Bugarska: razlika između inačica

Suvremena bugarska kultura spaja formalnu kulturu koja je doprinijela stvaranju nacionalne svijesti pred kraj [[Osmansko Carstvo|osmanske vladavine]] s tisućljećima starom narodnom tradicijom.<ref name="Cultural life"/> BitanBitna elementsastavnica bugarskogbugarskoga folklora je vatra, koja se koristi za tjeranje zlih duhova i bolesti. Mnogi od njih su personificirani[[poosobljenje|poosobljeni]] kao [[vještice]], dok su druga stvorenja poput [[Zmaj (slavenska mitologija)|zmaja]] i [[Samodiva|Samodive]] ([[Vila (mitologija)|vila]]) ili dobronamjerni čuvari ili ambivalentni prevaranti.{{Sfn|MacDermott|1998}} Neki obredi protiv zlih duhova preživjeli su i još uvijek se prakticiraju, ponajprije [[kukeri]] i [[survakane]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last=Creed|first=Gerald W.|url={{Google books|ilhCTCHKCAQC|page=2|plainurl=yes}}|title=Masquerade and Postsocialism: Ritual and Cultural Dispossession in Bulgaria|publisher=Indiana University Press|year=2011|isbn=978-0-253-22261-9|page=2}}</ref> Vrlo značajno slavlje je i [[martenica]].<ref>{{Citiranje weba|date=1 March 2018|title=The Bulgarian Tradition of Martenitsa|url=https://www.bnt.bg/en/a/179851-the-bulgarian-tradition-of-martenitsa|access-date=28 July 2018|publisher=Bulgarian National Television}}</ref> [[Nestinarstvo]], ritualni ples s vatrom tračkogtračkoga podrijetla, uvršten je na popis [[Nematerijalna svjetska baština|nematerijalne kulturne baštine UNESCO-a]].{{Sfn|MacDermott|1998}}<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=Nestinarstvo, messages from the past: the Panagyr of Saints Constantine and Helena in the village of Bulgari|url=https://ich.unesco.org/en/RL/nestinarstvo-messages-from-the-past-the-panagyr-of-saints-constantine-and-helena-in-the-village-of-bulgari-00191|access-date=28 July 2018|publisher=UNESCO}}</ref>

[[Popis mjesta svjetske baštine u Bugarskoj|Devet povijesnih i prirodnih mjesta]] nalazi se na [[Svjetska baština|UNESCO-vom popisu svjetske baštine]] : [[Nacionalni park Pirin]], [[Rezervat Srebrna|prirodni rezervat Sreburna]], [[Madarski konjanik|Madarski jahač]], tračke grobnice u [[Tračanska grobnica u Sveštarima|Sveštariju]] i [[Tračanska grobnica u Kazanlăku|Kazanlaku]], [[Manastir Rila|samostan Rila]], [[Bojanska crkva]], crkve [[Crkve u stijenama Ivanova|uklesane u stijenama Ivanovo]] i drevni grad od [[Nеsebăr|Nesebara]].<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=Bulgaria – Profile|url=https://whc.unesco.org/en/statesparties/bg|access-date=4 December 2011|publisher=UNESCO World Heritage Centre}}</ref> Manastir Rila osnovao je Sveti [[Ivan Rilski]], [[svetac zaštitnik]] Bugarske, čiji je život predmetom brojnih književnih izvještaja još od srednjeg vijeka.<ref name="EBLiterature">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/art/Bulgarian-literature |title=Bulgarian Literature |encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|first=Liliana|last=Brisby|access-date=20 July 2018}}</ref>

Osnivanje [[Preslavska književna škola|preslavske]] i [[Ohridska književna škola|ohridske]] književne škole u 10. stoljeću povezuje se sa zlatnim razdobljem bugarske književnosti u [[Srednji vijek|srednjem vijeku]].<ref name="EBLiterature"/> Razvoj škola kršćanskih svetih zapisa učinio je [[Prvo Bugarsko Carstvo|Bugarsko Carstvo]] središtem slavenske kulture, što je dovelo Slavene pod utjecaj kršćanstva i osiguralo im [[Staroslavenski jezik|pisani jezik]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last=Giatzidis|first=Emil|url={{Google books|MUVgsK_GfxYC|page=11|plainurl=yes}}|title=An Introduction to post-Communist Bulgaria: Political, Economic and Social Transformation|publisher=Manchester University Press|year=2002|isbn=978-0-7190-6094-6|page=11|quote=Thus, with its early emphasis on Christian Orthodox scholarship, Bulgaria became the first major centre of Slavic culture}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last=Riha|first=Thomas|url={{Google books|_Bkddxc600IC|page=214|plainurl=yes}}|title=Readings in Russian Civilization|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1964|isbn=978-0719060946|page=214|quote=And it was mainly from Bulgaria that a rich supply of literary monuments was transferred to Kiev and other centres.}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last=McNeill|first=William Hardy|url={{Google books|_RsPrzrsAvoC|page=49|plainurl=yes}}|title=The Rise of the West|publisher=University of Chicago Press|year=1963|isbn=978-1112695315|page=49|quote=Accordingly, when Bulgaria was converted to Christianity (after 865), bringing massive Slavic-speaking populations within the pale of Christendom, a new literary language, Old Church Slavonic, directly based upon Bulgarian speech, developed for their use.}}</ref> slavensko pismo [[Ćirilica|ćirilicu]] razvila je [[Preslavska književna škola]].<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last=Curta|first=Florin|url={{Google books|YIAYMNOOe0YC|page=221|plainurl=yes}}|title=Southeastern Europe in the Middle Ages, 500–1250|publisher=Cambridge University Press|year=2006|isbn=9780521815390|page=221}}</ref> [[Trnovska književna škola]], s druge strane, povezuje se sa srebrnim dobom književnosti definiranimodređenim visokokvalitetnim rukopisima o povijesnim ili mističnim temama pod vladavinom dinastija [[Asenovci|Asen]] i [[Kuća Šišmanova|Šišman]].<ref name="EBLiterature"/> Osmanski osvajači uništili su mnoga književna i umjetnička remek-djela, a umjetničkeumjetničkea aktivnostidjelatnost nisunije se ponovno pojavilepojavila sve do [[Bugarski narodni preporod|nacionalnog preporoda]] u 19. stoljeću.<ref name="Cultural life">{{cite encyclopedia |url=https://www.britannica.com/place/Bulgaria/The-arts |title=Bulgaria – The arts|encyclopedia=Encyclopædia Britannica|first=John D.|last=Bell|access-date=28 July 2018|quote=The early impetus of Bulgarian traditions in the arts was cut short by the Ottoman occupation in the 14th century, and many early masterpieces were destroyed.&nbsp;... the foundations were laid for later artists such as Vladimir Dimitrov, an extremely gifted painter specializing in the rural scenes of his native country&nbsp;... At the beginning of the 21st century, the best-known contemporary Bulgarian artist was Christo, an environmental sculptor known for wrapping famous structures}}</ref> OgromanVeliki opus [[Ivan Vazov|Ivana Vazova]] (1850. – 1921.) pokrivao je svaki žanr i doticao se svakog aspektamotrišta bugarskogbugarskoga društva, povezujući djela prije oslobođenja s književnošću novouspostavljene države.<ref name="EBLiterature" /> Značajna kasnija djela su ''[[Baj Ganjo]]'' [[Aleko Konstantinov|Aleka Konstantinova]], [[Friedrich Nietzsche|ničeanskanietzscheanska]] poezija [[Penčo Slavejkov|Penča Slavejkova]], [[Simbolizam|simbolistička]] poezija [[Pejo Javorov|Peja Javorova]] i [[Geo Milev|Dimča]] [[Dimčo Debeljanov|Debeljanova]], [[Marksizam|marksistički]] nadahnuta djela Gea Mileva i [[Nikola Vapcarov|Nikole Vaptsarova]], te [[Socrealizam|socrealistički]] romani [[Dimitar Dimov|Dimitra Dimova]] i [[Dimitar Talev|Dimitra Taleva]].<ref name="EBLiterature" /> [[Tzvetan Todorov]] važan jje suvremeni autor,<ref>{{Citiranje weba|date=18 June 2008|title=French-Bulgarian Theorist Tzvetan Todorov Wins Top Spanish Award|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=94265|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=[[Novinite]]}}</ref> dok je [[Elias Canetti]] rođen u Bugarskoj dobio [[Nobelova nagrada za književnost|Nobelovu nagradu za književnost]] 1981.<ref>{{cite encyclopedia |last1=Lorenz |first1=Dagmar C.G. |title=Elias Canetti |encyclopedia=The Literary Encyclopedia |date=17 April 2004 |volume=1.4.1 |url=http://www.litencyc.com/php/speople.php?rec=true&UID=725 |issn=1747-678X}}</ref>

Narodna glazba daleko je najopsežnija tradicionalnatradicijska umjetnost i polako se razvijala kroz stoljeća kao spoj dalekoistočnih, orijentalnih, srednjovjekovnih istočno-pravoslavnih i standardnih zapadnoeuropskih tonaliteta i načina.<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last=Kremenliev|first=Boris A.|url={{Google books|wOOfVFJWMLIC-zcC|page=52|plainurl=yes}}|title=Bulgarian-Macedonian Folk Music|publisher=University of California Press|year=1952|page=52|quote=Bulgaria's scales are numerous, and it may be demonstrated that they are a fusion of Eastern and Western influences.&nbsp;... first, Oriental scales; second, church modes: the osmoglasie&nbsp;... third, the conventional scales of Western Europe.&nbsp;... Among the scales which have come to the Balkans from Asia, the pentatonic is one of the most widely used in Bulgaria. Whether it came from China or Japan, as Dobri Hristov suggests}}</ref> Bugarska narodna glazba ima osebujan zvuk i koristi širok raspon tradicionalnihtradicijskih instrumenataglazbala, kao što su [[gadulka]], [[gajde]], [[kaval]] i [[tapan]]. Posebnost je ''produženo ritmičko vrijeme'', koje nema ekvivalenta u ostatku europske glazbe.<ref name="CENTCOM4">{{Citiranje weba|date=December 2011|title=Bulgaria Factbook|url=http://www.centcom.mil/bulgaria/|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20111018052026/http://www.centcom.mil/bulgaria/|archive-date=18 October 2011|access-date=4 October 2018|publisher=United States Central Command}}</ref> [[Ženski vokalni zbor Bugarske državne televizije|Ženski vokalni zbor državne televizije]] osvojio je [[Grammy|nagradu Grammy]] 1990. za svoje izvedbe bugarske narodne glazbe.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|date=28 November 2017|title=32nd Grammy Awards Winners|url=https://www.grammy.com/grammys/awards/32nd-annual-grammy-awards|access-date=28 July 2018|publisher=Grammy Awards}}</ref> Pisana glazbena skladba može se pratiti do djela [[Joan Kukuzel|Joana Kukuzela]] (oko 1280. – 1360.),<ref>{{Citiranje knjige|last=Lang|first=David Marshall|url=https://archive.org/details/bulgariansfrompa00lang/page/145|title=The Bulgarians: From Pagan Times to the Ottoman Conquest|publisher=Westview Press|year=1976|isbn=978-0-89158-530-5|page=[https://archive.org/details/bulgariansfrompa00lang/page/145 145]|quote=John Kukuzel, the eminent Bulgarian/born reformer of Byzantine music.}}</ref> ali moderna klasična glazba započela je s [[Emanuil Manolov|Emanuilom Manolovom]], koji je skladao prvu bugarsku [[Opera|operu]] 1890.<ref name="Cultural life"/> [[Pančo Vladigerov]] i [[Petko Staynov|Petko Stajnov]] dodatno su obogatili [[Simfonija|simfoniju]], balet i operu, koju su pjevači [[Gena Dimitrova]], [[Boris Hristov]], [[Ljuba Welitsch|Ljuba Veličkova]] i [[Nikolaj Ghiaurov|Nikolaj Gjaurov]] uzdigli na svjetsku razinu.<ref name="Cultural life" /><ref>{{Citiranje weba|last=Tzvetkova|first=Elena|date=25 October 2011|title=The 2011/2012 season of the National Opera and Ballet House|url=http://bnr.bg/sites/en/Music/Pages/2510The20112012seasonoftOperaand.aspx|url-status=dead|archive-url=https://web.archive.org/web/20120623132141/http://bnr.bg/sites/en/Music/Pages/2510The20112012seasonoftOperaand.aspx|archive-date=23 June 2012|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=Bulgarian National Radio}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|date=13 June 2005|title=Obituary: Ghena Dimitrova|work=The Telegraph|url=https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1491905/Ghena-Dimitrova.html|url-status=live|url-access=subscription|access-date=20 December 2011|archive-url=https://ghostarchive.org/archive/20220110/https://www.telegraph.co.uk/news/obituaries/1491905/Ghena-Dimitrova.html|archive-date=10 January 2022}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|last=Forbes|first=Elizabeth|date=29 June 1993|title=Obituary: Boris Christoff|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-boris-christoff-1494547.html|access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|last=Forbes|first=Elizabeth|date=9 September 1996|title=Obituary: Ljuba Welitsch|work=[[The Independent]]|url=https://www.independent.co.uk/news/people/obituary-ljuba-welitsch-5601321.html|access-date=4 October 2018}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|last=Kozinn|first=Allan|date=29 June 1993|title=Boris Christoff, Bass, Dies at 79; Esteemed for His Boris Godunov|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/1993/06/29/obituaries/boris-christoff-bass-dies-at-79-esteemed-for-his-boris-godunov.html|access-date=20 December 2011}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje novina|last=Midgette|first=Anne|date=3 June 2004|title=Nicolai Ghiaurov, Operatic Bass, Dies at 74|work=[[The New York Times]]|url=https://www.nytimes.com/2004/06/03/arts/nicolai-ghiaurov-operatic-bass-dies-at-74.html|access-date=13 December 2013}}</ref>

[[Bugarska kuhinja]] slična je kuhinji drugih balkanskihjugoistočnoeuropskih zemaljadržava i pokazuje snažne turske i grčke utjecaje.<ref name="Cuisine">{{Citiranje knjige|last=Albala|first=Ken|url={{Google books|zG1H75z0EYYC|page=61|plainurl=yes}}|title=Food Cultures of the World Encyclopedia|publisher=ABC-CLIO|year=2011|isbn=978-0-313-37626-9|pages=61, 62}}</ref> [[Jogurt]], [[lukanka]], banica, šopska [[Šopska salata|salata]], [[ljutenica]] i [[kozunak]] su među najpoznatijim domaćim namirnicama. Potrošnja mesa niža je od europskogeuropskoga prosjeka, s obzirom na kulturnu sklonost velikom izboru salata.<ref name="Cuisine" /> Bugarska je do 1989. godine bila drugi najveći svjetski izvoznik vina, ali je od tada izgubila tutaj pozicijupoložaj.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|last=Bruce-Gardyne|first=Tom|date=7 February 2012|title=Bulgaria Bounces Back|url=http://www.novinite.com/view_news.php?id=136420|access-date=7 February 2012|publisher=[[Novinite]]}}</ref><ref>{{Citiranje weba|date=21 October 2016|title=Bulgaria Ranks 22nd in World Wine Production|url=http://www.novinite.com/articles/176970/Bulgaria+Ranks+22nd+in+World+Wine+Production|publisher=[[Novinite]]}}</ref> Berba 2016. proizvela je 128 milijuna litara vina, od čega je 62 milijuna izvezeno uglavnom u Rumunjsku, Poljsku i Rusiju.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|last=Mihaylov|first=Ivaylo|date=14 February 2017|title=Bulgaria wine production 2016|url=https://seenews.com/news/bulgaria-plans-to-export-62-mln-litres-of-wine-from-2016-grape-harvest-558027|publisher=SEE News}}</ref> [[Mavrud]], Rubin, [[Široka Melniška|Široka melniška]], [[Dimiat]] i [[Mišket Červen|Červen Mišket]] tipične su sorte grožđa koje se koriste u proizvodnji [[Bugarsko vino|bugarskih vina]].<ref>{{Citiranje weba|title=Wines of Bulgaria|url=http://www.chicagonow.com/chicago-eats/2017/05/wines-of-bulgaria-are-they-the-next-must-have-wine/|access-date=30 July 2018|publisher=[[ChicagoNow]]}}</ref> [[Vinjak]] je tradicionalna voćna rakija [[Rakija|koja]] se u Bugarskoj pila još u 14. stoljeću.<ref>{{Citiranje weba|date=10 October 2011|title=Archeological Find Proves Rakia Is Bulgarian Invention|url=http://novinite.com/view_news.php?id=132826|access-date=20 December 2011|publisher=[[Novinite]]}}</ref>