Papers by Milana Iliushina
The main source of the publication is a manuscript from the Royal Library in Copenhagen («Poёmata... more The main source of the publication is a manuscript from the Royal Library in Copenhagen («Poёmata Sultani Kânszuh el-Gauri» Cod. Arab. 280). It contains materials haven’t been looked at in Russian historiography. Forty two poems by the penultimate mamluk sultan al-Ghuri are gathered in the manuscript. This is the very rare example of mamluk poetry writing. The research includes description of the manuscript, translation of some fragments and analyse of their content.
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Article is prepared on the basis of the unpublished manuscript from the State library of Berlin a... more Article is prepared on the basis of the unpublished manuscript from the State library of Berlin and devoted to the poetic trilogy about Mamluk sultans which was written by two authors - Muhammad Shams al-Din al-Ba'uni (1378-1466) and his nephew, Muhammad b. Yusuf b. ’Ahmad al-Ba'uni (died in 1505). One of the authors was Barquq's contemporary (1382-1399) - the founder of the Circassian sultanate, another became the witness of a decline of former power мамлюков. In spite of the fact that time of writing of the first and last part of the trilogy divides nearly seventy years, the work is characterised by stylistic unity, a composition having continuity, as well as the similar position of authors in an assessment of occurring events. The first poem contains short and, sometimes, well-aimed to aphoristic nature the characteristic of Mamluk sultans from ’Aybek (1250-1257) to Barsbey (1422-1438). Mahomed b. Yusuf’s poem is called "Worthy and wittiest words about al-Malik al-Sa'id al '-’Ashraf’s life". It is about sultans from Yusuf al-Malik al-‘Aziz (1438), the son of Barsbey, to Kaitbey (1468-1496). In the last part of the trilogy Mahomed b. Yusuf al-Ba'uni told about Qaitbey and his military victories, and also about sultans al-Malik al-Nasir ’Abu as-Sa'adat (1496-1498), ‘Abu Sa'id Qansuh Al-Zahir (1498-1500), al-’Ashraf Janbulat (1500-1501), al-‘Adil Tumanbey (1501) and Qansuh al-Guri (1501-1516).
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Vostok. Afro-aziatskie obshchestva: istoriia i sovremennost, 2019
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Iran and the Caucasus, 2017
The authors explore the issue of education influence on the social status of people during the re... more The authors explore the issue of education influence on the social status of people during the reign of the Circassian Sultans in Cairo (1382–1517). The study is focused on the issue, how social mobility, affected by the received education, could have influenced the personal status and the entire social structure of the Circassian Mamluks state.
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Vestnik of Saint Petersburg University. Series 13. Asian Studies. African Studies, 2016
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Iran and the Caucasus, 2016
The classic Mamluk era (mid-13th–early 16th century) was one of the brightest in the history of E... more The classic Mamluk era (mid-13th–early 16th century) was one of the brightest in the history of Egypt, as well as of the entire region of the Middle East. The reign of Sultan Burquq marked the beginning of what is known as the Burji or Circassian period (1382–1517). The fitna concept, which is the basic point of this article, holds a prominent place in the Islamic political doctrine, engaging with other key concepts, such as jihād and thaura. The significance of this notion and its application in the modern Arab-Islamic political culture require a detailed study of its connotations in the context of certain historical events. The authors of the present paper trace the history of the fitna concept based on the thorough scrutiny of the relevant Arabic sources of the time. The analysis of rare epistolary artifacts of the Mamluk era forms novelty of the research. The main issue brought by the authors is to clearly discern two separate connotations of the fitna concept—as a historical an...
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Вестник Пермского университета. История, 2019
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This article examines the development of the theory and practice of jihad under the Circassian Su... more This article examines the development of the theory and practice of jihad under the Circassian Sultanate in Egypt and Syria (1382–1517). The article aims to trace the development of the key aspects of the concept of jihad and reveal the peculiarities of its perception in the Mamluk state. The article highlights an essential characteristic of the theory of jihad in the Mamluk period, i.e. the interpretation of jihad as f ar ḍ al-‘ayn (the personal duty of every Muslim). A fertile ground for this paper was given by studies of M. Bonner and D. Cook, who supplemented a balanced approach to the interpretation of jihad from a historical perspective with a critical consideration of its religious and political meanings. The authors emphasise the importance of the difference between the understanding of jihad as a collective and individual obligation using the concept of minimalism and maximalism developed by Y. Waghid. The paper is based on works by Ibn al-Nahhas (d. 1411), an outstanding t...
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КАРАМАН В ПОЛИТИКЕ СУЛТАНАТА МАМЛЮКОВ (XIV–XV ВВ.), 2019
Karaman, an emirate in Asia Minor, existed for more than two hundred years (in the 13th–15th cent... more Karaman, an emirate in Asia Minor, existed for more than two hundred years (in the 13th–15th centuries). Its history
was connected with the political and economic interests of one of the largest Muslim states in the late Middle
Ages – the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). Karaman had important trade routes, especially one through Konya.
Along with the strengthening of Ottomans, Karaman became a “buffer" territory dividing territories of Mamluks and
Ottomans. Maintaining the balance of power between Karamanids and Ottomans played a vital role in Mamluk foreign
policy. It was important for the Mamluks, on the one hand, to avoid the occupation of Karaman and its final
absorption, and on the other – to keep the Karamanids from directly contradicting the political course chosen in Cairo.
After gaining Karaman, the Ottomans gained control over trade routes and approached closely to the Mamluk
Sultanate borders. The Ottomans completed the final submission of Karaman during the second half of the 15th century.
After that, the tensions between Mamluks and Ottomans escalated and turned into open hostility and rivalry.
The first Ottoman-Mamluk war (1485–1491) begun. Then, in the early 16th century, the Ottoman sultan Selim I
(1512–1520) defeated the Mamluk armies in the battle of Marj Dabiq (northern Syria) and annexed the territories of
the Mamluk Sultante to his Empire. The article is based on primary Arabic sources, including some letters (found in
an unpublished Leiden manuscript) of Mamluk Sultan Barquq (1382–1389; 1390–1399) to the ruler of Karaman ‘Ala
al-Din (1381–1398).
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Karaman was one the largest emirates in Asia Minor in the 14th century. It had a long relationshi... more Karaman was one the largest emirates in Asia Minor in the 14th century. It had a long relationship with Mamluks, playing an important role in defense of northern frontiers of the Mamluk Sultanate. Its part in the Mamluk-Ottoman rivalry as a buffer zone – minor state between two great powers – became salient in the late 14th century during the reign of Barquq (1382–1389; 1390–1399) in Egypt and Bayezid I (1389–1402) in the Ottoman state. Through focus on some letters (found in an unpublished Leiden manuscript) of Mamluk Sultans Barquq and al-Mansur (1389–1390) to the ruler of Karaman ‘Ala al-Din Bek (1381–1397/1398 ) the article goes on to examination of the main course and special features of the Mamluk diplomacy in Karaman.
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SSRN Electronic Journal, 2000
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Article is prepared on the basis of the unpublished manuscript from the State library of Berlin a... more Article is prepared on the basis of the unpublished manuscript from the State library of Berlin and devoted to the poetic trilogy about Mamluk sultans which was written by two authors - Muhammad Shams al-Din al-Ba'uni (1378-1466) and his nephew, Muhammad b. Yusuf b. ’Ahmad al-Ba'uni (died in 1505).
One of the authors was Barquq's contemporary (1382-1399) - the founder of the Circassian sultanate, another became the witness of a decline of former power мамлюков. In spite of the fact that time of writing of the first and last part of the trilogy divides nearly seventy years, the work is characterised by stylistic unity, a composition having continuity, as well as the similar position of authors in an assessment of occurring events.
The first poem contains short and, sometimes, well-aimed to aphoristic nature the characteristic of Mamluk sultans from ’Aybek (1250-1257) to Barsbey (1422-1438). Mahomed b. Yusuf’s poem is called "Worthy and wittiest words about al-Malik al-Sa'id al '-’Ashraf’s life". It is about sultans from Yusuf al-Malik al-‘Aziz (1438), the son of Barsbey, to Kaitbey (1468-1496). In the last part of the trilogy Mahomed b. Yusuf al-Ba'uni told about Qaitbey and his military victories, and also about sultans al-Malik al-Nasir ’Abu as-Sa'adat (1496-1498), ‘Abu Sa'id Qansuh Al-Zahir (1498-1500), al-’Ashraf Janbulat (1500-1501), al-‘Adil Tumanbey (1501) and Qansuh al-Guri (1501-1516).
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The main source of the publication is a manuscript from the Royal Library in Copenhagen («Poёmata... more The main source of the publication is a manuscript from the Royal Library in Copenhagen («Poёmata Sultani Kânszuh el-Gauri» Cod. Arab. 280). It contains materials haven’t been looked at in Russian historiography. Forty two poems by the penultimate mamluk sultan al-Ghuri are gathered in the manuscript. This is the very rare example of mamluk poetry writing. The research includes description of the manuscript, translation of some fragments and analyse of their content.
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The publication is based on published Arabic sources and one unpublished Arabic manuscript as wel... more The publication is based on published Arabic sources and one unpublished Arabic manuscript as well, as on classic and contemporary works of Russian and foreign scientists. The article is concerned with the period of Barquq’s rule (1382-1389). In 1382 the last Bahri sultan Hadji was disposed. Within the next seven years all political life in Mamluk Sultanat was concentrated round opposition between Barkuk's supporters and the opposition between those who attempted to return the power to a family Qalawun and those who supported Barquq. In 1389 began a revolt. Haji was declared a sultan again. In some months Barquq returned himself a throne, having finally fixed for the Circassian mamluks the right to the power in the sultanate.
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Papers by Milana Iliushina
was connected with the political and economic interests of one of the largest Muslim states in the late Middle
Ages – the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). Karaman had important trade routes, especially one through Konya.
Along with the strengthening of Ottomans, Karaman became a “buffer" territory dividing territories of Mamluks and
Ottomans. Maintaining the balance of power between Karamanids and Ottomans played a vital role in Mamluk foreign
policy. It was important for the Mamluks, on the one hand, to avoid the occupation of Karaman and its final
absorption, and on the other – to keep the Karamanids from directly contradicting the political course chosen in Cairo.
After gaining Karaman, the Ottomans gained control over trade routes and approached closely to the Mamluk
Sultanate borders. The Ottomans completed the final submission of Karaman during the second half of the 15th century.
After that, the tensions between Mamluks and Ottomans escalated and turned into open hostility and rivalry.
The first Ottoman-Mamluk war (1485–1491) begun. Then, in the early 16th century, the Ottoman sultan Selim I
(1512–1520) defeated the Mamluk armies in the battle of Marj Dabiq (northern Syria) and annexed the territories of
the Mamluk Sultante to his Empire. The article is based on primary Arabic sources, including some letters (found in
an unpublished Leiden manuscript) of Mamluk Sultan Barquq (1382–1389; 1390–1399) to the ruler of Karaman ‘Ala
al-Din (1381–1398).
One of the authors was Barquq's contemporary (1382-1399) - the founder of the Circassian sultanate, another became the witness of a decline of former power мамлюков. In spite of the fact that time of writing of the first and last part of the trilogy divides nearly seventy years, the work is characterised by stylistic unity, a composition having continuity, as well as the similar position of authors in an assessment of occurring events.
The first poem contains short and, sometimes, well-aimed to aphoristic nature the characteristic of Mamluk sultans from ’Aybek (1250-1257) to Barsbey (1422-1438). Mahomed b. Yusuf’s poem is called "Worthy and wittiest words about al-Malik al-Sa'id al '-’Ashraf’s life". It is about sultans from Yusuf al-Malik al-‘Aziz (1438), the son of Barsbey, to Kaitbey (1468-1496). In the last part of the trilogy Mahomed b. Yusuf al-Ba'uni told about Qaitbey and his military victories, and also about sultans al-Malik al-Nasir ’Abu as-Sa'adat (1496-1498), ‘Abu Sa'id Qansuh Al-Zahir (1498-1500), al-’Ashraf Janbulat (1500-1501), al-‘Adil Tumanbey (1501) and Qansuh al-Guri (1501-1516).
was connected with the political and economic interests of one of the largest Muslim states in the late Middle
Ages – the Mamluk Sultanate (1250–1517). Karaman had important trade routes, especially one through Konya.
Along with the strengthening of Ottomans, Karaman became a “buffer" territory dividing territories of Mamluks and
Ottomans. Maintaining the balance of power between Karamanids and Ottomans played a vital role in Mamluk foreign
policy. It was important for the Mamluks, on the one hand, to avoid the occupation of Karaman and its final
absorption, and on the other – to keep the Karamanids from directly contradicting the political course chosen in Cairo.
After gaining Karaman, the Ottomans gained control over trade routes and approached closely to the Mamluk
Sultanate borders. The Ottomans completed the final submission of Karaman during the second half of the 15th century.
After that, the tensions between Mamluks and Ottomans escalated and turned into open hostility and rivalry.
The first Ottoman-Mamluk war (1485–1491) begun. Then, in the early 16th century, the Ottoman sultan Selim I
(1512–1520) defeated the Mamluk armies in the battle of Marj Dabiq (northern Syria) and annexed the territories of
the Mamluk Sultante to his Empire. The article is based on primary Arabic sources, including some letters (found in
an unpublished Leiden manuscript) of Mamluk Sultan Barquq (1382–1389; 1390–1399) to the ruler of Karaman ‘Ala
al-Din (1381–1398).
One of the authors was Barquq's contemporary (1382-1399) - the founder of the Circassian sultanate, another became the witness of a decline of former power мамлюков. In spite of the fact that time of writing of the first and last part of the trilogy divides nearly seventy years, the work is characterised by stylistic unity, a composition having continuity, as well as the similar position of authors in an assessment of occurring events.
The first poem contains short and, sometimes, well-aimed to aphoristic nature the characteristic of Mamluk sultans from ’Aybek (1250-1257) to Barsbey (1422-1438). Mahomed b. Yusuf’s poem is called "Worthy and wittiest words about al-Malik al-Sa'id al '-’Ashraf’s life". It is about sultans from Yusuf al-Malik al-‘Aziz (1438), the son of Barsbey, to Kaitbey (1468-1496). In the last part of the trilogy Mahomed b. Yusuf al-Ba'uni told about Qaitbey and his military victories, and also about sultans al-Malik al-Nasir ’Abu as-Sa'adat (1496-1498), ‘Abu Sa'id Qansuh Al-Zahir (1498-1500), al-’Ashraf Janbulat (1500-1501), al-‘Adil Tumanbey (1501) and Qansuh al-Guri (1501-1516).