọta ya, ma ọ bụ na mpaghara na-adịghị ahọrọ ha chọrọ ma gbanwee na-enweghị nchebe nke ọma na ndị ọrụ mgbe ha na-ekpochapụ mmetọ ahụ na e-ifufe. Ọ bụ ezie na a na-ekwu na mkpofu e-e-na-arị elu, ọnụ ọgụgụ mba na-eto eto na-anakwere ụkpụrụ e-ifufe. Iwu nchịkwa e- mkpofu mba na-emechi 66% nke ndị bi n'ụwa, ịrị elu site na 44% nke ruru na 2014.

N'afọ 2019, ewepụtara nnukwu ihe e-ifufe (53.6 Mt, yana nkezi 7.3 kg kwa onye ọ bụla) n'ụwa niile. A na-atụ anya na nke a ga-abawanye ruo 74 Mt site na 2030. Eshia ka na-anọgide na-enye aka na nnukwu ihe mkpofu eletrik na 24.9 Mt, America (13.1 Mt), Europe (12 Mt), na Africa na Oceania na 2.9 Mt. na 0.7 Mt, n'otu n'otu. N'ọgbọ onye ọ bụla, Europe ji 16.2 kg buru ụzọ, na Oceania bụ igwe ọkụ nke abụọ kachasị na 16.1 kg, yana America sochiri ya. Afrịka bụ kacha nta na-emepụta e-ifufe n'otu onye na 2.5 kg. Banyere nchịkọta na imegharị ihe mkpofu ndị a, kọntinent nke Europe bụ nke mbụ (42.5%), na Asia bịara nke abụọ (11.7%). Amerika na Oceania na-esote (9.4% na 8.8% n'otu n'otu), Africa na-esokwa n'azụ na 0.9%. N'ime tọn 53.6 Metric ton ewepụtara e-wefu n'ụwa niile, mkpokọta na imegharị ihe edebere nke ọma bụ 9.3%, na akara aka nke 44.3% ka bụ nke a na-ejighị n'aka, ebe ọ nọ na mmetụta ya na gburugburu ebe dị iche iche n'ofe mpaghara dị iche iche nke ụwa. Otú ọ dị, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke mba ndị nwere iwu e-n'efu nke mba, ụkpụrụ ma ọ bụ amụma, amụbaala kemgbe 2014, site na 61 ruo 78. Ọnụ ọgụgụ dị ukwuu nke ihe mkpofu azụmahịa na ụlọ na-enweghị akwụkwọ na-ejikọta ya na iyi ndị ọzọ nke mkpofu dị ka plastik na metal n'efu, na-egosi. na enwere ike ịmegharị ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị a na-emegharị ngwa ngwa, n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a na-ewere dị ka ndị dị ala na-enweghị mmetọ na iweghachi ihe niile a na-ewere na ọ bara uru.

N'afọ 2021, a na-emepụta ihe ruru 57.4 Mt nke e-ifufe n'ụwa niile. Dị ka atụmatụ e mere na Europe si kwuo, bụ́ ebe a kasị mụọ nsogbu ahụ, 11 n’ime ihe elektrọnik 72 dị n’ezigbo ezinụlọ adịghịzi eji ma ọ bụ agbajikwa. Kwa afọ maka nwa amaala, a na-echekwa 4 ruo 5 kg ọzọ nke ngwaahịa eletriki na eletrọnịkị na-ejighị ya na Europe tupu atụfuo ya. N'afọ 2021, a na-anakọta ma megharịa ihe na-erughị pasenti 20 nke ihe mkpofu e-efu.

Na 2022, ịrị elu nke 3.4% e mere atụmatụ nke emepụtara e-ifufu n'ụwa nile, na-akụta 59.4Mt, nke mere ngụkọta e-ife ihe n'ụwa na 2022 bụ n'elu 347 Mt. The transboundary eruba nke e-ifufu enwetawo nlebara anya site na. ọha na eze n'ihi na a ọnụ ọgụgụ nke nchegbu akụkọ, ma zuru ụwa ọnụ ọmụmụ na mpịakọta na trading ụzọ ka emebebeghị. Dị ka Transboundary E-waste Flows Monitor si kwuo, 5.1 Mt (ma ọ bụ ntakịrị n'okpuru 10% nke 53.6 Mt nke e-waste zuru ụwa ọnụ) gafere oke mba ụwa na 2019. Ọmụmụ a na-ekewa mmegharị nke e-waste n'ime usoro nchịkwa na nke a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa ma na-ewere ya. n'ime akaụntụ ma mpaghara ịnata na izipu ka o wee ghọta nke ọma ihe mmegharị ahụ dị. N'ime 5.1 Mt, 1.8 Mt nke mmegharị njem na-ezigara n'okpuru ọnọdụ ndị a na-achịkwa, ebe 3.3 Mt nke transboundary ije na-ebufe n'okpuru ọnọdụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa n'ihi na eji EEE ma ọ bụ e-ifufe nwere ike ịgba ume mmegharị iwu na-akwadoghị ma nye ihe ize ndụ maka nlekọta kwesịrị ekwesị nke e. -ihe mkpofu.

European Union (EU) ekwupụtala okwu gbasara mkpofu eletrọnịkị site n'iwebata iwu abụọ. Nke mbụ, iwu Waste Electric and Electronic Equipment Directive (WEEE Directive) malitere na 2003. [1] Ebumnuche bụ isi nke ntuziaka a bụ ịhazi na kpalie ịmegharị ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na ijikwa ọzọ na steeti ndị otu n'oge ahụ. E degharịrị ya na 2008, na-amalite na 2014.[2] Ọzọkwa, EU emejuputala ntuziaka maka mmachi nke iji ụfọdụ ihe dị ize ndụ na ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị sitere na 2003.[3] E degharịrị akwụkwọ a na 2012.[4] Mgbe a bịara na mba ndị dị n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Balkan, North Macedonia anabatala Iwu na Batrị na Accumulators na 2010, na-esote Iwu maka Management nke eletriki na ngwá electronic na 2012. Serbia na-achịkwa njikwa nke mmiri mkpofu pụrụ iche, gụnyere ihe mkpofu electronic, site na National Usoro njikwa mkpofu (2010-2019).[5] Montenegro nakweere iwu nkwekọrịta gbasara mkpofu eletrọnịkị nwere ebumnuche ịnakọta 4 kg nke ihe mkpofu a kwa afọ maka onye ọ bụla ruo 2020.[6] Usoro iwu nke Albania gbadoro ụkwụ na ntinye aka na mkpofu sitere na ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị sitere na 2011 nke gbadoro ụkwụ na nhazi nke ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị. N'ụzọ megidere nke a, Bosnia na Herzegovina ka na-efu iwu na-achịkwa mkpofu eletrọnịkị.

Dị ka Ọktoba 2019, mba 78 n'ụwa niile eguzobela ma ọ bụ amụma, iwu ma ọ bụ ụkpụrụ akọwapụtara iji chịkwaa e-ifufe. Agbanyeghị, ọ nweghị ihe doro anya na mba na-agbaso ụkpụrụ ahụ. Mpaghara dị ka Eshia na Africa na-enwe atumatu na-akwadoghị n'ụzọ iwu kama ọ bụ naanị mmemme. N'ihi ya, nke a na-abụ ihe ịma aka na atumatu njikwa ihe mkpofu e-e-shịhịa enwebeghị nke ọma site na mba ụwa niile.

Ịdozi Nsogbu E-n'efu bụ òtù ndị otu nke bụ akụkụ nke Mahadum United Nations ma kee ya iji mepụta ngwọta iji dozie nsogbu ndị metụtara ihe mkpofu electronic. Ụfọdụ n'ime ndị egwuregwu a ma ama na ngalaba mmepụta, reuse na recycling of Electric and Electronic Equipment (EEE), ụlọ ọrụ gọọmentị na ndị NGO yana òtù UN na-agụta onwe ha n'etiti ndị òtù ya. STEP na-akwado mmekorita nke ndị niile metụtara ya na e-ifufe, na-emesi ike n'ụzọ zuru oke, sayensị ma dị irè maka nsogbu ahụ.:

European Commission (EC) nke EU ewepụtala waste electrical and electronic equipment (WEEE) dị ka ihe mkpofu sitere na ngwaọrụ eletrik na ngwa ụlọ dị ka friji, igwe onyonyo, na ekwentị mkpanaaka na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ. N'afọ 2005, EU kwuru na mkpofu ruru nde tọn itoolu na n'afọ 2020 na-eme atụmatụ imefusị nde tọn 12. Ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị a nwere ihe ndị dị ize ndụ ma ọ bụrụ na ejirighị ya nke ọma, nwere ike mebie emebi gburugburu ebe obibi anyị ma bute nsogbu ahụike na-egbu egbu. Ịtụfu ihe ndị a na-achọ ọtụtụ ndị ọrụ na akụrụngwa ejirikwa nke ọma. Ọ bụghị naanị mkpofu, imepụta ụdị ihe ndị a chọrọ nnukwu akụrụngwa na akụrụngwa sitere n'okike (aluminom, ọla edo, ọla kọpa na silicon, wdg), na-emebi gburugburu ebe obibi anyị na mmetọ. N'ịtụle mmetụta nke ihe WEEE na-eme na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị, iwu EU emeela iwu abụọ: 1. WEEE Ntuziaka; 2. Ntuziaka RoHS: Ntuziaka maka ojiji na mgbochi nke ihe ndị dị ize ndụ n'imepụta ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị ndị a.

Ntuziaka WEEE: Edere ntuziaka a na February 2003, na-elekwasị anya na ịmegharị ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị. Ntuziaka a nyere ndị na-azụ ahịa ọtụtụ atụmatụ nchịkọta mkpofu eletrọnịkị n'efu (Ntuziaka 2002/96/EC [1]). EC degharịrị ntuziaka a na Disemba 2008, ebe ọ bụ na nke a abụrụla iyi mkpofu na-eto ngwa ngwa. N'August 2012, ewepụtara ntuziaka WEEE iji dozie ọnọdụ nke ịchịkwa mkpofu eletrọnịkị na nke a etinyere na 14 February 2014 (Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU [2]). Na 18 Eprel 2017, EC nakweere ụkpụrụ nkịtị nke ime nyocha na itinye iwu ọhụrụ iji nyochaa ọnụọgụ WEEE. Ọ na-achọ ka obodo ọ bụla so na-enyocha ma kọọ data ahịa mba ha. - Annex III na ntuziaka WEEE (Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU): Nyochagharị oge maka nchịkọta mkpofu na ịtọpụta ebumnuche onye ọ bụla

Iwu WEEE: - Na 4 Julaị 2012, EC weputara iwu na WEEE (Directive 2012/19/EU [1]). Iji matakwuo maka ọganihu na-eme n'ịnabata Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU (Ọganihu [2]). - Na 15 February 2014, EC degharịrị ntuziaka. Iji matakwuo maka ntuziaka ochie 2002/96/EC.

Ntuziaka RoHS: N'afọ 2003, EC abụghị naanị mejuputa iwu gbasara nchịkọta mkpofu kamakwa maka iji ihe ndị dị ize ndụ (Cadmium, mercury, ihe ọkụ ọkụ, polybrominated biphenyls, lead na polybrominated diphenyl ethers) ejiri mee ihe na mmepụta nke ngwá electronic na eletrik. ( Ntuziaka RoHS 2002/95/EC [1]). Emegharịrị ntuziaka a ọzọ na Disemba 2008 ma emesia ọzọ na Jenụwarị 2013 (RoHS recast Directive 2011/65/EU [2]). N'afọ 2017, EC emeela mgbanwe na ntuziaka dị ugbu a na-atụle ntule mmetụta [3] wee nabata na atụmatụ iwu ọhụrụ [4] (RoHS 2 scope review [5]). Na 21 Nọvemba 2017, European Parliament na Council ebipụtala iwu a na-emezigharị ntuziaka RoHS 2 na akwụkwọ akụkọ ha [6].

Kwa afọ, EU na-akọ ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ tọn 800 000 nke batrị sitere na ụlọ ọrụ ụgbọ ala, batrị mmepụta ihe nke gburugburu 190 000 tọn na batrị ndị ahịa gburugburu 160 000 tọn na-abanye na mpaghara Europe. Batrị ndị a bụ otu n'ime ngwaahịa ndị a na-ejikarị na ngwa ụlọ yana ngwaahịa ndị ọzọ nwere batrị na ndụ anyị kwa ụbọchị. Ihe dị mkpa ị ga-eleba anya na ya bụ ka esi achịkọta ihe mkpofu batrị a ma megharịa ya nke ọma, nke na-akpata nsonaazụ na-ebute ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na-ahapụ na gburugburu ebe obibi na mmiri mmiri. N'ozuzu, enwere ike ịmegharị ọtụtụ akụkụ nke batrị ndị a na mkpokọta / capacitors na-ahapụghị ihe ndị a dị ize ndụ a tọhapụrụ na gburugburu ebe obibi anyị na-emerụ ihe onwunwe anyị. EC ewepụtala ntụzịaka ọhụrụ iji chịkwaa ihe mkpofu sitere na batrị na akwakọba ihe akpọrọ 'Batteries Directive'[1] na-achọ imeziwanye usoro ịchịkọta na imegharị ihe mkpofu batrị na ịchịkwa mmetụta nsị batrị na gburugburu anyị. Ntuziaka a na-ejikwa ma na-achịkwa ahịa dị n'ime site na itinye usoro achọrọ. Ntuziaka a na-amachibido mmepụta na ire ahịa batrị na ihe mkpokọ nke nwere ihe ndị dị ize ndụ ma na-emerụ gburugburu ebe obibi, siri ike ịnakọta na megharịa ha. Ntuziaka batrị [2] lekwasịrị anya na nchịkọta, imegharị ihe na ihe omume imegharị batrị na ndị na-akwakọba, na-akwadokwa akara nke batrị ndị na-anọpụ iche na gburugburu ebe obibi. Na 10 Disemba 2020, EC ewepụtala iwu ọhụrụ (Iwu Batrị [3]) na mkpofu batrị nke na-achọ ijide n'aka na batrị na-abanye n'ahịa Europe bụ nke a na-emegharịgharị, na-adigide na nke na-adịghị ize ndụ (Ntọhapụ pịa [4]).

Iwu: N'afọ 2006, EC nakweere ntuziaka batrị wee degharịa ya na 2013. - Na 6 Septemba 2006, European Parliament na European Council ewepụtala ntuziaka maka mkpofu sitere na batrị na ndị na-akwakọba (Ntuziaka 2006/66/EC [1]) . - Nchịkọta nke Iwu batrị na ndị na-akpakọba ihe

Nyochaa ntuziaka 2006/66/EC (ntụziaka batrị): Ntuziaka ntụgharị nwere ike dabere na usoro nyocha [1], n'ịtụle eziokwu nke mmụba nke ojiji batrị na mmụba nke teknụzụ nkwukọrịta dị iche iche, ngwa ụlọ na ndị ọzọ. obere ngwaahịa ndị nwere batrị. Mmụba nke ọchịchọ nke ume ọhụrụ na imegharị ngwaahịa a edugawokwa n'atụmatụ 'European Battery Alliance (EBA)' nke na-ezube ilekọta ọnụ ahịa ngwaahịa zuru oke nke mmepụta batrị na ndị na-akwakọbawanye n'ime Europe n'okpuru iwu ọhụrụ a. . Agbanyeghi na nnabata nke usoro nleba anya [2] anabatara nke ọma, nchegbu ole na ole bilitere karịsịa ijikwa na nyochaa ojiji nke ihe ndị dị ize ndụ n'imepụta batrị, nchịkọta ihe mkpofu batrị, imegharị ihe mkpofu batrị n'ime ntuziaka. Usoro nleba anya enyela ezigbo nsonaazụ na mpaghara dị ka ịchịkwa mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi, ịbawanye mmata nke imegharị ihe, batrị ndị a na-emegharịgharị na imeziwanye arụmọrụ nke ahịa dị n'ime.

Agbanyeghị, enwere oke ole na ole na mmejuputa iwu batrị n'usoro ịchịkọta mkpofu batrị na iweghachite ihe ndị enwere ike iji n'aka ha. Usoro nyocha na-eme ka ìhè dị na ọdịiche dị na usoro a nke mmejuputa iwu na imekọ ihe ọnụ na nkà na ụzụ na usoro na ụzọ ọhụrụ iji mee ihe na-eme ka ọ sie ike karị iji mejuputa na ntụziaka a na-ejigide nguzozi na ọganihu nkà na ụzụ. Iwu na ntuziaka EC emeela ka usoro nleba anya nwee mmetụta n'ụzọ dị mma. Ntinye aka nke ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị na-etinye aka na usoro nleba anya bụ ndị a na-akpọ ma rịọ ka ha nye echiche na echiche ha iji meziwanye usoro nyocha na nchịkọta ozi. Na 14 Maachị 2018, ndị na-eme ihe na ndị otu ahụ sonyere inye ozi gbasara ihe ha chọpụtara, kwado na ịbawanye usoro nke Evaluation Roadmap.

European Union (EU) ekwupụtala okwu e-ifufu site n'ịnara ọtụtụ ntụziaka. N'afọ 2011, e mere mgbanwe na ntuziaka 2003 2002/95/EC gbasara mmachi nke iji ihe ndị dị ize ndụ eme atụmatụ na nhazi usoro na EEE. N'ime ntuziaka 2011, 2011/65/EU ekwuru ya dị ka ihe mkpali maka mmachi ndị ọzọ gbasara iji ihe ndị dị ize ndụ na nhazi na imepụta ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị na eletriki n'ihi na enwere ọdịiche nke iwu EU Member State na mkpa bilitere iji wepụta iwu iji chebe ahụike mmadụ yana maka mgbake na mkpofu WEEE na gburugburu ebe obibi. (2011/65/EU, (2)) Ntuziaka ahụ depụtara ọtụtụ ihe ndị nwere mmachi. Ntuziaka na-ekwu na amachibidoro ihe maka oke itinye uche n'ụkpụrụ anabatara site n'ịdị arọ n'ihe ejikọtara ọnụ bụ ndị a: ndu ​​(0.1%); mercury (0.1%), cadmium (0.1%), chromium hexavalent (0.1%), polybrominated biphenyls (PBB) (0.1%) na polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDE) (0.1 %). Ọ bụrụ na nkà na ụzụ ga-ekwe omume na nnọchi dị, a chọrọ iji nnọchi.

Otú ọ dị, e nwere ihe nkwụsị na ikpe nke ngbanwe agaghị ekwe omume site na echiche sayensị na nkà na ụzụ. Nkwenye na oge nke nnọchi kwesịrị iburu n'uche na enwere onye nnọchi na mmetụta akụ na ụba nke onye nnọchi anya. (2011/65/EU, (18))

Ntuziaka EU 2012/19/EU na-achịkwa WEEE ma debe usoro iji chekwaa gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ site na igbochi ma ọ bụ ibelata mmetụta nke ọgbọ na njikwa nke mkpofu WEEE. (2012/19/EU, (1)) Ntuziaka ahụ na-ewe ụzọ dị iche iche maka imepụta ngwaahịa EEE. Ọ na-ekwu na Nkeji edemede 4 na mba ndị otu nọ n'okpuru mmachi ime ngwa ngwa ụdị ụdị na usoro nrụpụta yana imekọ ihe ọnụ n'etiti ndị na-emepụta ihe na ndị na-emegharị ihe iji mee ka ọ dị mfe iji, ịkwasa na mgbake nke WEEE, akụkụ ya, na ihe onwunwe. (2012/19/EU, (4)) Mba ndị otu kwesịrị ịmepụta usoro iji jide n'aka na ndị na-emepụta EEE na-eji eco-design, nke pụtara na a na-eji ụdị mmepụta ihe nke na-agaghị egbochi ọzọ iji WEEE eme ihe. Ntuziaka ahụ na-enyekwa ndị otu mba ọrụ ịhụ na mkpokọta na njem dị iche iche nke WEEE dị iche iche. Nkeji edemede 8 na-akọwapụta ihe achọrọ maka ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị nke WEEE. Isi kacha nta nke ọgwụgwọ kwesịrị ekwesị nke achọrọ maka WEEE ọ bụla bụ iwepụ mmiri mmiri niile. A na-ahụ ebumnuche mgbake ahụ na ọnụ ọgụgụ ndị a.

N'okpuru Ndepụta I nke Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU, ụdị nke EEE kpuchiri dị ka ndị a:

1. Ngwa ụlọ buru ibu
2. Obere ngwa ụlọ
3. IT na akụrụngwa nkwukọrịta
4. Akụrụngwa ndị ahịa na ogwe fotovoltaic
5. Ngwa ọkụ
6. Ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị (ewezuga ngwa ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ na-akwụ ụgwọ buru ibu)
7. Egwuregwu ụmụaka, ihe ntụrụndụ na akụrụngwa egwuregwu
8. Ngwa ahụike (ewezuga ngwaahịa niile etinyere na butere ọrịa)
9. Ngwa nlekota na njikwa
10. Ndị na-ekesa akpaaka

Obere mgbake mgbaru ọsọ a kpọtụrụ aha na Ntuziaka 2012/19/EU malite na 15 Ọgọst 2018:

WEEE na-ada n'ime ụdị 1 ma ọ bụ 10 nke Ndepụta I

- 85% ga-agbake, na 80% ga-akwadebe maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ ma megharịa ya;

WEEE na-ada n'ime ụdị 3 ma ọ bụ 4 nke Ndepụta I

- 80% ga-eweghachi, na 70% ga-akwadebe maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ ma megharịa ya;

WEEE na-ada n'ime ụdị 2, 5, 6, 7, 8 ma ọ bụ 9 nke Ndepụta I

-75% ga-agbake, na 55% ga-akwadebe maka iji ya mee ihe ọzọ ma megharịa ya;

Maka gas na oriọna ndị a na-ewepụ, 80% ga-emegharị.

Na 2021, European Commission tụpụtara mmejuputa ụkpụrụ - maka iterations nke USB-C - nke ngwaahịa chaja ekwentị mgbe ha nyechara ọmụmụ nyocha mmetụta abụọ na nyocha nyocha teknụzụ. Iwu dị ka nke a nwere ike ibelata ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị site na obere ma dị oke mkpa yana, na nke a, na-abawanye mmekọrịta nke ngwaọrụ, nkwekọ na ịdị mma maka ndị na-azụ ahịa ka ha na-ebelata mkpa akụrụngwa na enweghị ọrụ. [Ihe mgbakwunye (s) ndị ọzọ chọrọ] Enyere iwu ndị a na June 2022, na-enye iwu ka ekwentị niile erere na EU nwee ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri USB-C na njedebe 2024.

Otu akụkọ sitere n'aka otu United Nations Environment Management Group depụtara isi usoro na nkwekọrịta nke otu dị iche iche n'ụwa niile na mbọ iji jikwaa na ịchịkwa e-ifufe. Enwere ike weghachite nkọwa gbasara amụma na njikọ dị n'okpuru.

• Nkwekọrịta Mba Nile maka Mgbochi Mmetọ sitere n'Ụgbọ Mmiri (MARPOL) (73/78/97)^[1]
• Nkwekọrịta Basel maka Nchịkwa nke Mgbasawanye nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ize Ndụ na Nchịkwa Ha (1989)^[2]
• Montreal Protocol on Ozone Depleting Substances (1989)^[3]
• International Labour Organization (ILO) Convention on Chemicals, gbasara nchekwa n'iji kemịkal n'ọrụ (1990)^[4]
• Organisation for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD), Council Decision Waste Agreement (1992)
• United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change (UNFCCC) (1994)
• Nzukọ Mba Nile na Nchịkwa Chemicals (ICCM) (1995)
• Nkwekọrịta Rotterdam na Usoro nkwenye a maara tupu oge eruo maka ụfọdụ kemịkal na ọgwụ ahụhụ na azụmaahịa mba ụwa (1998)
• Nkwekọrịta Stockholm maka ihe ndị na-emetọ ihe ndị na - adịghị adịgide adịgide (2001)^[5]
• Òtù Ahụ Ike Ụwa (WHO), Mkpebi Nzukọ Ahụike Ụwa (2006 2010).
• Hong Kong International Convention for the Safe and Environmentally Sound Recycling of Ships (2009) E debere ya na Wayback Machine
• Nzukọ Minamata na Mercury (2013)^[6]
• Paris Climate Agreement (2015) n'okpuru United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change^[7]
• Jikọọ 2020 Agenda maka Global Telecommunication/ICT Development (2014)

Otu echiche bụ na ịba ụba iwu nke ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na nchegbu maka mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi na akụ na ụba okike na-eme ka akụ na ụba na-akụda mmụọ iji wepụ ihe fọdụrụ tupu ebupụ ya. Ndị nkatọ nke azụmaahịa na ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe na-ekwusi ike na ọ ka dị mfe maka ndị na-ere ahịa na-akpọ onwe ha ndị na-emegharị ihe na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na-emepe emepe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, dị ka China, India na akụkụ Africa, si otú a na-ezere mmefu nke iwepu ihe dị ka ihe ọjọọ cathode ray tubes. nhazi nke dị oke ọnụ ma sie ike). Mba ndị na-emepe emepe aghọọla ebe a na-ekpofu ihe na-egbu egbu. Mba ndị na-emepe emepe na-anata e-ife mba ọzọ na-aga n'ihu n'ịrụzi na imegharị ngwa ndị a gbahapụrụ agbahapụ. N'agbanyeghị nke ahụ, 90% nke e-n'efu kwụsịrị na mkpofu na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na 2003. Ndị na-akwado azụmahịa mba ụwa na-atụ aka na ọganihu nke mmemme ahia ziri ezi na ụlọ ọrụ ndị ọzọ, ebe imekọ ihe ọnụ emewo ka ịmepụta ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide ma nwee ike iweta nkà na ụzụ dị ọnụ ala na mba ndị ọzọ. ebe nrụzi na nrụzigharị ọnụego dị elu.

Ndị na-agbachitere ahia na ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe na-ekwu na a na-ewepụta ọla n'ebe ndị na-amaghị nwoke na-egwuputa ihe gaa na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe. A na-ewere imegharị ọla kọpa, ọlaọcha, ọla edo, na ihe ndị ọzọ sitere na ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị a tụfuru ka ọ dị mma maka gburugburu ebe obibi karịa igwu ala. Ha kwukwara na ịrụzi na iji kọmpụta na telivishọn eme ihe abụrụla “ihe a na-ahụ anya furu efu” na mba ndị ka baa ọgaranya nakwa na nrụzigharị abụrụla ụzọ e si ebute mmepe.

South Korea, Taiwan, na ndịda China niile nwere ihe ịga nke ọma n'ịchọta "ọnụ ahịa ejigidere" n'ahịa eji eme ihe, na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ eguzobela ụlọ ọrụ ijeri dollar na-arụzigharị katrij ink eji eme ihe, igwefoto eji otu eme ihe, na CRT na-arụ ọrụ. Ndozigharị abụrụla ihe iyi egwu nye nrụpụta guzobere, yana nchekwa dị mfe na-akọwa nkatọ ụfọdụ nke azụmaahịa ahụ. Na-arụ ọrụ dị ka "Ndị na-eme ihe mkpofu" nke Vance Packard kọwara ụfọdụ nkatọ mbupụ nke ngwaahịa na-arụ ọrụ, dịka ọmụmaatụ, mmachibido iwu ibubata laptọọpụ Pentium 4 na-arụ ọrụ anwalela na China, ma ọ bụ mmachibido iwu mbupụ nke ngwa ngwa na-arụ ọrụ eletrik nke Japan.

Ndị na-emegide mbupụ ngwa elektrọnik nke njupụta na-arụ ụka na ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ọrụ dị ala, ọrụ dị ọnụ ala, na uru dị oke ọnụ nke akụrụngwa enwetara na-eduga na mbufe ihe omume na-ebute mmetọ, dị ka ịgbaze waya ọla kọpa. A na-ezigakarị ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na mba dị iche iche dị n'Africa na Eshia dịka China, Malaysia, India na Kenya maka nhazi, mgbe ụfọdụ n'ụzọ iwu na-akwadoghị. A na-ebufe ọtụtụ kọmpụta ndị na-emepe emepe na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe dị ka "ebe a na-ekpofu ihe maka e-waste".

N'ihi na United States akwadobeghị Mgbakọ Basel ma ọ bụ Ndozigharị Mgbochi ya, yana iwu gọọmentị etiti ole na ole na-amachibido mbupụ ihe mkpofu nsị, Basel Action Network na-eme atụmatụ na ihe dị ka 80% nke ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na-eduzi iji megharịa na US adịghị enweta ya. emegharịrị ebe ahụ ma ọlị, mana a na-etinye ya n'ụgbọ mmiri na-ebuga ya na mba ndị dị ka China. A na-arụrịta ụka na ọnụ ọgụgụ a dị ka ikwubiga okwu ókè nke EPA, Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries, na World Reuse, Repair and Recycling Association.

Nnyocha nke onwe nke Mahadum steeti Arizona gosipụtara na 87-88% nke kọmputa eji ebubata enweghị uru dị elu karịa uru kacha mma nke ihe mejupụtara ha nwere, yana na "azụmahịa gọọmentị na kọmputa njedebe nke ndụ bụ nke a na-eduzi ya. megharia ihe megidere imegharị ihe."

Ndị na-akwado ahia ahụ na-ekwu na uto nke ịnweta ịntanetị bụ njikọ siri ike na ahia karịa ịda ogbenye. Haiti dara ogbenye na nso ọdụ ụgbọ mmiri New York karịa ndịda ọwụwa anyanwụ Eshia, mana a na-ebupụ ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị ka ukwuu site na New York gaa Eshia karịa na Haiti. Ọtụtụ puku ndị ikom, ndị inyom, na ụmụaka na-arụ ọrụ na-ejigharị, nrụzigharị, nrụzi, na nrụpụta ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ ndị na-adịghị adịgide adịgide na-ada ada na mba ndị mepere emepe. Ịhapụ mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe ịnweta ngwá electronic eji eme ihe nwere ike ịgọnarị ha ọrụ na-adịgide adịgide, ngwaahịa ndị dị ọnụ ala, na ịntanetị, ma ọ bụ ịmanye ha ka ha na ndị na-ebubata ngwaahịa na-adịchaghị mma. N'ime usoro isiokwu asaa maka The Atlantic, onye nta akụkọ na Shanghai bụ Adam Minter na-akọwa ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ nrụzi na nkewa nkewa kọmpụta ndị a dị ka ihe na-adịgide adịgide.

Ndị na-emegide azụmaahịa a na-arụ ụka na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe na-eji ụzọ ndị na-emerụ ahụ ma na-emebi emebi. Ụzọ dị mma na nke juru ebe niile bụ nanị ịtụba ngwá ọrụ n'ime ọkụ mepere emepe, iji gbazee plastik na ịgbanyụ ọla ndị na-adịghị oké ọnụ ahịa. Nke a na-ahapụ carcinogens na neurotoxins n'ime ikuku, na-enye aka na acrid, smog na-adịgide adịgide. Uzuzu ọjọọ ndị a gụnyere dioxins na furans. Enwere ike ịtụfu ihe mkpofu ọkụ ngwa ngwa n'ime ọwa mmiri ma ọ bụ ụzọ mmiri na-enye oke osimiri ma ọ bụ mmiri mmiri mpaghara.

Na June 2008, otu akpa ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị, nke a ga-esi na Port of Oakland dị na US gaa na Sanshui District dị na China, bụ Greenpeace jidere na Hong Kong. E welitere nchegbu banyere mbupụ ihe mkpofu electronic n'akwụkwọ akụkọ na India, Ghana, Côte d'Ivoire, na Nigeria.

Nchoputa nke oru ngo Countering WEEE Illegal Trade (CWIT) mere, nke European Commission kwadoro, choputara na na Europe nani 35% (3.3 million ton) nke ihe mkpofu e-e-e-tufuru na 2012 kwụsịrị na ego egosiri n'ihu ọha. nke usoro nchịkọta na imegharị ihe. 65% nke ọzọ (nde tọn 6.15) bụ ma:

• Ebupụrụ (otu nde tọn 1.5),
• Emegharịrị n'okpuru ọnọdụ anaghị akwado ya na Europe (nde 3.15),
• Echekwara maka akụkụ bara uru (ton 750,000), ma ọ bụ
• Naanị tụba ya n'ụlọ mkpofu (ton 750,000).

Guiyu na mpaghara Guangdong nke China bụ nnukwu obodo na-ahazi ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị. A na-akpọkarị ya "isi obodo e-efu nke ụwa." Omenala, Guiyu bụ obodo ọrụ ugbo; Otú ọ dị, n'etiti 1990s ọ ghọrọ ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe nke gụnyere ihe karịrị 75% nke ezinụlọ obodo yana ndị ọrụ 100,000 na-akwaga mba ọzọ. Ọtụtụ puku ụlọ ọrụ n'otu n'otu na-ewe ndị ọrụ n'ọrụ ka ha na-atụtụ eriri, pịnye ibe n'ime bọọdụ sekit, na-egwe ihe kọmpụta rọba n'ime irighiri ihe, na itinye bọọdụ sekit n'ime bat acid iji gbazee ọla ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa. Ndị ọzọ na-arụ ọrụ ịwepụ ihe mkpuchi na wiring niile na mbọ iji wepụta obere waya ọla kọpa. Ọkụ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa, ịkwasa, na mkpofu ebutewo ọtụtụ nsogbu gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka mmetọ mmiri dị n'ime ala, mmetọ ikuku, na mmetọ mmiri ma ọ bụ site na mwepụ ozugbo ma ọ bụ site na mmiri ozuzo (karịsịa nso ebe ndị dị n'ụsọ oké osimiri), yana nsogbu ahụike gụnyere nchekwa nchekwa ọrụ na mmetụta ahụike n'etiti ndị na-etinye aka ozugbo na n'ụzọ doro anya, n'ihi usoro nke nhazi ihe mkpofu.

Isii n'ime ọtụtụ obodo ndị dị na Guiyu bụ ọkachamara n'ịkwasa bọọdụ sekit, asaa na-arụgharị plastik na ígwè, na abụọ na-arụzi waya na eriri USB. Greenpeace, otu gburugburu gburugburu, uzuzu, ala, sedimenti osimiri, na mmiri ala na Guiyu. Ha chọtara nnukwu ọla dị arọ na-egbu egbu na ihe ndị na-emerụ emerụ n'ebe abụọ ahụ. Lai Yun, onye mgbasa ozi maka otu ahụ hụrụ "ihe karịrị ọla ndị na-egbu egbu 10, dị ka lead, mercury, na cadmium."

Guiyu bụ naanị otu ihe atụ nke mkpofu dijitalụ mana enwere ike ịhụ ebe ndị yiri ya n'ofe ụwa na Nigeria, Ghana na India.

O yikarịrị ka Guiyu bụ otu n'ime saịtị e-n'efu kacha ochie na nke kachasị na ụwa; Otú ọ dị, e nwere ọtụtụ saịtị n'ụwa nile, gụnyere India, Ghana (Agbogbloshie), Nigeria, na Philippines. Enwere ọnụ ọgụgụ dị nta nke ọmụmụ na-akọwa ọkwa mkpughe na ndị ọrụ e-ekpofu, obodo, na gburugburu ebe obibi. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ndị obodo na ndị ọrụ na-akwaga mba ọzọ na Delhi, nke dị n'ebe ugwu nke India, na-ekpochapụ ngwá ọrụ kọmputa a tụfuru ma na-eji ụzọ ndị na-egbu egbu na-ewepụ ọla ndị dị ala. Bangalore, nke dị na ndịda India, bụ nke a na-akpọkarị "Silicon Valley of India" ma nwee ngalaba na-emegharị ihe mkpofu na-eto eto. Nnyocha e mere chọpụtara na ndị ọrụ e-ifufe n'ime ime obodo nwere ọkwa dị elu nke V, Cr, Mn, Mo, Sn, Tl, na Pb karịa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe.

Ngwuputa Bitcoin nyekwara aka n'ịba ụba n'efu na eletrọnịkị. Enwere ike iji Bitcoin na ego crypto ndị ọzọ maka ịkwụ ụgwọ ma ọ bụ ịkọ nkọ. Per de Vries & Stoll na akwụkwọ akụkọ Resources, Conservation and Recycling, nkezi azụmahịa bitcoin na-ewepụta gram 272 nke ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị wee mepụta ihe mkpofu ihe ruru nde gram 112.5 na 2020 naanị. Atụmatụ ndị ọzọ na-egosi na netwọk bitcoin na-atụfu ihe dị ka "obere IT na ngwá ọrụ nkwukọrịta nke obodo dịka Netherlands na-emepụta," na-agbakọta ruo 30.7 metric kiloton kwa afọ. Ọzọkwa, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke Bitcoin na-ekpofu ihe mkpofu ya karịrị nke ndị isi ego dị ka VISA, nke na-emepụta gram 40 nke mkpofu maka azụmahịa 100,000 ọ bụla.

Isi ihe na-echegbu onwe ya bụ mgbanwe ngwa ngwa nke teknụzụ na ụlọ ọrụ bitcoin nke na-ebute ọkwa dị elu nke ihe mkpofu e. Enwere ike ịkọwa nke a na ụkpụrụ ihe akaebe nke ọrụ bitcoin na-eji ebe ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-enweta ego dị ka ụgwọ ọrụ maka ịbụ onye mbụ na-edepụta hashes nke na-ede blọk ya.^[8] N'ihi nke a, a na-agba ndị na-egwupụta ihe n'ala ume ka ha na ibe ha na-asọ mpi iji kọwaa hash mbụ.^[8] Otú ọ dị, ịgbakọ hashes ndị a chọrọ nnukwu ike kọmpụta nke, n'ụzọ dị irè, na-akpali ndị na-egwupụta ihe iji nweta rigs nwere ike nhazi kachasị elu. N'ime mgbalị iji mezuo nke a, ndị na-egwupụta ihe na-eme ka ike nhazi dị n'ime rigs ha site n'ịzụta chips kọmputa dị elu.^[8]

Dị ka iwu Koomey si kwuo, ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma na ibe kọmputa na-amụba okpukpu abụọ kwa afọ 1.5, nke pụtara na a na-akpali ndị na-egwuputa ihe ịzụrụ ibe ọhụrụ iji soro ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-asọ mpi n'agbanyeghị na ibe ndị ochie ka na-arụ ọrụ. N'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ, ndị na-egwuputa ihe na-atụfukwa ibe ha n'oge tupu oge a n'ihi uru. Agbanyeghị, nke a na-eduga n'ịkwalite n'efu, n'ihi na enweghị ike ijikwa ma ọ bụ megharịa sekit agbakwunyere ngwa ngwa (ASIC chips). Imirikiti ibe kọmputa eji m bitcoin m bụ ASIC ibe, nke naanị ọrụ ya bụ nke m bitcoin, na-eme ka ha ghara ịba uru maka ego crypto ndị ọzọ ma ọ bụ ịrụ ọrụ na teknụzụ ọ bụla ọzọ. Ya mere, a ga-atụfu ibe ASIC oge ochie ebe ọ bụ na enweghị ike ịmegharị ha.

Nsogbu e-waste bitcoin na-akawanye njọ site n'eziokwu ahụ bụ na ọtụtụ mba na ụlọ ọrụ enweghị mmemme ịmegharị ihe maka ibe ASIC. Ịmepụta akụrụngwa eji emegharị ihe maka ngwungwu bitcoin nwere ike ịba uru, n'agbanyeghị, ebe ọ bụ na aluminom na-ekpo ọkụ ọkụ na ihe mkpuchi ígwè na ibe ASIC nwere ike ịmegharị ya na nkà na ụzụ ọhụrụ. Ọtụtụ n'ime ọrụ a dabara na Bitmain, onye na-emepụta bitcoin, nke na-enweghị akụrụngwa ugbu a iji megharịa ihe mkpofu site na ngwuputa bitcoin. Na-enweghị mmemme dị otú ahụ, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe mkpofu bitcoin na-ejedebe na mkpofu yana 83.6% nke mkpokọta e-ekpofu zuru ụwa ọnụ.

Ọtụtụ ndị na-arụ ụka maka ịhapụ ihe ngosi-nke-ọrụ kpamkpam na-akwado nke ihe akaebe. Ihe nlereanya a na-ahọrọ otu onye na-egwuputa ihe iji kwado azụmahịa ndị dị na blockchain, kama inwe ndị na-egwuputa ihe niile na-asọ mpi maka ya. Na enweghị asọmpi, ọsọ nhazi nke igwe ndị na-egwuputa ihe agaghị adị mkpa. Enwere ike iji ngwaọrụ ọ bụla iji kwado blockchain, yabụ na agaghị enwe mkpali iji ibe ASIC na-eji otu eme ihe ma ọ bụ na-azụta nke ọhụrụ na ịtụfu nke ochie.

Nnyocha e mere n'oge na-adịbeghị anya banyere mmetọ eletrọnịkị na-arị elu na USA kpughere na nkezi ihuenyo kọmputa nwere paụnd ise ruo asatọ ma ọ bụ karịa nke na-anọchi anya pasent 40 nke ụzọ niile dị na ebe a na-ekpofu ahịhịa na US. Ihe nsị ndị a niile na-adịgide adịgide, nsị bioaccumulative (PBT) nke na-emepụta ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mgbe a na-akpọ kọmputa ọkụ, tinye ya n'ime ala ma ọ bụ gbazee. Mkpọsa uzuzu, gas, na ihe ndị na-ekesa ihe na-abanye n'ikuku, mwepu nke ihe mkpofu mmiri n'ime mmiri na usoro ikpofu mmiri, na ikpofu ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na-ebute mmebi gburugburu ebe obibi. Usoro nke ịkwatu na ikpofu ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe butere ọtụtụ mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi dị ka egosiri na eserese. Ntọhapụ nke mmiri mmiri na nke ikuku na-ejedebe na mmiri, mmiri ala, ala, na ikuku na ya mere n'ime ala na anụ mmiri - ma anụ ụlọ na anụ ọhịa, na ihe ọkụkụ nke ma anụmanụ na ụmụ mmadụ na-eri, na mmiri ọṅụṅụ.

Otu nnyocha banyere mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na Guiyu, China chọpụtara ihe ndị a:^[9]

• Dioxins ikuku bụ otu ụdị a hụrụ na okpukpu 100 nke a tụrụ na mbụ
• Ọnọdụ nke carcinogens na ọdọ mmiri ọbọgwụ na ubi osikapa karịrị ụkpụrụ mba ụwa maka mpaghara ọrụ ugbo na cadmium, ọla kọpa, nickel, na ọkwa ọta na ubi osiki karịrị ụkpụrụ mba niile
• Mkpụrụ osisi ndị dị arọ a hụrụ n'ájá okporo ụzọ na-ebute ihe karịrị okpukpu 300 karịa nke ájá okporo ụzọ obodo na ọla kọpa ihe karịrị 100 ugboro

Mpaghara Agbogbloshie dị na Ghana, bụ́ ebe ihe dị ka mmadụ 40,000 bi, na-enye ihe atụ nke otú mmetọ e-ekpofu pụrụ isi metụta ndụ kwa ụbọchị nke ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ndị nile bi. Na mpaghara a—otu n'ime ebe a na-ekpofu ihe na-ekpofu e-ifufe na ebe a na-ahazi ihe n'ụzọ nkịtị n'Africa—a na-ebubata ihe dị ka tọn 215,000 nke ngwa eletrọnịkị ndị e ji azụ ahịa, bụ́ isi sitere n'Ebe Ọdịda Anyanwụ Europe, kwa afọ. N'ihi na mpaghara a nwere nnukwu ndakọrịta n'etiti mpaghara ụlọ ọrụ mmepụta ihe, azụmahịa na ebe obibi, Pure Earth (nke bụbu Blacksmith Institute) ahọpụtala Agbogbloshie dị ka otu n'ime ihe iyi egwu nsi iri kacha njọ n'ụwa (Blacksmith Institute 2013).^[10]

Nnyocha e mere dị iche na ebe a na-ekpofu e-waste na Agbogbloshie, Ghana hụrụ ọnụnọ ọkwa dị elu ruru 18,125 ppm n'ime ala. Ụkpụrụ EPA US maka ndu n'ime ala na mpaghara egwuregwu bụ 400 ppm na 1200 ppm maka mpaghara anaghị egwu egwu. Ndị na-ahụ maka mkpofu na Agbogbloshie e-waste a na-ekpofu ọkụ mgbe niile na-ere ngwa eletrọnịkị na wires akpaaka maka mgbake ọla kọpa, na-ewepụta kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu dị ka lead, dioxins na furans na gburugburu ebe obibi.

Ndị na-eme nchọpụta dị ka Brett Robinson, bụ́ prọfesọ nke sayensị ala na nke anụ ahụ na Mahadum Lincoln dị na New Zealand, dọrọ aka ná ntị na usoro ikuku na Ndịda Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ China na-achụsasị ụmụ irighiri ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na-ewepụta site n'ikuku ọkụ na-ekpo ọkụ n'ofe Pearl River Delta Region, ebe nde mmadụ 45 nwere. N'ụzọ dị otú a, kemịkalụ na-egbu egbu sitere na e-ifufe na-abanye na "ụzọ nri ala-ihe ọkụkụ," otu n'ime ụzọ kachasị mkpa maka ikpughe ọla dị arọ na ụmụ mmadụ. Kemịkalụ ndị a anaghị adị ndụ - ha na-adịgide na gburugburu ebe obibi ruo ogologo oge, na-abawanye ohere ikpughe.

N'ógbè ọrụ ugbo nke Chachoengsao, nke dị n'ebe ọwụwa anyanwụ Bangkok, ndị obodo ahụ tụfuru isi mmiri ha n'ihi mkpofu e-n'efu. A gbanwere ogige akpu na ngwụcha afọ 2017, mgbe ụlọ ọrụ China dị nso malitere ibubata ihe e-ifufe ndị mba ọzọ dị ka kọmpụta ndị e gwepịara egwepịa, bọọdụ sekit na eriri maka imegharị igwe eletrọnịkị maka akụrụngwa ọla bara uru dị ka ọla kọpa, ọlaọcha na ọla edo. Mana ihe ndị ahụ nwekwara lead, cadmium na mercury, nke na-egbu egbu nke ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na ejiri ya mee ihe n'ụzọ na-ezighị ezi n'oge nhazi. Ewezuga inwe mmetụta nke nkụda mmụọ n'ihi uzuzu ọjọọ na-esi n'oge nhazi, otu onye obodo kwuru na ụlọ ọrụ ahụ emetọwokwa mmiri ya. "Mgbe mmiri na-ezo, mmiri ahụ gafere n'ime ikpo ihe mkpofu wee gafere n'ụlọ anyị wee banye n'ime ala na mmiri. Nnwale mmiri mere na mpaghara ahụ site n'aka òtù gburugburu ebe obibi Earth na ndị ọchịchị obodo ha abụọ chọpụtara nsí ígwè, manganese. Lead, nickel na n'ọnọdụ ụfọdụ arsenic na cadmium. "Ndị obodo hụrụ mgbe ha na-eji mmiri si na olulu mmiri na-emighị eme ihe, enwere ụfọdụ mmepe nke ọrịa anụ ahụ ma ọ bụ na-esi ísì ọjọọ," onye guzobere Ụwa, Penchom Saetang kwuru. "Nke a bụ ihe akaebe. , na ọ bụ eziokwu, dị ka ndị obodo na-enyo enyo, e nwere nsogbu na-eme isi iyi mmiri ha."

Mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi nke nhazi nke ihe mkpofu eletrọniki dị iche iche^[11]

Ihe E-waste Component	Usoro A Na-eji	Ihe ize ndụ gburugburu ebe obibi
Cathode ray tubes (nke a na-eji na TV, monitors kọmputa, ATM, kamera vidiyo, na ndị ọzọ)	Ịgbaji na iwepụ yoke, mgbe ahụ ị tụfuo	Lead, barium na ọla ndị ọzọ dị arọ na-abanye n'ime mmiri dị n'okpuru ala ma wepụta phosphor na-egbu egbu
Mbadamba circuit e biri ebi (ihe oyiyi dị n'azụ tebụl bụ efere dị nro nke a na-etinye chips na ihe ndị ọzọ dị na ya)	De-soldering na iwepu chips kọmputa; mepee ọkụ ọkụ na acid baths iji wepụ ọla mgbe ewepụrụ chips.	Mmiri na-esi n'ime osimiri na-ewepụta ájá iko, tin, ọta, brominated dioxin, beryllium cadmium, na mercury
Chips na ihe ndị ọzọ e ji ọlaedo mee	Ihichapụ kemịkal site na iji nitric na hydrochloric acid na ọkụ nke chips	PAHs, ọla dị arọ, brominated flame retardants na-abanye kpọmkwem n'ime osimiri na-eme ka acid dị n'ime azụ na osisi. Tin na lead mmetọ nke elu na mmiri dị n'okpuru ala. Mmiri ikuku nke brominated dioxins, ígwè dị arọ, na PAHs
Plastic sitere na ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ, mkpịsị aka, monitors, wdg.	Mgbaze na obere oge ịgbaze iji mee ihe ọzọ	Mpụta nke brominated dioxins, ígwè dị arọ, na hydrocarbons
Wires kọmputa	Ịkpọ ọkụ na ịpụchasị iji wepụ ọla kọpa	A tọhapụrụ PAHs n'ime ikuku, mmiri, na ala.

Dabere na afọ na ụdị nke ihe a tụfuru, ihe mejupụtara kemịkalụ nke e-waste nwere ike ịdị iche. Ọtụtụ e-nfusị bụ ngwakọta nke ọla dị ka Cu, Al na Fe. Enwere ike ijikọ ha na, kpuchie ma ọ bụ gwakọta ha na ụdị plastik na seramiki dị iche iche. E-waste nwere mmetụta jọgburu onwe ya na gburugburu ebe obibi yana ọ dị mkpa iji tụfuo ya na ụlọ ọrụ R2 na-akwado imegharị ihe.

Na Mee 2020, e mere ọmụmụ sayensị na China nke nyochara ihe omume na nkesa nke ọdịnala na klas nke mmetọ, gụnyere chlorinated, brominated, na ngwakọta halogenated dibenzo-p-dioxins/dibenzofurans (PCDD/Fs, PDDD/Fs, PXDD) / Fs), polybrominated diphenyl ethers (PBDEs), polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs) na polyhalogenated carbazoles (PHCZs) na ala site na ebe mkpofu e-n'efu na Hangzhou (nke na-arụ ọrụ kemgbe 2009 ma nwee ikike ọgwụgwọ nke 19.6 Wt/ a). Ọ bụ ezie na ebe ọmụmụ ihe nwere naanị otu ebe a na-emepụta ihe, mpaghara mmepụta ihe sara mbara nwere ọtụtụ ihe mgbake na igwe na-emegharị ya yana okporo ụzọ dị n'akụkụ okporo ụzọ ebe a na-eji ngwaọrụ nkịtị na nke dị arọ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ kachasị elu nke ogige organic halogenated HOC bụ 0.1-1.5 km site na isi mmalite yana ọkwa HOC n'ozuzu achọpụtara dị obere karịa nke a kọrọ n'ụwa niile. Ọmụmụ ihe ahụ gosipụtara ihe ndị nchọpụta dọrọ aka ná ntị, i. e. n'okporo ụzọ awara awara nwere okporo ụzọ siri ike, ọkachasị ndị na-enye ụgbọ ala mmanụ dizel, ikuku na-ekpochapụ bụ isi iyi dioxins buru ibu karịa isi mmalite. Mgbe a na-enyocha mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike nke ogige kemịkalụ, ọkachasị PBDD/Fs na PXDD/Fs, a ga-eburu n'uche ihe mgbagwoju anya nke ala na ogologo oge ihu igwe dị ka mmiri ozuzo na ihu igwe. Nnyocha ndị ọzọ dị mkpa iji wulite nghọta na ụzọ maka ịlele mmetụta e-waste.

Akụrụngwa nhazi data atụfuru ka nwere ike ịnwe data enwere ike ịgụ nke enwere ike iche na ọ dị mkpa maka ndị ọrụ mbụ nke ngwaọrụ ahụ. Atụmatụ mwegharị maka akụrụngwa dị otú ahụ nwere ike ịkwado nchekwa ozi site n'ịhụ na agbasoro usoro kwesịrị ekwesị iji hichapụ ozi dị nro. Nke a nwere ike ịgụnye usoro dị ka nhazigharị nke mgbasa ozi nchekwa na iji data na-enweghị usoro idegharị iji mee ka data ghara ị nwetaghachi, ma ọ bụ ọbụna mbibi anụ ahụ nke mgbasa ozi site n'ichichi na ọkụ iji hụ na ekpochapụla data niile. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ọtụtụ sistemụ arụmọrụ ihichapụ faịlụ ka nwere ike ịhapụ faịlụ data anụ ahụ na mgbasa ozi, na-enye ohere iweghachite data site na usoro oge niile.

Imegharị ihe bụ ihe dị mkpa nke njikwa e-waste. A na-eme ya nke ọma, ọ kwesịrị ibelata ntapu nke ihe ndị na-egbu egbu na gburugburu ebe obibi ma na-alụ ọgụ megide ike ọgwụgwụ nke ihe ndị sitere n'okike. Otú ọ dị, ọ dị mkpa ka ndị ọchịchị obodo na site na agụmakwụkwọ obodo kwadoro ya. Ihe na-erughị 20% nke e-waste ka a na-emegharị ya nke ọma, yana 80% na-ejedebe na mkpofu ahịhịa ma ọ bụ na-emegharị ya n'oge na-adịbeghị anya - ọtụtụ n'ime ya site na aka na mba ndị ka na-emepe emepe, na-ekpughe ndị ọrụ na ihe ize ndụ na carcinogenic dị ka mercury, lead na cadmium.

A na-enwekarị ụzọ atọ e si ewepụta ọla ndị dị oké ọnụ ahịa na ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị, ya bụ hydrometallurgical, pyrometallurgical, na hydro-pyrometallurgical ụzọ. Ụzọ nke ọ bụla n'ime ụzọ ndị a nwere uru na ọghọm ya yana mmepụta nke nsị nsị.

Otu n'ime ihe ịma aka ndị bụ isi bụ imegharị bọọdụ sekit ndị e biri ebi site na ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị. The sekit mbadamba nwere ndị dị otú ahụ dị oké ọnụ ahịa ọla dị ka gold, ọlaọcha, platinum, wdg na ndị dị otú ahụ isi ọla dị ka ọla kọpa, ígwè, aluminum, wdg Otu ụzọ e-n'efu na-esichara bụ site agbaze sekit mbadamba, ọkụ cable sheathing naghachi ọla kọpa waya na. oghere acid emeghe maka ikewa ọla ndị bara uru. Usoro a na-ejikarị eme ihe bụ nbibi na nkewa, mana ịrụgharị ya dị obere. A mụọla ụzọ ndị ọzọ dị ka mbibi nke cryogenic maka imegharị bọọdụ sekit e biri ebi, a ka na-enyochakwa ụzọ ụfọdụ ndị ọzọ. Ịtụfu ma ọ bụ iji ngwa eletrọnịkị nke ọma mee ihe nke ọma nwere ike inye aka gbochie nsogbu ahụ́ ike, ibelata ikuku ikuku griin, na imepụta ọrụ.

Ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi nke United States na-agba ndị na-emegharị eletrọnịkị ume ka ha bụrụ ndị asambodo site n'igosipụta onye nyocha nke ndị ọzọ nwere onwe ya na ha na-agbaso ụkpụrụ akọwapụtara iji megharịa na jikwaa eletrọnịkị n'enweghị nsogbu. Nke a kwesịrị ịrụ ọrụ iji hụ na a na-edobe ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi kachasị elu. Asambodo abụọ maka ndị na-emegharị eletrọnịkị dị ugbu a ma ndị EPA kwadoro ya. A na-agba ndị ahịa ume ka ha họrọ ndị nrụpụta eletrọnịkị agbaziri agbaziri. Imegharị ihe eletrọnịkị nke kwesịrị ekwesị na-ebelata mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike mmadụ, na-abawanye ojiji nke akụrụngwa enwere ike iji ya na nke emezigharịrị ma belata ojiji ike ma na-echekwa oke ego. Mmemme asambodo abụọ EPA kwadoro bụ Omume Recyclers Responsible Recyclers (R2) na E-Stewards. Companieslọ ọrụ ndị enwetara ikike na-ahụ na ha na-emezu ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi siri ike nke na-ebuli iji megharịa na imegharị ihe, na-ebelata ikpughe na ahụike mmadụ ma ọ bụ gburugburu ebe obibi, hụ na njikwa ihe dị mma ma chọọ mbibi nke data niile ejiri na eletrọnịkị. Ndị na-emegharị ihe eletrọnịkị enwetara egosila site na nyocha na ụzọ ndị ọzọ na ha na-aga n'ihu na-agbaso ụkpụrụ gburugburu ebe obibi dị elu ma na-ejikwa ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe n'enweghị nsogbu. Ozugbo enwetara asambodo, a na-edobe onye na-emegharị ihe n'ụkpụrụ a ka ọ dị site na nleba anya na-aga n'ihu site n'aka otu na-ahụ maka asambodo nọọrọ onwe ya. Otu bọọdụ asambodo na-akwado ma na-ahụ maka ndị otu na-agba akaebe iji hụ na ha rụzuru ọrụ dị iche iche ma tozuo oke inyocha na inye asambodo.^[12]

Ụfọdụ ndị na-ere ahịa na United States na-enye ohere maka ndị na-azụ ahịa imegharị ngwa ngwa eletrọnịkị tụfuru. Na US, Consumer Electronics Association (CEA) na-agba ndị na-azụ ahịa ume ka ha tufuo ngwa elektrọnik nke njedebe nke ọma site n'aka onye na-achọgharị ya. Ndepụta a gụnyere naanị mmemme ndị nrụpụta na ndị na-ere ahịa na-eji ụkpụrụ siri ike yana ebe ndị ọzọ enwetara ikike imegharị ihe, iji nye ndị na-azụ ahịa mmesi obi ike na a ga-emegharị ngwaahịa ha n'enweghị nsogbu na ezi uche. Nnyocha nke CEA achọpụtala na pasent 58 nke ndị na-azụ ahịa maara ebe ha ga-ebu ngwá electronic na njedebe ndụ, ụlọ ọrụ eletrọnịkị ga-amasịkwa ịhụ ọkwa nke mmata ahụ. Ndị na-emepụta ngwá electronic na ndị na-ere ahịa na-akwado ma ọ bụ na-arụ ọrụ karịa 5,000 ebe a na-emegharị ihe na mba niile ma ṅụọ iyi na ha ga-emegharị otu ijeri pound kwa afọ site na 2016, mmụba dị ukwuu site na ụlọ ọrụ 300 nde pound a na-emegharị na 2010.

The Sustainable Materials Management (SMM) Electronic Challenge bụ nke United States Environmental Protection Agency (EPA) kere na 2012. Ndị na-eso ihe ịma aka ahụ bụ ndị na-emepụta ngwá electronic na ndị na-ere ahịa eletrọnịkị. Companieslọ ọrụ ndị a na-anakọta ngwa elektrọnik na njedebe nke ndụ (EOL) n'ebe dị iche iche wee ziga ha na onye nrụpụta ikike nke ndị ọzọ nwere ikike. Ndị sonyere mmemme ahụ na-enwe ike ịkwalite ọha na eze ma kọọ 100% maka imegharị ihe maka ụlọ ọrụ ha. Eletrọnịkị TakeBack Coalition (ETBC) bụ mgbasa ozi ezubere iche ichedo ahụike mmadụ yana ịmachi mmetụta gburugburu ebe obibi ebe a na-emepụta, jiri, na tụfuo ya. ETBC bu n'obi itinye ọrụ maka mkpofu ngwaahịa teknụzụ n'ahụ ndị na-emepụta eletrọnịkị na ndị nwe ika, nke kachasị site na nkwalite obodo na atụmatụ mmanye iwu. Ọ na-enye ndụmọdụ maka nrụpụta ndị ahịa yana ndepụta nke ndị na-emegharịgharị ihe na-ahụ maka gburugburu ebe obibi. Ọ bụ ezie na enweela nnukwu uru site na ịrị elu nke mweghachi na mkpofu nke ndị na-emepụta na ndị na-azụ ahịa na-emepụta, dị ka ihe bara uru a na-enweta ma na-ewepụ ya na nsị na nsị, a ka nwere ọtụtụ nsogbu dị ugbu a na usoro EPR gụnyere "otu esi eme ka ọ dị mma. mmanye nke ụkpụrụ imegharị ihe, ihe a ga-eme gbasara mkpofu na uru net dị mma, yana ọrụ asọmpi," (Kunz et al.). Ọtụtụ ndị na-eme ihe na-ekwenye na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee ọkwa dị elu nke ịza ajụjụ na ịrụ ọrụ nke ọma iji melite usoro nke imegharị ihe n'ebe ọ bụla, yana ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke mkpofu bụ ohere karịa ọdịda ebe ọ na-enye anyị ohere ịmepụta usoro dị mma. Iji mee ka asọmpi imegharị ihe na-adịkwu ọnụ ahịa, ndị na-emepụta ihe kwetara na ọ dị mkpa ka e nwee ike dị elu maka asọmpi n'ihi na ọ na-enye ha ohere inwe ọtụtụ ọrụ dị iche iche nke ndị na-emepụta ihe ịhọrọ maka imegharị ihe e-waste.

Mmemme Recycler nke eletrọnịkị akwụkwọ ikike maka ndị na-emegharị eletrọnịkị bụ ọkọlọtọ sistemu njikwa agbakwunyere jikọtara ọnụ nke na-etinye isi ọrụ yana ihe ndozi na-aga n'ihu maka ịdịmma, gburugburu ebe obibi na ahụike na arụmọrụ nchekwa. Njikọ nke Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition na-akwalite ahụike mmadụ ma na-edozi nsogbu ikpe ziri ezi gburugburu ebe obibi sitere na nsị na teknụzụ. World Reuse, Repair, and Recycling Association (wr3a.org) bụ ọgbakọ raara onwe ya nye iji kwalite ogo elektrọnịk ebupụ, na-agba ume ụkpụrụ nrụpụta ka mma na mba ndị na-ebubata, na imeziwanye omume site na ụkpụrụ “Fair Trade”. Take Back My TV bụ oru ngo nke The Electronics TakeBack Coalition na akara ule ndị na-emepụta telivishọn iji chọpụta ndị na-ahụ maka ọrụ, n'echiche nke otu, na ndị na-adịghị.

Enweela mbọ iji mee ka mmata maka ọnọdụ nwere ike ịdị ize ndụ nke ịkwatu e-waste n'ụlọ mkpọrọ America. Ndị otu Silicon Valley Toxics Coalition, ndị na-akwado ikike ndị mkpọrọ, na ndị otu gburugburu ebe obibi wepụtara akụkọ Sweatshops na-egbu egbu nke na-akọwa otú e si eji ọrụ ụlọ mkpọrọ na-edozi e-waste, na-ebute nsonaazụ ahụike n'etiti ndị ọrụ. Ndị otu a na-ekwu na, ebe ọ bụ na ụlọ mkpọrọ enweghị ụkpụrụ nchekwa zuru oke, ndị mkpọrọ na-ekpochapụ ngwaahịa ndị ahụ n'okpuru ọnọdụ adịghị mma na nke adịghị mma.

N'ọtụtụ mba ndị mepere emepe, nhazi ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị na-ebu ụzọ gụpụsịa akụrụngwa n'akụkụ dị iche iche (obere okpokolo agba, ọkụ eletrik, bọọdụ sekit, plastik), na-ejikarị aka eme ihe, mana ọ na-esiwanye ike site na ngwa nbibi akpaghị aka. Otu ihe atụ bụ ụlọ ọrụ na-emepụta ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị NADIN dị na Novi Iskar, Bulgaria—ebe kasị ukwuu n’ụdị ya n’Ebe Ọwụwa Anyanwụ Europe. Uru nke usoro a bụ ikike nke onye ọrụ mmadụ ịmata na ịchekwa akụkụ ndị na-arụ ọrụ na nke nwere ike ịrụzi, gụnyere chips, transistor, RAM, wdg. Ihe ọghọm bụ na ọrụ ahụ dị ọnụ ala na mba ndị nwere ụkpụrụ ahụike na nchekwa dị ala.

N'ime usoro ọzọ buru ibu, hopper na-ebufe ihe maka ịkpụchasị n'ime igwe na-enweghị ọkaibe, yana igwe nyocha na granulating iji kewapụta akụkụ nke metal na rọba, nke a na-eresị ndị na-agbaze ma ọ bụ ndị na-emegharị plastik. A na-emechi igwe eji emegharị ihe dị otú ahụ ma jiri usoro nchịkọta uzuzu rụọ ọrụ. Ndị nchacha na enyo na-ejide ụfọdụ n'ime ihe ndị a na-emepụta. A na-eji igwe magnetik, ikuku mmiri na trommel rụọ ọrụ iji kewaa iko, rọba na ferrous na ọla ndị na-abụghị nke igwe, nke enwere ike kewapụkwa ọzọ na smelter.

Ọla kọpa, ọla edo, palladium, ọlaọcha na gbamgbam bụ ọla bara uru a na-eresị ndị na-akpụ ihe maka imegharị ihe. A na-ejide anwụrụ ọkụ na gas dị ize ndụ, tinye ya ma gwọọ ya iji belata ihe iyi egwu gburugburu ebe obibi. Ụzọ ndị a na-enye ohere maka ịweghachi ihe niile bara uru ihe eji arụ ọrụ kọmputa. Onye njikwa ihe nrụpụta ngwaahịa Hewlett-Packard Renee St. Denis na-akọwa usoro ya dị ka: “Anyị na-ebugharị ha site na nnukwu shredders dị ihe dị ka mita 30 n'ogologo na ọ na-akụrisị ihe niile n'ime iberibe ihe ruru otu ụzọ n'ụzọ anọ. nnukwu, ọ siri ike iwepụ data ahụ." Osisi eletrọnịkị dị mma na-emegharị ihe mkpofu na-ejikọta mkpochapụ maka mgbake akụrụngwa yana nhazi ọnụ ahịa bara uru nke nnukwu mkpofu eletrọnịkị. Ejigharị ya bụ nhọrọ ọzọ maka imegharị ihe n'ihi na ọ na-agbatị ndụ ngwaọrụ. Ngwa ka na-achọ imegharị ihe emechaa, mana site n'ikwe ka ndị ọzọ zụta ngwa eletrọnịkị eji eme ihe, enwere ike yigharịrị imegharị ihe wee nweta uru site na iji ngwaọrụ.

Na mbido Nọvemba 2021, steeti US nke Georgia kwupụtara njikọ aka ya na Igneo Teknụzụ iji wuo nnukwu ụlọ ọrụ nrụpụta eletrọnịkị $85 nde na Port of Savannah. Ihe oru ngo a ga-elekwasị anya na ihe dị ala, ngwa plastik-dị arọ na mmiri mkpofu na-eji ọtụtụ shredders na oven na-eji teknụzụ pyrolysis.

Ịmegharị akụrụngwa sitere na ngwa eletrọnịkị oge ndụ bụ ihe ngwọta kachasị dị irè maka nsogbu e-ifufu na-eto eto. Ọtụtụ ngwaọrụ eletrọnịkị nwere ihe dị iche iche, gụnyere ọla ndị enwere ike nwetaghachi maka ojiji n'ọdịnihu. Site n'ịkwasa na inye ohere ijikwa ya eme ihe, a na-echekwa akụ ndị sitere n'okike na-emebibeghị ma na-ezere mmetọ ikuku na mmiri nke na-ebute ihe egwu. Na mgbakwunye, imegharị ihe na-ebelata oke ikuku ikuku griin haus na-akpata site n'ichepụta ngwaahịa ọhụrụ. Uru ọzọ nke imegharị ihe e-ifufe bụ na ọtụtụ n'ime ihe nwere ike ịmegharị ma jiri ya mee ihe ọzọ. Ihe ndị nwere ike ịmegharịgharị gụnyere "ferrous (nke dabeere na ígwè) na ọla ndị na-abụghị ígwè, iko, na ụdị plastik dị iche iche." "Ọla ndị na-abụghị igwe, ọkachasị aluminom na ọla kọpa nwere ike ịgbaze ma rụkwaa ya ọzọ. Enwere ike ijikwa ọla ndị dị ka ígwè na ígwè." N'ihi mmụba na-ewu ewu na nso nso a na mbipụta 3D, emebere ụfọdụ ndị na-ebi akwụkwọ 3D (FDM dị iche iche) iji mepụta ihe mkpofu nke enwere ike ịmegharị ngwa ngwa nke na-ebelata oke mmetọ na-emerụ ahụ na ikuku. Enwere ike iji plastik ngafe sitere na ngwa nbipute ndị a na-apụta dị ka ngwaahịa sitere na ya iji mepụta ihe okike ọhụrụ 3D.

A na-agbatịkwu uru nke imegharị ihe mgbe ejiri ụzọ eji emegharị ihe. Na U.S., ọrụ imegharị ihe na-achọ ibelata ihe egwu dị n'ahụike mmadụ na gburugburu ebe igwe eletrọnịkị tụfuru ma kwatuo nwere ike ịmepụta. Ịmegharị ihe n'ụzọ kwesịrị ekwesị na-eme ka usoro nchịkwa kachasị mma nke ngwá electronic na-emegharị, ahụike na nchekwa ndị ọrụ, na nlebara anya maka gburugburu ebe obibi na mpaghara na mba ọzọ. Na Europe, a na-eweghachi ọla ndị a rụgharịrị arụgharị n'ụlọ ọrụ ndị sitere na obere ọnụ ahịa. Site na usoro eji emegharị ihe, a kwalila ndị na-emepụta ihe na Japan ime ka ngwaahịa ha dịgidere. Ebe ọ bụ na ọtụtụ ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka imegharị ngwaahịa nke ha, nke a nyere ndị nrụpụta ọrụ chọrọ ka ọtụtụ ndị rụgharịa akụrụngwa ha. N'ihi ya, ndị na-emepụta ihe na Japan nwere nhọrọ agbakwunyere iji ree ọla ndị a na-emegharịgharị.

Ijikwa e-ifufe na-ezighi ezi na-ebute mfu dị ukwuu nke ụkọ akụrụngwa bara uru, dị ka ọla edo, platinum, cobalt na ihe ndị na-adịghị ahụkebe ụwa. Ihe ruru 7% nke ọla edo ụwa nwere ike ịdị ugbu a na e-waste, yana ọla edo 100 karịa n'otu tọn e-ifufe karịa otu tọn ọla edo.

Enwere ụzọ dị iche iche isi kwụsị ihe egwu gburugburu ebe obibi na-esite na mwegharị ihe mkpofu eletrọnịkị. Otu n'ime ihe na-eme ka nsogbu e-waste ka njọ bụ mbelata ndụ nke ọtụtụ ngwa eletriki na eletrọnịkị. Enwere ndị ọkwọ ụgbọ ala abụọ (karịsịa) maka omume a. N'otu aka ahụ, ọchịchọ ndị ahịa maka ngwaahịa dị ọnụ ala na-emegide ịdịmma ngwaahịa ma na-ebute ndụ ngwaahịa dị mkpụmkpụ. N'aka nke ọzọ, ndị na-emepụta ihe na mpaghara ụfọdụ na-akwado usoro nkwalite oge niile, ma nwee ike manye ya n'agbanyeghị na amachibidoro nnweta akụkụ ahụ mapụtara, akwụkwọ ntuziaka ọrụ na mmelite ngwanrọ, ma ọ bụ site n'oge akwadoro.

Enweghị afọ ojuju ndị ahịa na ọnọdụ a emeela ka mmegharị mmezi na-eto eto. Ọtụtụ mgbe, nke a na-adị n'ọkwa obodo dị ka site na ịrụzi cafės ma ọ bụ "mmegharị malitegharịa" nke ọrụ Malitegharịa ekwentị kwalitere.

Ikike imezi ihe bụ ndị ọrụ ugbo na-ebute ụzọ na US site n'aka ndị ọrụ ugbo enweghị afọ ojuju maka enweghị ozi ọrụ, ngwa ọrụ pụrụ iche na akụkụ mapụtara maka igwe ọgbara ọhụrụ ha. Mana mmegharị ahụ gafere ngwa ọrụ ugbo, dịka ọmụmaatụ, nhọrọ nrụzi mmachi nke Apple nyere na-abata maka nkatọ. Ndị na-emepụta ihe na-enwekarị nchegbu nchekwa nke sitere na nrụzi na mgbanwe na-akwadoghị.

Ụzọ dị mfe iji belata akara ụkwụ eletrọnịkị bụ ire ma ọ bụ inye onyinye eletrọnịkị ngwa kama ịtụfu ya. Ihe mkpofu e-ekpofu na-ekwesịghị ekwesị na-aghọwanye ihe ize ndụ, karịsịa ka oke ụda e-waste na-abawanye. N'ihi nke a, nnukwu ụdị dị ka Apple, Samsung, na ndị ọzọ amalitela inye ndị ahịa nhọrọ iji megharịa ngwá electronic ochie. Imegharị ihe na-enye ohere ka ejigharịa akụkụ eletrọnịkị dị oke ọnụ n'ime. Nke a nwere ike ịchekwa ike dị ukwuu ma belata mkpa nke igwupụta akụrụngwa agbakwunyere, ma ọ bụ imepụta ihe ọhụrụ. Enwere ike ịhụ mmemme imegharị eletrọnịkị n'ime mpaghara n'ọtụtụ ebe yana nchọta ịntanetị dị mfe; ọmụmaatụ, site na ịchọ "recycle electronics" yana obodo ma ọ bụ aha mpaghara.

Ọrụ igwe ojii egosila na ọ bara uru na ịchekwa data, nke a na-enweta ya site na ebe ọ bụla n'ụwa na-enweghị mkpa iburu ngwaọrụ nchekwa. Nchekwa igwe ojii na-enyekwa ohere maka nchekwa buru ibu, na ọnụ ala dị ala. Nke a na-enye ịdị mma, ebe ọ na-ebelata mkpa maka nrụpụta ngwaọrụ nchekwa ọhụrụ, si otú a na-egbochi ọnụọgụ e-waste.

Ahịa ahụ nwere ọtụtụ ụdị ngwaahịa eletrik dị iche iche. Iji kewaa ngwaahịa ndị a, ọ dị mkpa ịkekọta ha n'ime ụdị ezi uche na nke bara uru. Nhazi nke ngwaahịa nwere ike inye aka chọpụta usoro a ga-eji maka mkpofu ngwaahịa. Ime nkewa, n'ozuzu, na-enyere aka ịkọwa e-n'efu. Nkewa akọwapụtabeghị nkọwa pụrụ iche, dịka ọmụmaatụ mgbe ha anaghị etinye ihe iyi egwu na gburugburu ebe obibi. N'aka nke ọzọ, nkewa ekwesịghị ịchịkọta nke ukwuu n'ihi mba dị iche iche na nkọwa. Sistemu UNU-KEYs na-esochi koodu nkwekọ nke ọnụ ọgụgụ (HS). Ọ bụ nhọpụta mba ụwa nke bụ usoro agbakwunyere iji nye ohere ịhazi ihe ndabere maka ebumnuche omenala.

Enwere ike iji ihe ụfọdụ kọmpụta mee ihe n'ịchịkọta ngwaahịa kọmputa ọhụrụ, ebe ndị ọzọ na-ebelata ka ọ bụrụ ọla nke enwere ike ijikwa ya na ngwa ndị dị iche iche dị ka ihe owuwu, ngwa ngwa, na ihe ịchọ mma. Ihe ndị a na-achọta n'ọtụtụ buru ibu gụnyere epoxy resins, fiberglass, PCBs, PVC (polyvinyl chlorides), plastik thermosetting, lead, tin, copper, silicon, beryllium, carbon, iron, na aluminum. Ihe ndị a na-achọta na obere ego gụnyere cadmium, mercury, na thallium. Ihe ndị a na-achọta na ọnụọgụ gụnyere americium, antimony, arsenic, barium, bismuth, boron, cobalt, europium, gallium, germanium, gold, indium, lithium, manganese, nickel, niobium, palladium, platinum, rhodium, ruthenium, selenium, ọlaọcha. Tantalum, terbium, thorium, titanium, vanadium, na yttrium. Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwá electronic niile nwere lead na tin (dị ka ihe na-ere) na ọla kọpa (dị ka waya na egwu sekit bọọdụ e biri ebi), n'agbanyeghị na ojiji nke enweghị ndu na-agbasa ngwa ngwa. Ndị a bụ ngwa nkịtị:

Hazardous waste material from e-waste

E-waste Component	Electric Appliances in which they are found	Adverse Health Effects
Americium	The radioactive source in smoke alarms.	It is known to be carcinogenic.[13]
Lead	Solder, CRT monitor glass, lead-acid batteries, some formulations of PVC. A typical 15-inch cathode ray tube may contain 1.5 pounds of lead,[14] but other CRTs have been estimated as having up to 8 pounds of lead.	Adverse effects of lead exposure include impaired cognitive function, behavioral disturbances, attention deficits, hyperactivity, conduct problems, and lower IQ.[15] These effects are most damaging to children whose developing nervous systems are very susceptible to damage caused by lead, cadmium, and mercury.[16]
Mercury	Found in fluorescent tubes (numerous applications), tilt switches (mechanical doorbells, thermostats),[17] and ccfl backlights in flat screen monitors.	Health effects include sensory impairment, dermatitis, memory loss, and muscle weakness. Exposure in-utero causes fetal deficits in motor function, attention, and verbal domains.[15] Environmental effects in animals include death, reduced fertility, and slower growth and development.
Cadmium	Found in light-sensitive resistors, corrosion-resistant alloys for marine and aviation environments, and nickel-cadmium batteries. The most common form of cadmium is found in Nickel-cadmium rechargeable batteries. These batteries tend to contain between 6 and 18% cadmium. The sale of Nickel-Cadmium batteries has been banned in the EU except for medical use. When not properly recycled it can leach into the soil, harming microorganisms and disrupting the soil ecosystem. Exposure is caused by proximity to hazardous waste sites and factories and workers in the metal refining industry.	The inhalation of cadmium can cause severe damage to the lungs and is also known to cause kidney damage.[18] Cadmium is also associated with deficits in cognition, learning, behavior, and neuromotor skills in children.[15]
Hexavalent chromium	Used in metal coatings to protect from corrosion.	A known carcinogen after occupational inhalation exposure.[15] There is also evidence of cytotoxic and genotoxic effects of some chemicals, which have been shown to inhibit cell proliferation, cause cell membrane lesion, cause DNA single-strand breaks, and elevate Reactive Oxygen Species (ROS) levels.[19]
Sulfur	Found in lead-acid batteries.	Health effects include liver damage, kidney damage, heart damage, eye and throat irritation. When released into the environment, it can create sulfuric acid through sulfur dioxide.
Brominated Flame Retardants (BFRs)	Used as flame retardants in plastics in most electronics. Includes PBBs, PBDE, DecaBDE, OctaBDE, PentaBDE.	Health effects include impaired development of the nervous system, thyroid problems, liver problems.[20] Environmental effects: similar effects as in animals as humans. PBBs were banned from 1973 to 1977 on. PCBs were banned during the 1980s.
Perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA)	Used as an antistatic additive in industrial applications and found in electronics, also found in non-stick cookware (PTFE). PFOAs are formed synthetically through environmental degradation.	Studies in mice have found the following health effects: Hepatotoxicity, developmental toxicity, immunotoxicity, hormonal effects and carcinogenic effects. Studies have found increased maternal PFOA levels to be associated with an increased risk of spontaneous abortion (miscarriage) and stillbirth. Increased maternal levels of PFOA are also associated with decreases in mean gestational age (preterm birth), mean birth weight (low birth weight), mean birth length (small for gestational age), and mean APGAR score.[21]
Beryllium oxide	Filler in some thermal interface materials such as thermal grease used on heatsinks for CPUs and power transistors,[22] magnetrons, X-ray-transparent ceramic windows, heat transfer fins in vacuum tubes, and gas lasers.	Occupational exposures associated with lung cancer, other common adverse health effects are beryllium sensitization, chronic beryllium disease, and acute beryllium disease.[23]
Polyvinyl chloride (PVC)	Commonly found in electronics and is typically used as insulation for electrical cables.[24]	In the manufacturing phase, toxic and hazardous raw material, including dioxins are released. PVC such as chlorine tend to bioaccumulate.[25] Over time, the compounds that contain chlorine can become pollutants in the air, water, and soil. This poses a problem as human and animals can ingest them. Additionally, exposure to toxins can result in reproductive and developmental health effects.[26]

Ijikọghachi ihe mkpofu na-adịghị ize ndụ^[27]

Akụkụ E-waste	Usoro eji eme ihe
Aluminium	Ihe fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ngwaahịa eletrọniki niile na-eji ihe karịrị watts ole na ole nke ike (heatsinks), ICs, electrolytic capacitors.
Copper	waya ọla kọpa, egwu bọọdụ circuit e biri ebi, ICs, ihe ndị na-eduga.
Germanium[28]	1950s na 1960s transistorized electronics (bipolar junction transistors).
Ọlaedo	Njikọ njikọ, karịsịa na ngwá ọrụ kọmputa.
Lithium	Batrị lithium-ion.
Nickel	Batrị Nickel-cadmium
Silicon	Glass, transistors, ICs, bọọdụ circuit e biri ebi.
Tin	Solder, coatings on component leads.
Zinc	Plate maka akụkụ ígwè.

Ndị bi na gburugburu ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe, ọ bụrụgodị na ha etinyeghị aka n'ọrụ imegharị ihe e-ifufe, nwekwara ike iche ihu gburugburu ebe obibi n'ihi nri, mmiri, na mmetọ gburugburu ebe obibi nke e-waste kpatara, n'ihi na ha nwere ike ịkpọtụrụ ngwa ngwa. iji e-emebi ikuku, mmiri, ala, uzuzu na isi nri. Na mkpokọta, enwere ụzọ mkpughe atọ bụ isi: ikuku ume, ingestion, na kọntaktị anụ ahụ.

Nnyocha na-egosi na ndị mmadụ bi na gburugburu ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe nwere oke ọla dị arọ kwa ụbọchị yana ibu ahụ dị njọ karị. Ihe ize ndụ ahụike nwere ike ịgụnye ahụike uche, arụrụ ọrụ ọgụgụ isi, na mmebi ahụike anụ ahụ n'ozuzu ya. ndị bi na mpaghara njikwa. Nkwụsị DNA nwere ike ịbawanye ohere nke ngbanwe na-ezighi ezi wee si otú a na-eme mgbanwe, yana bute ọrịa kansa ma ọ bụrụ na mmebi ahụ bụ mkpụrụ ndụ ihe na-egbochi akpụ.

Ikpughe n'afọ ime na e-ifufe achọpụtala na ọ nwere mmetụta dị njọ na ibu ahụ mmadụ nke mmetọ nke ụmụ ọhụrụ. Na Guiyu, otu n'ime ebe a na-emegharị ihe mkpofu na China, achọpụtara na mmụba ụdọ ọbara nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na-esonye na ntinye aka nke ndị nne na nna na usoro imegharị ihe mkpofu, yana ogologo oge ndị nne nọrọ na ya. Guiyu na n'ụlọ ọrụ na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe ma ọ bụ ụlọ ọrụ n'oge ime ime. E wezụga nke ahụ, a chọtara metallothionein placental dị elu (obere protein nke na-egosi ikpughe ọla ndị na-egbu egbu) n'etiti ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ sitere na Guiyu n'ihi mkpughe Cd, ebe ọkwa Cd dị elu na ụmụ amụrụ ọhụrụ Guiyu metụtara itinye aka na imegharị ihe mkpofu nke ha. nne na nna. Mkpughe PFOA dị elu nke ndị nne na Guiyu metụtara mmetụta ọjọọ na uto nke nwa amụrụ ọhụrụ na ikike dị na mpaghara a.

Mkpughe nke ime nwa na imegharị ihe e-waste n'oge na-adịghịkwa anya nwekwara ike iduga n'ọtụtụ nsogbu ọmụmụ (ịmụ nwa, obere arọ ọmụmụ, obere Apgar, wdg) na mmetụta dị ogologo oge dịka nsogbu omume na mmụta nke ụmụ ọhụrụ na ndụ ha n'ọdịnihu.

Ụmụaka na-enwe mmetụta karịsịa maka ikpughe ihe mkpofu elektronik n'ihi ọtụtụ ihe kpatara ya, dị ka obere nha ha, ọnụ ọgụgụ nke metabolism dị elu, ebe elu ka ukwuu n'ihe metụtara ibu ha, na ọtụtụ ụzọ mkpughe (dịka ọmụmaatụ, dermal, aka na-ọnụ, na ọnụ). were-n'ụlọ ikpughe). A tụrụ ha ka ha nwere ihe ize ndụ ahụike oge 8 ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị okenye na-arụgharị ihe mkpofu e-waste. Nnyocha achọpụtala ọkwa dị elu ọbara dị elu (BLL) na ọkwa cadmium ọbara (BCL) nke ụmụaka bi na ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị bi na mpaghara nchịkwa. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, otu nnyocha chọpụtara na nkezi BLL na Guiyu fọrọ nke nta ka ọ bụrụ ugboro 1.5 ma e jiri ya tụnyere nke dị na saịtị nchịkwa (15.3 ug/dL tụnyere 9.9 ug/dL), ebe CDC nke United States ewepụtala ọkwa ntụaka maka ọbara. na-edu na 5 ug/dL. Achọtara ntụ ọka kacha elu n'ime ụmụaka ndị nne na nna nke ogbako ha gbasara bọọdụ sekit na nke kacha ala so na ndị megharịrị rọba.

Ikpughe na e-ifufe nwere ike ịkpatara ụmụaka nsogbu ahụike siri ike. Ikpughe ụmụaka na neurotoxins mmepe nke nwere na e-ifufe dị ka lead, mercury, cadmium, chromium, arsenic, nickel na PBDE nwere ike iduga n'ihe ize ndụ dị elu nke ala IQ, arụ ọrụ ụbụrụ na-adịghị mma, ikpughe na carcinogens mmadụ mara na mmetụta ọjọọ ndị ọzọ. N'ime afọ ụfọdụ, achọpụtala ọrụ ngụgụ na-ebelata nke ụmụaka n'ebe a na-emegharị ihe mkpofu. Ụfọdụ ọmụmụ chọpụtakwara mkpakọrịta dị n'etiti mkpughe e-ifu ụmụaka na enweghị coagulation, ụkọ ịnụ ihe, na mbelata ọgwụ mgbochi mgbochi ọrịa na mpaghara e-n'efu. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, ikpughe nickel n'ime ụmụ nwoke ndị gbara afọ 8-9 n'ebe a na-ekpofu ihe e-e-na-eduga n'ịbelata ikike dị mkpa nke mmanye, mbelata na ọrụ catalase na mmụba dị ukwuu na ihe omume superoxide dismutase na ọkwa malondialdehyde.

Ngwakọta dị mgbagwoju anya na njikwa na-ezighi ezi nke e-nfu na-emetụta ahụike mmadụ. Ọnụ ọgụgụ na-arịwanye elu nke ọrịa na-efe efe na nke ụlọ ọgwụ emeela ka enwekwu nchegbu banyere ihe egwu e-ifufe nwere ike ime na ahụike mmadụ, karịsịa na mba ndị na-emepe emepe dị ka India na China. Dịka ọmụmaatụ, n'ihe gbasara ihe egwu ahụike, ọkụ na-emeghe nke mbadamba waya ebipụtara na-abawanye mkpokọta dioxins na mpaghara ndị gbara ya gburugburu. Nsí ndị a na-ebute ọrịa cancer ka ukwuu ma ọ bụrụ na ndị ọrụ na ndị bi n'ógbè ahụ na-eku ume. Ọla ndị na-egbu egbu na nsi nwekwara ike ịbanye n'ọbara n'oge a na-ewepụta akwụkwọ ntuziaka na nchịkọta nke obere ọla dị oké ọnụ ahịa, ndị ọrụ na-anọgidekwa na-ekpughere kemịkal na-egbu egbu na uzuzu nke acid gbadoro anya nke ukwuu. Ịweghachite ọla kọpa resalable site n'ọkụ wires ndị na-ekpo ọkụ na-akpata nsogbu akwara ozi, na nnukwu ikpughe na cadmium, nke dị na semiconductor na mgbawa resistors, nwere ike imebi akụrụ na imeju ma mee ka ọkpụkpụ pụta. Ogologo oge ikpughe odu ndu na bọọdụ sekit ndị e biri ebi na kọmputa na ihe onyonyo nwere ike imebi sistemu ụjọ etiti na nke dị n'akụkụ na akụrụ, ụmụaka na-enwekwa ike ịnweta mmetụta ndị a na-emerụ ahụ.

Nlekọta nchekwa na ahụike na-arụ ọrụ (OSHA) achịkọtala ọtụtụ ihe egwu nchekwa nwere ike ime nke ndị ọrụ nrụgharịgharị n'ozuzu ha, dị ka ihe egwu etipịa, ike dị ize ndụ ewepụtara, na ọla ndị na-egbu egbu.

Ihe ize ndụ ndị metụtara imegharị ihe n'ozuzu^[29][30]

Ihe ize ndụ	Nkọwa zuru ezu
Slips, njem, na ọdịda	Ha nwere ike ime mgbe ị na-anakọta ma na-ebugharị ihe mkpofu e-we.
Ihe ize ndụ ndị na-emebi ihe	Ndị ọrụ nwere ike ijide ma ọ bụ kpochapụ site na igwe ma ọ bụ ihe mkpofu e. Enwere ike inwe ihe mberede okporo ụzọ mgbe ị na-ebugharị ihe mkpofu e-we. Iji igwe nwere akụkụ na-agagharị agagharị, dị ka conveyors na igwe na-agbagharị nwekwara ike ịkpata ihe mberede, na-eduga na amputations, mkpịsị aka ma ọ bụ aka.
Ike dị ize ndụ a tọhapụrụ	Mmalite igwe na-atụghị anya ya nwere ike ịkpata ọnwụ ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ nye ndị ọrụ. Nke a nwere ike ime n'oge nrụnye, mmezi, ma ọ bụ nrụzi nke igwe, ngwá ọrụ, usoro, ma ọ dị ka usoro.
Ọkpụkpụ na ọkpụkpụ	Aka ma ọ bụ mmerụ ahụ na mmerụ ahụ anya nwere ike ime mgbe ị na-ewepụ ihe mkpofu e-nke nwere ọnụ dị nkọ.
Ụda	Ịrụ ọrụ oge mgbakwunye na nso mkpọtụ dị elu site na igwu egwu, ịkụ ọkpọ, na ngwaọrụ ndị ọzọ nwere ike ime nnukwu mkpọtụ na-eduga na ntị chiri.
Chemicals na-egbu egbu (mkpịsị)	Ịkpọ e-waste ọkụ iji wepụ ọla na-ewepụta kemịkal na-egbu egbu (dịka. PAHs, lead) site na e-waste gaa na ikuku, nke ndị ọrụ nwere ike iku ume ma ọ bụ rie na ebe nrụọrụ weebụ. Nke a nwere ike ibute ọrịa site na kemịkal na-egbu egbu.

OSHA achọkwala ụfọdụ kemịkalụ nke ngwá electronic nke nwere ike imerụ ndị ọrụ e-recycling, dị ka ọdu, mercury, PCBs, asbestos, refractory ceramic fibers (RCFs), na ihe radioactive. E wezụga nke ahụ, na United States, ọtụtụ n'ime ihe ize ndụ kemịkal ndị nwere oke i ike ọrụ (OELs) nke OSHA, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health (NIOSH), na American Conference of Governmental Industrial Hygienists (ACGIH) ebe.

Ogologo ikpughe ọrụ (OELs) nke ụfọdụ kemịkal dị ize ndụ

Kemịkal ndị dị ize ndụ	OELs (mg/m^3)	Ụdị OELs
Onye ndu (Pb)	0.05[31]	NIOSH na-atụ aro oke ikpughe (REL), oge arọ (TWA)
Mercury (Hg)	0.05[32]	NiOSh REL, TWA
Cadmium (Cd)	0.005[33]	OSHA kwere omume ikpughe oke (PEL), TWA
Chromium Hexavalent	0.005[34]	Ọ dị n'okpuru ala
Sulfer dioxide	5[35]	NiOSh REL, TWA

Maka nkọwa zuru ezu nke mmetụta ahụike nke ihe ize ndụ kemịkal ndị a, lee kwa ihe mkpofu eletrọniki # Ihe mkpofu eletrik.

Ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling na-adịghị ahụkebe na-ezo aka na obere ụlọ ọrụ ịmegharị ihe e-ifufe nwere ole na ole (ma ọ bụrụ na ọ bụla) usoro akpaaka na ngwa nchebe onwe (PPE). N'aka nke ọzọ, ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling nke ụlọ ọrụ na-ezo aka na ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling mgbe niile na-edozi ihe sitere na e-ifufe na igwe akpaaka na ọrụ aka, ebe njikwa mmetọ na PPE na-emekarị. Mgbe ụfọdụ ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling na-ekpochapụ ihe e-ifufe iji dozie ihe, wee kesaa ya na ngalaba mgbagharị ọzọ nke mgbada iji nwetaghachi ihe ndị dị ka rọba na ọla.

Mmetụta ahụike nke ndị ọrụ na-emegharị ihe e-ifufe na-arụ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke ụlọ ọrụ na ụlọ ọrụ nkịtị na-atụ anya ịdị iche na oke. Nnyocha e mere na saịtị atọ a na-emegharị ihe na China na-atụ aro na ihe egwu ahụike nke ndị ọrụ sitere na ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling na Jiangsu na Shanghai dị ala ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-arụ ọrụ na saịtị e-recycling na Guiyu. Ụzọ ochie nke ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'azụ ụlọ a na-achịkwaghị achịkwa (dịka ọmụmaatụ, ngalaba na-adịghị ahụkebe) na-eji iji nwetaghachi, megharịa, na imegharị ihe e-ifufu na-ekpughe ndị ọrụ ahụ n'ọtụtụ ihe na-egbu egbu. A na-eji usoro ndị dị ka ihe ndị na-ekpochapụ ihe, nhazi kemịkalụ mmiri, na ọkụ ọkụ na-ebute mkpughe na iku ume nke kemịkalụ na-emerụ ahụ. Akụrụngwa nchekwa dị ka uwe aka, ihe mkpuchi ihu, na ndị na-ekuku ikuku bụ ihe amabeghị, ndị ọrụ na-enwekarị echiche nke ihe ha na-eme. N'ime ọmụmụ ihe ọzọ gbasara imegharị ihe e-waste na India, a nakọtara ihe nlele ntutu site n'aka ndị ọrụ n'ebe a na-emegharị ihe e-waste na ebe e-waste recycling slum community (ụlọ ọrụ na-abụghị nke ụlọ ọrụ) na Bangalore. Ọkwa nke V, Cr, Mn, Mo, Sn, Tl, na Pb dị elu karịa n'ime ndị ọrụ na ebe a na-emegharị ihe mkpofu e-n'efu ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị na-arụ ọrụ e-ifufe n'ime ime obodo. Agbanyeghị, ọkwa Co, Ag, Cd na Hg dị elu nke ukwuu na ndị ọrụ ime obodo ma e jiri ya tụnyere ndị ọrụ ụlọ ọrụ.

Ọbụna n'ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling, ndị ọrụ nwere ike ịnweta mmetọ gabigara ókè. Nnyocha e mere na ụlọ ọrụ e-recycling na France na Sweden chọpụtara na ndị ọrụ na-emebiga ihe ókè (tụnyere ụkpụrụ nduzi ọrụ akwadoro) na-edu, cadmium, mercury na ụfọdụ ọla ndị ọzọ, yana BFR, PCBs, dioxin na furans. A na-ekpughekwa ndị na-arụ ọrụ n'ụlọ ọrụ na-ahụ maka ọkụ na-ere ọkụ karịa ndị otu ntụaka.

Maka ahụike na nchekwa ọrụ nke ndị ọrụ na-emegharị ihe mkpofu, ma ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ ma ndị ọrụ kwesịrị ime ihe. A na-egosi aro maka ndị were mmadụ n'ọrụ na ndị ọrụ nke ụlọ ọrụ e-waste nke Ngalaba Ahụike Ọha California nyere na eserese ahụ.

Safety suggestion for e-waste recycling facilities employers and workers^[30]

Hazards	What must employers do	What should workers do
General	Actions include: Determine the hazards in the workplace and take actions to control them; Check and make correction to the workplace condition regularly; Supply safe tools and PPE to workers; Provide workers with training about hazards and safe work practice; A written document about injury and illness prevention.	Suggestions include: Wear PPE when working; Talk with employers about ways to improve working conditions; Report anything unsafe in the workplace to employers; Share experience of how to work safely with new workers.
Dust	Actions include: Offer a clean eating area, cleaning area and supplies, uniforms and shoes, and lockers for clean clothes to the workers; Provide tools to dismantle the e-waste. If the dust contains lead or cadmium: Measure the dust, lead and cadmium level in the air; Provide cleaning facilities such as wet mops and vacuums; Provide exhaust ventilation. If it is still not sufficient to reduce the dust, provide workers with respirators; Provide workers with blood lead testing when lead level is not less than 30 mg/m3.	Protective measures include: Clean the workplace regularly, and do not eat or smoke when dealing with e-waste; Do not use brooms to clean the workplace since brooms can raise dust; Before going home, shower, change into clean clothes, and separate the dirty work clothes and clean clothes; Test the blood lead, even if the employers do not provide it; Use respirator, check for leaks every time before use, always keep it on your face in the respirator use area, and clean it properly after use.
Cuts and lacerations	Protective equipment such as gloves, masks and eye protection equipments should be provided to workers	When dealing with glass or shredding materials, protect the hands and arms using special gloves and oversleeves.
Noise	Actions include: Measure the noise in the workplace, and use engineering controls when levels exceed the exposure limit; Reduce the vibration of the working desk by rubber matting; Provide workers with earmuffs when necessary.	Wear the hearing protection all the time when working. Ask for the employer about the noise monitoring results. Test the hearing ability.
Lifting injuries	Provide facilities to lift or move the e-waste and adjustable work tables.	When handling e-waste, try to decrease the load per time. Try to get help from other workers when lifting heavy or big things.

• Ọganihu nke ngwaahịa n'afọ 2000
• Ịmegharị Kọmputa
• Ọlaedo e gwupụtara
• eDay
• Ihe mkpofu eletrọniki na Japan
• Kọmputa na-acha akwụkwọ ndụ akwụkwọ ndụ
• Ijikọghachi ekwentị mkpanaaka
• Mpempe akwụkwọ data nchekwa ihe onwunwe
• Polychlorinated biphenyls
• Nkọwa azụ
• Okporo ụzọ Redio

Iwu na mgbakọ:

• Basel Action Network (BAN)
• Mgbakọ Basel
• China RoHS
• Ndị na-ahụ maka e-
• Mmachibido Iwu nke Ihe Ndị Dị Ize Ndụ (RoHS)
• Ụkpụrụ Soesterberg
• Sustainable Electronics Initiative (SEI)
• Ntuziaka Ngwá Ọrụ Eletrik na Electronic

Nzukọ:

• Njikọ Nchịkọta Ihe onwunwe na Nchebe Ozi (ADISA)^[36]
• Mkpịsị aka
• iFixit
• International Network for Environmental Compromance and Enforcement
• Institute of Scrap Recycling Industries (ISRI)
• Idozi Nsogbu E-waste
• Òtù Ụwa Na-eji, Nrụzi na Nrụzigharị Ihe

Nchebe:

• Ihichapụ data

Ọchịagha:

• Ihe mkpofu dị ize ndụ na-ere ahịa
• Ihe mkpofu
• Nchịkwa ihe mkpofu

1. ↑ International Convention for the Prevention of Pollution from Ships (MARPOL). www.imo.org. Archived from the original on 22 June 2015. Retrieved on 17 January 2022.
2. ↑ Convention (22 March 1989). Basel Convention > The Convention > Overview. Basel Convention Home Page. Retrieved on 23 March 2021.
3. ↑ The Montreal Protocol on Substances that Deplete the Ozone Layer. Ozone Secretariat. Retrieved on 23 March 2021.
4. ↑ Convention C170 – Chemicals Convention, 1990 (No. 170). International Labour Organization (6 June 1990). Retrieved on 23 March 2021.
5. ↑ Convention (19 February 2021). Home page. Stockholm Convention. Retrieved on 23 March 2021.
6. ↑ Mercury. Minamata Convention on Mercury > Home. Minamata Convention on Mercury > Home. Retrieved on 23 March 2021.
7. ↑ The Paris Agreement. unfccc.int. Retrieved on 23 March 2021.
8. ↑ ^{8.0 8.1 8.2} de Vries (17 April 2019). "Renewable Energy Will Not Solve Bitcoin's Sustainability Problem" (in en). Joule 3 (4): 893–898. DOI:10.1016/j.joule.2019.02.007. ISSN 2542-4351. 
9. ↑ Sthiannopkao (2013). "Handling e-waste in developed and developing countries: Initiatives, practices, and consequences". Science of the Total Environment 463–464: 1147–1153. DOI:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2012.06.088. PMID 22858354. 
10. ↑ Heacock Michelle (1 May 2016). "E-Waste and Harm to Vulnerable Populations: A Growing Global Problem". Environmental Health Perspectives 124 (5): 550–555. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1509699. PMID 26418733. 
11. ↑ Wath (2011). "E-waste scenario in India, its management and implications". Environmental Monitoring and Assessment 172 (1–4): 249–262. DOI:10.1007/s10661-010-1331-9. PMID 20151189. 
12. ↑ E-cycling certification. Environmental Protection Agency (2013). Archived from the original on 12 April 2013.
13. ↑ Americium, Radioactive. TOXNET Toxicology Data Network. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016.
14. ↑ Morgan, Russell. "Tips and Tricks for Recycling Old Computers", SmartBiz, 21 August 2006. Retrieved on 17 March 2009.
15. ↑ ^{15.0 15.1 15.2 15.3} Chen (2011). "Developmental Neurotoxicants in E-Waste: An Emerging Health Concern". Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (4): 431–438. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1002452. PMID 21081302. 
16. ↑ Chen (1 April 2011). "Developmental neurotoxicants in e-waste: an emerging health concern". Environmental Health Perspectives 119 (4): 431–438. DOI:10.1289/ehp.1002452. ISSN 1552-9924. PMID 21081302. 
17. ↑ Question 8 (9 August 2013). Archived from the original on 26 March 2009.
18. ↑ Cadmium (Cd) – Chemical properties, Health and Environmental effects. Lenntech.com. Archived from the original on 15 May 2014. Retrieved on 2 June 2014.
19. ↑ Wang Liulin (2011). "The cytotoxic and genetoxic effects of dust and soil samples from E-waste recycling area on L02 cells". Toxicology and Industrial Health 27 (9): 831–839. DOI:10.1177/0748233711399313. PMID 21421680. 
20. ↑ Birnbaum (2004). "Brominated flame retardants: Cause for concern?". Environmental Health Perspectives 112 (1): 9–17. DOI:10.1289/ehp.6559. PMID 14698924. 
21. ↑ Wu (2012). "Association between maternal exposure to perfluorooctanoic acid (PFOA) from electronic waste recycling and neonatal health outcomes". Environment International 41: 1–8. DOI:10.1016/j.envint.2012.06.018. PMID 22820015. 
22. ↑ Becker, Greg (July 2005). "Thermal conductivity in advanced chips: Emerging generation of thermal greases offers advantages". Advanced Packaging: 2–4. Retrieved on 4 March 2008. 
23. ↑ Health Effects. United States Department of Labor. Archived from the original on 12 October 2016. Retrieved on 30 October 2016.
24. ↑ Why BFRs and PVC should be phased out of electronic devices.
25. ↑ Flame retardants & PVC in electronics.
26. ↑ Polyvinyl Chloride (PVC). Archived from the original on 2018-07-10. Retrieved on 2023-05-10.
27. ↑ US EPA (10 November 2014). Regulatory and Guidance Information by Topic: Waste – Guide for Industrial Waste Management (en). www.epa.gov.
28. ↑ Hieronymi (14 June 2012). E-Waste Management: From Waste to Resource. ISBN 978-1-136-29911-7. 
29. ↑ Recycling | Consumer Electronics (EN-US). www.osha.gov. Retrieved on 24 November 2018.
30. ↑ ^{30.0 30.1} Electronic Waste Recycling: Working Safely.
31. ↑ OSHA Occupational Chemical Database | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. www.osha.gov. Retrieved on 13 December 2018.
32. ↑ OSHA Occupational Chemical Database | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. www.osha.gov. Retrieved on 13 December 2018.
33. ↑ OSHA Occupational Chemical Database | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. www.osha.gov. Retrieved on 13 December 2018.
34. ↑ OSHA Occupational Chemical Database | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. www.osha.gov. Retrieved on 13 December 2018.
35. ↑ OSHA Occupational Chemical Database | Occupational Safety and Health Administration. www.osha.gov. Retrieved on 13 December 2018.
36. ↑ ADISA website. Asset Disposal and Information Security Alliance. Archived from the original on 29 May 2015. Retrieved on 9 May 2015.