HTML
Living Standard — Last Updated 1 November 2024
Living Standard — Last Updated 1 November 2024
This section is non-normative.
Sometimes, it is desirable to annotate content with specific machine-readable labels, e.g. to allow generic scripts to provide services that are customized to the page, or to enable content from a variety of cooperating authors to be processed by a single script in a consistent manner.
For this purpose, authors can use the microdata features described in this section. Microdata allows nested groups of name-value pairs to be added to documents, in parallel with the existing content.
This section is non-normative.
At a high level, microdata consists of a group of name-value pairs. The groups are called items, and each name-value pair is a property. Items and properties are represented by regular elements.
To create an item, the itemscope attribute is used.
To add a property to an item, the itemprop attribute is used
on one of the item's descendants.
Here there are two items, each of which has the property "name":
< div itemscope >
< p > My name is < span itemprop = "name" > Elizabeth</ span > .</ p >
</ div >
< div itemscope >
< p > My name is < span itemprop = "name" > Daniel</ span > .</ p >
</ div > Markup without the microdata-related attributes does not have any effect on the microdata model.
These two examples are exactly equivalent, at a microdata level, as the previous two examples respectively:
< div itemscope >
< p > My < em > name</ em > is < span itemprop = "name" > E< strong > liz</ strong > abeth</ span > .</ p >
</ div >
< section >
< div itemscope >
< aside >
< p > My name is < span itemprop = "name" >< a href = "/?user=daniel" > Daniel</ a ></ span > .</ p >
</ aside >
</ div >
</ section > Properties generally have values that are strings.
Here the item has three properties:
< div itemscope >
< p > My name is < span itemprop = "name" > Neil</ span > .</ p >
< p > My band is called < span itemprop = "band" > Four Parts Water</ span > .</ p >
< p > I am < span itemprop = "nationality" > British</ span > .</ p >
</ div > When a string value is a URL, it is expressed using the a element and
its href attribute, the img element and its
src attribute, or other elements that link to or embed external
resources.
In this example, the item has one property, "image", whose value is a URL:
< div itemscope >
< img itemprop = "image" src = "google-logo.png" alt = "Google" >
</ div > When a string value is in some machine-readable format unsuitable for human consumption, it is
expressed using the value attribute of the data
element, with the human-readable version given in the element's contents.
Here, there is an item with a property whose value is a product ID. The ID is not human-friendly, so the product's name is used the human-visible text instead of the ID.
< h1 itemscope >
< data itemprop = "product-id" value = "9678AOU879" > The Instigator 2000</ data >
</ h1 > For numeric data, the meter element and its value attribute can be used instead.
Here a rating is given using a meter element.
< div itemscope itemtype = "http://schema.org/Product" >
< span itemprop = "name" > Panasonic White 60L Refrigerator</ span >
< img src = "panasonic-fridge-60l-white.jpg" alt = "" >
< div itemprop = "aggregateRating"
itemscope itemtype = "http://schema.org/AggregateRating" >
< meter itemprop = "ratingValue" min = 0 value = 3.5 max = 5 > Rated 3.5/5</ meter >
(based on < span itemprop = "reviewCount" > 11</ span > customer reviews)
</ div >
</ div > Similarly, for date- and time-related data, the time element and its datetime attribute can be used instead.
In this example, the item has one property, "birthday", whose value is a date:
< div itemscope >
I was born on < time itemprop = "birthday" datetime = "2009-05-10" > May 10th 2009</ time > .
</ div > Properties can also themselves be groups of name-value pairs, by putting the itemscope attribute on the element that declares the property.
Items that are not part of others are called top-level microdata items.
In this example, the outer item represents a person, and the inner one represents a band:
< div itemscope >
< p > Name: < span itemprop = "name" > Amanda</ span ></ p >
< p > Band: < span itemprop = "band" itemscope > < span itemprop = "name" > Jazz Band</ span > (< span itemprop = "size" > 12</ span > players)</ span ></ p >
</ div > The outer item here has two properties, "name" and "band". The "name" is "Amanda", and the "band" is an item in its own right, with two properties, "name" and "size". The "name" of the band is "Jazz Band", and the "size" is "12".
The outer item in this example is a top-level microdata item.
Properties that are not descendants of the element with the itemscope attribute can be associated with the item using the itemref attribute.
This attribute takes a list of IDs of elements to crawl in addition to crawling the children of
the element with the itemscope attribute.
This example is the same as the previous one, but all the properties are separated from their items:
< div itemscope id = "amanda" itemref = "a b" ></ div >
< p id = "a" > Name: < span itemprop = "name" > Amanda</ span ></ p >
< div id = "b" itemprop = "band" itemscope itemref = "c" ></ div >
< div id = "c" >
< p > Band: < span itemprop = "name" > Jazz Band</ span ></ p >
< p > Size: < span itemprop = "size" > 12</ span > players</ p >
</ div > This gives the same result as the previous example. The first item has two properties, "name", set to "Amanda", and "band", set to another item. That second item has two further properties, "name", set to "Jazz Band", and "size", set to "12".
An item can have multiple properties with the same name and different values.
This example describes an ice cream, with two flavors:
< div itemscope >
< p > Flavors in my favorite ice cream:</ p >
< ul >
< li itemprop = "flavor" > Lemon sorbet</ li >
< li itemprop = "flavor" > Apricot sorbet</ li >
</ ul >
</ div > This thus results in an item with two properties, both "flavor", having the values "Lemon sorbet" and "Apricot sorbet".
An element introducing a property can also introduce multiple properties at once, to avoid duplication when some of the properties have the same value.
Here we see an item with two properties, "favorite-color" and "favorite-fruit", both set to the value "orange":
< div itemscope >
< span itemprop = "favorite-color favorite-fruit" > orange</ span >
</ div > It's important to note that there is no relationship between the microdata and the content of the document where the microdata is marked up.
There is no semantic difference, for instance, between the following two examples:
< figure >
< img src = "castle.jpeg" >
< figcaption >< span itemscope >< span itemprop = "name" > The Castle</ span ></ span > (1986)</ figcaption >
</ figure > < span itemscope >< meta itemprop = "name" content = "The Castle" ></ span >
< figure >
< img src = "castle.jpeg" >
< figcaption > The Castle (1986)</ figcaption >
</ figure > Both have a figure with a caption, and both, completely unrelated to the figure, have an item with a name-value pair with the name "name" and the value "The Castle". The only difference is that if the user drags the caption out of the document, in the former case, the item will be included in the drag-and-drop data. In neither case is the image in any way associated with the item.
This section is non-normative.
The examples in the previous section show how information could be marked up on a page that doesn't expect its microdata to be re-used. Microdata is most useful, though, when it is used in contexts where other authors and readers are able to cooperate to make new uses of the markup.
For this purpose, it is necessary to give each item a type, such as "https://example.com/person", or "https://example.org/cat", or "https://band.example.net/". Types are identified as URLs.
The type for an item is given as the value of an itemtype attribute on the same element as the itemscope attribute.
Here, the item's type is "https://example.org/animals#cat":
< section itemscope itemtype = "https://example.org/animals#cat" >
< h1 itemprop = "name" > Hedral</ h1 >
< p itemprop = "desc" > Hedral is a male american domestic
shorthair, with a fluffy black fur with white paws and belly.</ p >
< img itemprop = "img" src = "hedral.jpeg" alt = "" title = "Hedral, age 18 months" >
</ section > In this example the "https://example.org/animals#cat" item has three properties, a "name" ("Hedral"), a "desc" ("Hedral is..."), and an "img" ("hedral.jpeg").
The type gives the context for the properties, thus selecting a vocabulary: a property named
"class" given for an item with the type "https://census.example/person" might refer to the economic
class of an individual, while a property named "class" given for an item with the type
"https://example.com/school/teacher" might refer to the classroom a teacher has been assigned.
Several types can share a vocabulary. For example, the types "https://example.org/people/teacher" and "https://example.org/people/engineer" could be defined to use the same vocabulary
(though maybe some properties would not be especially useful in both cases, e.g. maybe the "https://example.org/people/engineer" type might not typically be used with the
"classroom" property). Multiple types defined to use the same vocabulary can
be given for a single item by listing the URLs as a space-separated list in the attribute' value.
An item cannot be given two types if they do not use the same vocabulary, however.
This section is non-normative.
Sometimes, an item gives information about a topic that has a global identifier. For example, books can be identified by their ISBN number.
Vocabularies (as identified by the itemtype attribute) can
be designed such that items get associated with their global
identifier in an unambiguous way by expressing the global identifiers as URLs given in an itemid attribute.
The exact meaning of the URLs given in itemid attributes depends on the vocabulary used.
Here, an item is talking about a particular book:
< dl itemscope
itemtype = "https://vocab.example.net/book"
itemid = "urn:isbn:0-330-34032-8" >
< dt > Title
< dd itemprop = "title" > The Reality Dysfunction
< dt > Author
< dd itemprop = "author" > Peter F. Hamilton
< dt > Publication date
< dd >< time itemprop = "pubdate" datetime = "1996-01-26" > 26 January 1996</ time >
</ dl > The "https://vocab.example.net/book" vocabulary in this example would
define that the itemid attribute takes a urn: URL pointing to the ISBN of the book.
This section is non-normative.
Using microdata means using a vocabulary. For some purposes, an ad-hoc vocabulary is adequate. For others, a vocabulary will need to be designed. Where possible, authors are encouraged to re-use existing vocabularies, as this makes content re-use easier.
When designing new vocabularies, identifiers can be created either using URLs, or, for properties, as plain words (with no dots or colons). For URLs, conflicts with other vocabularies can be avoided by only using identifiers that correspond to pages that the author has control over.
For instance, if Jon and Adam both write content at example.com, at https://example.com/~jon/... and https://example.com/~adam/... respectively, then
they could select identifiers of the form
"https://example.com/~jon/name" and "https://example.com/~adam/name"
respectively.
Properties whose names are just plain words can only be used within the context of the types for which they are intended; properties named using URLs can be reused in items of any type. If an item has no type, and is not part of another item, then if its properties have names that are just plain words, they are not intended to be globally unique, and are instead only intended for limited use. Generally speaking, authors are encouraged to use either properties with globally unique names (URLs) or ensure that their items are typed.
Here, an item is an "https://example.org/animals#cat", and most of the properties have names that are words defined in the context of that type. There are also a few additional properties whose names come from other vocabularies.
< section itemscope itemtype = "https://example.org/animals#cat" >
< h1 itemprop = "name https://example.com/fn" > Hedral</ h1 >
< p itemprop = "desc" > Hedral is a male American domestic
shorthair, with a fluffy < span
itemprop = "https://example.com/color" > black</ span > fur with < span
itemprop = "https://example.com/color" > white</ span > paws and belly.</ p >
< img itemprop = "img" src = "hedral.jpeg" alt = "" title = "Hedral, age 18 months" >
</ section > This example has one item with the type "https://example.org/animals#cat" and the following properties:
| Property | Value |
| name | Hedral |
| https://example.com/fn | Hedral |
| desc | Hedral is a male American domestic shorthair, with a fluffy black fur with white paws and belly. |
| https://example.com/color | black |
| https://example.com/color | white |
| img | .../hedral.jpeg |
The microdata model consists of groups of name-value pairs known as items.
Each group is known as an item. Each item can have item types, a global identifier (if the vocabulary specified by the item types support global identifiers for items), and a list of name-value pairs. Each name in the name-value pair is known as a property, and each property has one or more values. Each value is either a string or itself a group of name-value pairs (an item). The names are unordered relative to each other, but if a particular name has multiple values, they do have a relative order.
Support in all current engines.
Every HTML element may have an itemscope attribute specified. The
itemscope attribute is a boolean attribute.
An element with the itemscope attribute specified creates a
new item, a group of name-value pairs.
Support in all current engines.
Elements with an itemscope attribute may have an itemtype attribute
specified, to give the item types of the item.
The itemtype attribute, if specified, must have a value that
is an unordered set of unique space-separated tokens, none of which are
identical to another token and each of which is a valid URL string that
is an absolute URL, and all of which are defined to use the same vocabulary. The
attribute's value must have at least one token.
The item types of an item are the tokens obtained
by splitting the element's itemtype attribute's value on ASCII whitespace. If the itemtype attribute is missing or parsing it in this way finds no
tokens, the item is said to have no item types.
The item types must all be types defined in applicable specifications and must all be defined to use the same vocabulary.
Except if otherwise specified by that specification, the URLs given as the item types should not be automatically dereferenced.
A specification could define that its item type can be dereferenced to provide the user with help information, for example. In fact, vocabulary authors are encouraged to provide useful information at the given URL.
Item types are opaque identifiers, and user agents must not dereference unknown item types, or otherwise deconstruct them, in order to determine how to process items that use them.
The itemtype attribute must not be specified on elements
that do not have an itemscope attribute specified.
An item is said to be a typed item when either it has an item type, or it is the value of a property of a typed item. The relevant types for a typed item is the item's item types, if it has any, or else is the relevant types of the item for which it is a property's value.
Support in all current engines.
Elements with an itemscope attribute and an itemtype attribute that references a vocabulary that is defined to
support global identifiers for items may also have an itemid attribute specified, to give a
global identifier for the item, so that it can be related to
other items on pages elsewhere on the web.
The itemid attribute, if specified, must have a value that is
a valid URL potentially surrounded by spaces.
The global identifier of an item is the value of
its element's itemid attribute, if it has one, parsed relative to the node document of the
element on which the attribute is specified. If the itemid
attribute is missing or if parsing it returns failure, it is said to have no global
identifier.
The itemid attribute must not be specified on elements that do
not have both an itemscope attribute and an itemtype attribute specified, and must not be specified on elements
with an itemscope attribute whose itemtype attribute specifies a vocabulary that does not support
global identifiers for items, as defined by that vocabulary's specification.
The exact meaning of a global identifier is determined by the vocabulary's specification. It is up to such specifications to define whether multiple items with the same global identifier (whether on the same page or on different pages) are allowed to exist, and what the processing rules for that vocabulary are with respect to handling the case of multiple items with the same ID.
Support in all current engines.
Elements with an itemscope attribute may have an itemref attribute
specified, to give a list of additional elements to crawl to find the name-value pairs of the
item.
The itemref attribute, if specified, must have a value that
is an unordered set of unique space-separated tokens none of which are
identical to another token and consisting of IDs of
elements in the same tree.
The itemref attribute must not be specified on elements that
do not have an itemscope attribute specified.
The itemref attribute is not part of the
microdata data model. It is merely a syntactic construct to aid authors in adding annotations to
pages where the data to be annotated does not follow a convenient tree structure. For example, it
allows authors to mark up data in a table so that each column defines a separate item, while keeping the properties in the cells.
This example shows a simple vocabulary used to describe the products of a model railway manufacturer. The vocabulary has just five property names:
This vocabulary has four defined item types:
Each item that uses this vocabulary can be given one or more of these types, depending on what the product is.
Thus, a locomotive might be marked up as:
< dl itemscope itemtype = "https://md.example.com/loco
https://md.example.com/lighting" >
< dt > Name:
< dd itemprop = "name" > Tank Locomotive (DB 80)
< dt > Product code:
< dd itemprop = "product-code" > 33041
< dt > Scale:
< dd itemprop = "scale" > HO
< dt > Digital:
< dd itemprop = "digital" > Delta
</ dl > A turnout lantern retrofit kit might be marked up as:
< dl itemscope itemtype = "https://md.example.com/track
https://md.example.com/lighting" >
< dt > Name:
< dd itemprop = "name" > Turnout Lantern Kit
< dt > Product code:
< dd itemprop = "product-code" > 74470
< dt > Purpose:
< dd > For retrofitting 2 < span itemprop = "track-type" > C</ span > Track
turnouts. < meta itemprop = "scale" content = "HO" >
</ dl > A passenger car with no lighting might be marked up as:
< dl itemscope itemtype = "https://md.example.com/passengers" >
< dt > Name:
< dd itemprop = "name" > Express Train Passenger Car (DB Am 203)
< dt > Product code:
< dd itemprop = "product-code" > 8710
< dt > Scale:
< dd itemprop = "scale" > Z
</ dl > Great care is necessary when creating new vocabularies. Often, a hierarchical approach to types can be taken that results in a vocabulary where each item only ever has a single type, which is generally much simpler to manage.
itemprop attribute